All okutanga Mendeleev

musayendisiti Russian Dmitri Mendeleev (1834-1907) yakanakisisa kuzivikanwa kwake nguva nenguva mutemo kwemakemikari okunze, netafura rave zvakavakwa pachishandiswa zvavakanga vachiziva kuti mumwe munhu achiri kuchikoro. Asi chokwadi, musayendisiti mukuru akafarira zvakasiyana nzvimbo ruzivo. Mendeleyev Kuwanika chokuita kemisitiri, wefizikisi, metrology, zvoupfumi, zvemaumbirwo, dzidzo, aeronautics uye t. D.

nenguva dzirikure mutemo

Periodic mutemo - mumwe mitemo inokosha zvakasikwa. It iri ndechokuti ehupfumi kuti zvinhu zvine maatomu akafanana pakuti zvavo mabhomba uremu. Mendeleev akawana mutemo nguva nenguva muna 1869. Kuperedzera avo chimurenga nesayenzi yakanga kuzivikanwa mishonga kamwe.

Vatsvakurudzi Russian kunge akafunga hurongwa mutemo-hunodzorwa, kuburikidza izvo zvaiita kuti afanotaura asingazivikanwi kana zvine maatomu akafanana uye kunyange pfuma yavo. Mushure Huro dzavo nokukurumidza (yava gallium, germanium uye scandium), masayendisiti pasi pose vakatanga kuziva chinokosha hunhu periodic mutemo.

Mendeleev kuti kuwanikwa kwakaitika panguva apo sayenzi kunowedzerwa nezvinhu zvitsva chokwadi vakapararira pamusoro nyika yakatipoteredza. Nokuda kwaizvozvi, nguva nenguva mutemo uye akavaka pahwaro ake Periodic table vari kusangana nematambudziko akakura. Somuenzaniso, muna 1890. Zvakange vakawana anokudzwa magasi uye chinonakidza kuti radioactivity. Kudzivirira Dzidziso dzake Mendeleev akaramba tafura kuwedzera, correlating nomoyo zvitsva zvesayenzi chokwadi. Muna 1900, kuti kemisiti akaisa argon, nehelium uye dzavo analogues ari oga boka razero. Nokufamba kwenguva, chinokosha zvisikwa periodic mutemo wakanga kungoramba vamwe, uye nhasi iye anonzi mumwe mukuru Zvakawanikwa munhoroondo sayenzi yepanyama.

silicate tsvakurudzo

Periodic mutemo - ndiwo peji zvikuru munhoroondo nesayenzi, asi kuwanikwa Mendeleev mu kemisitiri hazvina mugumo. Muna 1854 iye akadzidza Finnish orthite uye pyroxene. Uyewo mumwe Zvinonzi mabasa Mendeleyev hwakatsaurirwa kemisitiri pakati silicates. Muna 1856, musayendisiti rakabudiswa chinyorwa "Dzinenge vhoriyamu" (sezvazvakatemwa vakafunga ukama pakati uwandu nenhumbi dzayo unhu). Muchitsauko pamusoro silica yeimwe Dmitry Ivanovich akarondedzera hunhu silicates. Uyezve, akatanga kupa kududzirwa chinonakidza rinoonekera mamiriro.

mweya

Early yawanikwa Mendeleev vakanga chokuita nomumwe makemikari mumuviri panguva dingindira - kudzidza magasi. A musayendisiti aidaro, muzvinhu kutsvaka zvinokonzera mutemo periodicity. Muzana XIX remakore mumunda sayenzi kwave aitungamirira dzidziso yacho "Eteri nyika" - iri-inotekeshera zvose mudziyo kuburikidza nawo akatamisa kupisa, chiedza nerukudzo.

Nokudzidza pfungwa iyi, Russian mutsvakurudzi akauya mamwe mhedziso inokosha. Saka Panovhurwa mu periodic wefizikisi, chikuru zvinogona kunzi akanaka gasi mukana wokuti vanhu vanga chitarisiko chete wezvinhu zvose gasi chenguva. Uyezve, Dmitri Ivanovich pachake thermodynamic tembiricha pamwero wakati dzichitaurwa.

Total Mendeleev rakabudiswa 54 mabasa vakazvipira magasi uye mvura. Yakakurumbira yaiva "nyika Eteri Experience makemikari pfungwa" iri kutenderera ichi (1904) uye "An kuedza kunzwisisa makemikari nyika aether" (1905). In basa ravo, masayendisiti vakashandisa virialnye mharidzo uye pakudaro nheyo equations ano kuti zvechokwadi magasi.

zvingaitwa

Dmitri Mendeleev aifarira zvinogadzirisa munyika yake basa nesayenzi. Muongorori nezvenyaya iyi haana kusiya zvachose pfungwa, asi kungobatsira chinokosha zvichemo shoma. Anokosha pfungwa pamusoro mhinduro akafunga ukama hwavo kuna yeimwe, iyo kemisitiri uye makemikari zvakanyatsoenzana mune mhinduro.

All kuvhura Mendeleev akavaedza kuburikidza kwacho. Vamwe vavo hanya Kubika akajekerwa mhinduro. Kuburikidza detailed ongororo shinda Mendeleev muna 1860 gore vakasvika pakugumisa kuti, kupfuura pasi reflux mhute, mvura anorasikirwa pakupisa vaporization uye pemvura kukakavadzana pasi razero. Uyewo, masayendisiti Dmitri Ivanovich pakati zvinogadzirisa kukanganiswa paumbwe dzidziso pamusoro electrolyte mhinduro.

Mendeleev kutsoropodza yakabuda nguva yake pamusoro dzidziso electrolytic dissociation. Pasina vachiramba chaizvo pfungwa, musayendisiti akanongedza kudiwa dzokororo wayo, iyo nechokuita zvakananga basa rake makemikari mhinduro.

Mupiro aeronautics

Dmitri Mendeleev, zvakawanikwa uye kubudirira kuti vafukidze mabhora siyana zivo kwevanhu, kufarira kwete yokungotaura nhau, asi vakashandisa zvigadzirwa. Mugumo XIX remakore aizivikanwa yakawedzera kufarira nascent aeronautics. Chokwadi, nyanzvi Russian vaisagona kubatsira asi teererai chimiro remangwana. Muna 1875 iye akasika chirongwa rake stratospheric. Nemuromo, mudziyo aigona kunyange vanokwira muimba ratinoona akaturikidzana. In tsika, wokutanga ndege yakadaro kwakaitika makore mashanu chete gare gare.

Chimwe yakagadzirwa Mendeleev akanga achishanda pasi chibharuma injini. Aeronautics masayendisiti vanofarira, kwete kunyange ukama nedzimwe basa rake chokuita meteorology uye magasi. Muna 1887, Mendeleev akaita bvunzo kutiza ari chibharuma. Chibharuma akakwanisa kufukidza chinhambwe 100 makiromita pagungano kukwira kusvika 4 makiromita. Panguva ndege kemisiti akatambira menduru yegoridhe aerostatic French Academy of Meteorology. In monograph ake pamusoro kurwisa kwezvakatipoteredza nyaya, Mendeleev yakatsaurirwa aeronautics rimwe zvikamu umo anorondedzerwa zvakadzama maonero ake panyaya iyi. Scientific kufarira zviitiko avhiyesheni piyona Alexander Mozhaiskogo.

Kukura North uye shipbuilding

Zvakarurama Mendeleev kuti zvakawanikwa, ndandanda zvinogona kuramba sezvo vakadaro mune shipbuilding, vakaitwa pamwe chete nenzvimbo pakutsvakurudza nzendo. Saka, Dmitri Ivanovich kutanga zvinganaka pfungwa Towing tangi - experimental setup inodiwa hydro-zvemaziso zveBhaibheri pamusoro chikepe yokutevedzera. Mune Implementation Musayendisiti uyu pfungwa yakabatsira Admiral Stepan Makarov. Kudivi rimwe, dziva inodiwa wezvokutengeserana uye nemauto-michina zvinangwa, asi panguva imwe chete, nokuti akaratidza kubatsira nesayenzi. Experimental seti-yakatanga kufamba muna 1894.

Uyezve, Mendeleev akavaka mangwanani kumumvuri pamusoro aizi. The musayendisiti waibatanidzwa basa akasarudza chirongwa Dzavose urongwa wokutanga munyika kwechikepe akadaro. Ivo vakava aizi "Ermak" yakatanga kufamba muna 1898. Mendeleev akanga mubasa tsvakurudzo mvura mugungwa (kusanganisira ayo arambe achirema). Mashoko nokuti kudzidza rinopa zvose zvakafanana, Admiral Makarov, uyo aiva munyika uchimuratidza "Vityaz". Zvakawanikwa Mendeleev ari jogirafi, nyaya nyaya kukunda North, akaratidzwa kuna masayendisiti anopfuura 36 dzakabudiswa mabasa.

metrology

Kuwedzera kune dzimwe sayenzi, Mendeleev aifarira metrology - sayenzi nzira uye nzira yakayerwa. Masayendisiti ari kushanda kuti kuva itsva nzira pakupima. Somunhu kemisiti, aiva murevereri kwemakemikari chipimo nzira. zvakawanikwa Mendeleev vake, ndandanda yaiva kukasawedzerwa nerimwe gore, havana chete kwesayenzi, asi sezvariri - muna 1893, Dmitri Ivanovich akazarura Main Chamber of Weights uye Russia. Naiyewo tega yayo magadzirirwo detent rocker.

pyrocollodion

Muna 1890, Dmitry Mendeleyev akaenda rwendo rurefu kunze, chinangwa rakanga kuzivana nezvavatorwa mumarabhoritari nokuda pokumuka zvinoputika. The musayendisiti akatora nyaya iyi pamwe pakunamata ari mamiriro. The Admiralty akakumbirwa kuti pave kukura wokuRussia mabhizimisi gunpowder. The initiator rwacho Mendeleev akanga Mutevedzeri-Admiral Nikolai Chikhachev.

Mendeleev aidavira kuti mumhuri porohodelii vakawanda vaifanira kukudziridza zvoupfumi uye vezvokutengeserana divi. Iyewo vakasimbirira kushandiswa iri zvaAtemisi chete Russian mbishi zvinhu. The chikuru Zvaizobuda basa Dmitri Mendeleev munharaunda iyi yaiva kukura kwavo muna 1892, ari pyrocollodion itsva, mbiri ayo isina chiutsi. Nyanzvi Military akarumbidza chatingatevedzera zvinoputika. The peculiarity pyrocollodion yaiva kwayo sezvamunoita, rinosanganisira asingatani solubility kuti nitrocellulose. Kugadzirira kugadzirwa upfu idzva, Mendeleev aida woripa kudzikamiswa flatulence. Kuti aite izvi, muna zvaAtemisi zvinoputika mimwe reagents, kusanganisira zvose zvemarudzi yokuvirisa akashandiswa.

upfumi

Pakutanga, kuwanikwa Mendeleev mu zvipenyu kana metrology haina chokuita yayo mufananidzo yakakurumbira kemisiti. Zvisinei, kunyange kupfuura kure kubva pakutsvakurudza nesayenzi musayendisiti vakanga vakazvipira upfumi. Ivo Dmitry Ivanovich inokurukura muudzame kukura mirayiridzo youpfumi munyika. Kare muna 1867, akabatana wokutanga mumhuri kuwadzana Entrepreneurs - the Society nokuda Promotion wokuRussia Industry uye Trade.

Mendeleev akaona kukura akazvimirira cooperatives nemunharaunda remangwana hwenyika. mberi Izvi zvaireva chaizvo kuchinja. Somuenzaniso, masayendisiti anoratidza kuti munharaunda haisi zvokurima, asi ndakabatikana fekitari mumwaka wechando nguva, kana minda maturo. Dmitry Ivanovich vapikisa resales uye zvose mhando yokufungidzira. Muna 1891, aiitawo kukura itsva Tsika mutero.

Protectionism uye demography

Mendeleyev, ane zvakawanikwa mumunda wekemisitiri richakudzikatira kubudirira vake nevanhu, zvidzidzo zvavo zvose zvoupfumi ichiitwa aine chinangwa inoshanda zvachose kubatsira Russia. Panyaya iyi, musayendisiti Waitova protectionist (kuti Somuenzaniso, zvinoratidzwa nemabasa ake ari bhizimisi uye porohodeliya tsamba yake kuna chevaux Nicholas II).

Mendeleev vakadzidza zvoupfumi vari zvakabatanidzwa kubudikidza Demographics. Nguva pfupi asati afa ari mumwe nemabasa ake akataura kuti muna 2050, vagari reRussia vanhu mamiriyoni 800. The for the musayendisiti akava pakuva pashure mbiri dzenyika uye hondo, udzvanyiriri uye mamwe matambudziko yakarova nyika iri XX remakore.

zvinonzwisisika achinyatsoramba zvemidzimu

In yechipiri yezana XIX remakore Russia, kufanana navamwe nyika, hwapararira mufashoni zvitendwa. Esoteric kwazvo vamiririri yakakwirira munzanga, bohemian uye vanhuwo dzomumaguta nevagari. Zvichakadai, kuwanikwa Mendeleev muna kemisitiri, mazita chine yakatarwa pfungwa, richakudzikatira dambudziko refu yakakurumbira ipapo mweya wamasvikiro.

zvesayenzi vakafumura masvikiro pamwe navo kubva Russian Panyama Society. Kuburikidza dzakatevedzana kuedza vane manometer uye Pyramid matafura, uyewo mamwe maturusi Vanoita Mendeleyev akagumisa kuti mweya uye zvakafanana nemiitiro - chete mashura, iyo mari nevaya vanofungidzira uye mbavha.