Nikolai Ivanovich Lobachevsky: pfupi Biography, kubudirira, zvakawanikwa

Nikolai Ivanovich Lobachevsky - chinoshamisa Russian yemasvomhu anopfuura mana emakore - the Rector pamusoro Kazan University, imwe nemumiriri of Education, muvambi vasiri Euclidean geometry.

Uyu munhu kuti emakore pachine nguva yake uye haana zvinonzwisiswa venguva yake.

Biography Lobachevskogo Nikolaya Ivanovicha

Nicholas akaberekwa musi wa11 December, 1792 mumhuri aivawo nechinzvimbo muhurumende Ivana Maksimovic uye Praskovya Alexandrovna mari shoma. Nzvimbo yechizvarirwo kuti yemasvomhu Nikolai Ivanovich Lobachevsky - Nizhny Novgorod. Ndava nemakore 9, pashure pokufa kwababa vake, akanga zvifambiswe kuna mai vake Kazan uye muna 1802 akanga akabvuma kuti chesekondari womunharaunda. Pashure wake kudzidza muna 1807, Nicholas akava mudzidzi richangobva hwakagadzwa Kazan Imperial University.

Vachitungamirirwa tutelage pamusoro M. F. Bartelsa

Special rudo mumuviri uye sayenzi kwemasvomhu ramangwana shasha akakwanisa kudzidzisa Grigoriy Ivanovich Kartashevsky - mudzidzisi unyanzvi, zvikuru aizivana basa rake. Zvinosuruvarisa, pakupera 1806 nemhaka nokusawirirana pamwe utungamiriri yunivhesiti "kuratidzwa kupandukira uye kusawirirana," akanga adzingwa basa yunivhesiti. Courses mu masvomhu vakatanga kutungamirira Mihail Fedorovich Bartels - mudzidzisi uye shamwari yakakurumbira Karla Fridriha Gauss. Akasvika muna 1808 muKazan, akatora pamusoro patronage mudzidzi anokwanisa asi murombo.

mudzidzisi New anotenderwa Lobachevskian mberi kuti vakadzidza pasi pokudzora chaiwo mabasa akadai "Number Nemuromo" Karl Gauss uye "hurongwa yokudenga" yaJehovha musayendisiti French Pierre-Simon Laplace. Nokuti kusateerera, kusindimara, uye zviratidzo godlessness muna mukuru gore pamusoro Nikolay chikuru ndingangokuvara mari. Kudzivirirwa Bartels vakabatsira yakagoverwa kungangoitika njodzi pakuridza mudzidzi.

Kazan University Lobachevsky upenyu

Muna 1811, pashure pokupedza kudzidza kubva yunivhesiti, Lobachevskiy Nikolay Ivanovich, pfupi Biography inova zvepachokwadi chizvarwa chevechiduku, akanga aifarirwa Tenzi wemasvomhu uye wefizikisi, uye vakasiya pachikoro. zvidzidzo zviviri nesayenzi - mu nemasvomhu uye hurongwa, anounzwa 1814 (zvapfuura nguva), chakaita kuti pakurigadzira zvine neshamwari muzvinafundo (docents). Next Lobachevskii Nikolai Ivanovich, kubudirira izvo zvino zvakanaka dzinoongororwa zvizvarwa, akatanga kudzidzisa, zvishoma nezvishoma kuwedzera denderedzwa yemazuva kwavari (masvomhu, nezvenyeredzi, wefizikisi) uye zvakakomba kufunga pamusoro kuvakazve kwemasvomhu dzemitemo. Vadzidzi vaida uye zvinokosheswa chaizvo Lobachevsky hurukuro gore papera paakavapa musoro muzvinafundo kunoshamisa.

New zvirevo Magnitsky

Nechinangwa kudzvanyirira vakasununguka pfungwa uye echimurenga manzwiro ari muvanhu hurumende Alexander I kwaibva dzematongerwe zvechitendero uye ayo dzidziso dzechiKristu rakavanzika. Wokutanga mufundisi rokuongorora ndavhiyiwa kumayunivhesiti. Muna March 1819 wakakwirira dzidzo sangano pamwe odhita pakati Kazan yakasvika ML Magnitsky - mumiririri weDare Board zvikoro, achitarisira chete pamusoro nemabasa avo pachavo. Maererano migumisiro macheki ayo mamiriro ezvinhu panguva University aiva Zvinogumbura: kushaya bhezari vadzidzi tsika kunobatanidza kukuvadza vanhu. Naizvozvo, kuti yunivhesiti aifanira kuparadza (pachena kuparadza) - tichifunga muenzaniso unodzidzisa kuti vamwe.

Zvisinei, Alexander I, kwakasarudzwa kuti vagadzirise chinetso ichi maoko chete rokuongorora, uye Magnitsky Kunyanya kushingaira vakatanga "varayirwa" kumasvingo nzvimbo: 9 kumisa basa mapurofesa, akatanga zvachose kusenza uye zvakasimba hurukuro mabharaki nzira.

Lobachevsky rakafara mabasa

Biography Lobachevskogo Nikolaya Ivanovicha rinotsanangura yakaoma isingachinji paUniversity chechi-mapurisa hurongwa, iyo yakatora makore 7. Kutsungirira miedzo yakaoma akabatsira kumanikidza kupandukira uye mhedziso nguva musayendisiti, haaregi chero miniti rusununguko nguva.

Nikolai Ivanovich Lobachevsky deputized Bartels, uyo akasiya madziro University, uye akadzidzisa pamapoka ose masvomhu, uyewo mutariri hofisi mumuviri uye verenga nyaya, akadzidzisa vadzidzi yezvenyeredzi uye geodesy kusvikira I. M. Simonov aiva munyika rwokuparidza. A yakawanda basa rave paakapiwa mavari kuisa kuitira raibhurari, kunyanya achizadza wake chikamu mumuviri akarongeka. Munzira, nyanzvi yemasvomhu Nikolai Ivanovich Lobachevsky, sezvo sachigaro wedare rokuvaka, akatarisira erection huru pakuvaka kuyunivhesiti uye kwechinguva wakaitwa nzvimbo wedhipatimendi rorusununguko Physics uye Mathematics.

Non-Euclidean geometry Lobachevsky

A kuwanda Current Affairs, dzidziso rwevanhu, administrative uye tsvakurudzo basa hazvirevi kuva chipingamupinyi okugadzira zvinhu Mathematics: kubva peni yake akauya 2 mabhuku kuti muzvikoro - "nemasvomhu" (mhosva kushandisa mashoko arşive maitiro) uye "Geometry" (kwete rakabudiswa ). Pamusoro chikamu Magnitsky Nikolai Ivanovich chakagadzwa kunyatsoteerera cherechedzo, nokuda kuratidzwa pavo ushingi uye kutyora hwakagadzwa mirayiro. Zvisinei, mune izvi mamiriro, kushanda kunonyadzisa yokuremekedzwa hwevanhu, Lobachevskiy Nikolay Ivanovich akashanda nesimba pamusoro wakaoma kuvaka nheyo geometry. Mugumisiro basa rakaoma kudaro masayendisiti raiva kuwanikwa munhu geometry idzva, akakwana nenzira yakakura Shanduro pfungwa iri nguva Euclid (III remakore BC. E.).

In yechando 1826 yokuRussia yemasvomhu yave ichiitwa mushumo pahwaro geometric chakasvitswa hwakawanda inozvikudza mapurofesa. Zvisinei, akatarisirwa muchidimbu (kana zvakanaka kana kunyange kunaka) rave vagamuchira, uye zvinyorwa yamashoko zvinokosha kuti nguva yedu haina asvika. musayendisiti ichi zvinhu akabatanidza ake basa yokutanga "Pahwaro geometry", rakabudiswa muna 1829-1830 gg. mu "Journal of Kazan." Kuwedzera panhau inokosha geometric matongo, Nikolai Ivanovich Lobachevsky akatsanangura rakanatswa tsanangudzo mashandiro (zvakajeka delineating ayo akaramba uye differentiability), zvisiri zvakabatanidzwa yemasvomhu German Dirichlet. Masayendisiti yave akaita kunyatsodzidza trigonometric series, vanofungidzirwa Mumakumi emakore akazotevera. A matarenda yemasvomhu ndiye munyori nzira kusanganiswa mhinduro kubva equations vane nguva zvisiri chakazonzi "Graeffe nzira".

Lobachevskiy Nikolay Ivanovich: Interesting Facts

Auditor Magnitsky, unokudenhai zviito zvake makore mashomanana, kutarisira unenviable mugumo; nekuti vazhinji dzevanhu vanozivikanwa chaiyo odhita basa, akanga abvisa ake mumhanyi uye akatuma kuutapwa. Chimwe yedzidzo sangano muvimbwi akagadzwa Mikhail Musin-Pushkin, uyo akakwanisa kunzwisisa zvinoshingaira Nikolai Lobachevsky uye yakarumbidza naye pambiru Rector pamusoro Kazan University.

Kwemakore 19, kubva 1827, Lobachevskiy Nikolay Ivanovich (Photo Monument muKazan kuona. Above) vaishanda zvakaoma panzvimbo ino, kuwana mambakwedza kufarira mwana wake. Nokuda Lobachevsky - a kuvandudzika hwakajeka zvakadini nesayenzi uye dzidzo mabasa zvavo, kuvaka hombe nhamba zvivako hofisi (hofisi mumuviri, raibhurari, kemikari rabhoritari, muchadenga uye rinobva Observatory, nokupatsanura, zvemaziso okudhindira). Rector zvakare ndiye muvambi wesangano imwe magazini yakaoma nesayenzi "The masayendisiti ose Kazan University manotsi," kutsiva "Kazan Bulletin" uye rakatanga kubudiswa muna 1834. In zvinofambirana pamwe Rector kwemakore 8 rinotungamirirwa Nikolai raibhurari, mubasa pakudzidzisa, achinyora nemirayiridzo vadzidzisi masvomhu.

By zvemashoko Lobachevsky Hazvibviri varege kurondedzera izvozvo nemwoyo nehanya zvinobva pamwoyo pamusoro yunivhesiti uye ayo nevadzidzi. Saka, muna 1830 akakwanisa agopfigira nzvimbo yokudzidza uye kuitisa kwazvo disinfection kuzoponesa pasi tsvimbo tsika chekorera korera. Panguva zvinotyisa moto Kazan (1842) akakwanisa kuponesa zvivako zvinenge zvose dzidzo, muchadenga zviridzwa uye raibhurari zvinhu. Uyewo, Nikolai avhurira vakawanda vakasununguka kushanya yunivhesiti mumaraibhurari uye mamiziyamu uye akaronga boka dzakakurumbira misoro nokuda kwevanhu.

Nemhaka incredible kuedza Lobachevsky chiremera, chokutanga-Kirasi, vakanyatsoshongedzwa Kazan University ava mumwe yakanakisisa masangano rokudzidzisa muRussia.

Kusanzwisisana uye kuramba pfungwa yeRussian yemasvomhu

nguva yose iyi, masvomhu haagumiri ari kuenderera mberi tsvakurudzo zvainanga kukura imwe geometry itsva. Zvinosuruvarisa pfungwa dzake - yakadzika uye yakachena, sezvo vaiva zvichipesana kazhinji akagamuchira axiom kuti vomuzuva vakundikana, uye zvichida haana kuda kunzwisisa mabasa Lobachevsky. Kusanzwisisa uye chinogona akati pamwero chokudheerera haarambidzi Nikolai Ivanovich: - ". Kushandiswa zvekufungidzira geometry kune vamwe integrals" muna 1835 akabudisa "zvekufungidzira geometry", uye gore gare gare Makore matatu gare gare, nyika akaona kupfuura rakakura basa "New Nako geometry venguva dzidziso zvakafanana", ine pfupi, zvakajeka izyasnenie pfungwa dzaro dzinokosha.

A nguva yakaoma muupenyu Maths

Regai kuwana kunzwisisa kwavo yechizvarigo, Lobachevsky akasarudza kuti wakadaro vanhu kunze. Muna 1840 Lobachevskii Nikolai Ivanovich (ona mufananidzo. In pakudzokorora) akabudisa basa rake zvakajeka hunotaurwa pfungwa inokosha mutauro wokuGermany. Imwe kopi chinyorwa ichi paakavapa kuna Gauss, uyo akashanda noruzhinji vasiri Euclidean geometry, asi haana kutaura paruzhinji nepfungwa dzake. Zvaakanga familiarized nemabasa Russian navo, yokuGermany akarayira kusarudza Russian ishamwari kuna Royal Society of Göttingen senhengo tsamba. Laudatory pamusoro Lobachevsky, Gauss akataura chete dhayari ake uye pedenderedzwa vakavimba zvikuru varume. Election Lobachevsky achiri inoitwa; zvakaitika muna 1842, asi nzvimbo musayendisiti wokuRussia, hazvina kuvandudza: aifanira kushanda paUniversity 4 makore.

Hurumende Nicholas ndaisada kuongorora makore akawanda basa Lobachevskogo Nikolaya Ivanovicha uye muna 1846 amubvisa kubva kubasa payunivhesiti, pamutemo ainzi chikonzero: unopinza kudzikira mune utano. Pamutemo, aimbova Rector rakapiwa nzvimbo mutevedzeri curator, asi pasina kuisa ndaitambira mari. Nguva pfupi asati kudzingwa uye kushayiwa professorial cheya Lobachevskiy Nikolay Ivanovich, pfupi Biography uye nhasi anodzidzwa muzvikoro, akarumbidza paushe mudzidzisi Kazan jimunasiyamu A. F. Popova, zvakakwana akadzivirira ake doctorate dissertation. Nikolai zvakafanira kupa nzira muupenyu majaya masayendisiti 'kugona kuwana uye kukodzera kuti abate cheya mumamiriro ezvinhu akadaro. Asi wakati vakarasikirwa kamwechete uye zvachose zvisingakoshi pachavo zvinzvimbo, Lobachevsky akarasikirwa nomukana kutungamirira kwete yunivhesiti, asi zvimwe kubatanidzwa mabasa tsika.

In upenyu hwemhuri Lobachevskii Nikolai Ivanovich kubva 1832 akaroorwa Varvare Alekseevne Moiseevoy. In muchato uyu vakaberekerwa vana 18, asi nomwe chete achiripo zvose.

Pamakore okupedzisira oupenyu hwake

Kudzosera kubviswa kubva nyaya muupenyu hwake, kukundikana geometry itsva, ine kusatenda vakararama panguva yake, rakapinza kudzikira mune zvemari nzvimbo (nokuda kusauka yavatezvara vaviri chatengeswa zvikwereti) uye nhamo zvevakaroorana (kurasikirwa muna 1852, mwanakomana mukuru) Deplete zvakakanganisa utano nemafungiro Russian yemasvomhu: iye zvinooneka ehama dzainge uye akatanga kuona kwake. Asi vakapofomadzwa Nikolai Ivanovich Lobachevsky haana kurega kupinda bvunzo, uyai mutambo zviitiko, muchirongwa zvedzidzo nharo uye akaramba kushanda kuti vabatsirwe nesayenzi. The chikuru basa Russian yemasvomhu "Pangeometriya" hwakanyorwa vadzidzi dhikitesheni akapofumadza Lobachevskian gore asati afa.

Lobachevskiy Nikolay Ivanovich, kuwana mu geometry dzakanga dzinoongororwa makore chete gumi gare gare, hakusi chete muongorori wemasvomhu matsva. Hungarian musayendisiti János Bolyai, pasina Russian navo, vatinoshanda navo nezveshoko Court muna 1832, chiratidzo chake vasiri Euclidean geometry. Zvisinei, ake kuita havana kukosheswa venguva yake.

Upenyu chinoshamisa musayendisiti, zvachose kuna Russian Science uye Kazan University, yakaguma February 24, 1856. Lobachevsky akavigwa, uye kwete kuzivikanwa muupenyu hwake, muna Kazan, panguva Arsk kumakuva. Chete pashure mashomanana emakore mamiriro ezvinhu munyika sayenzi hwachinja. A rakakura basa kuzivikanwa uye kubvuma mabasa Nikolai Lobachevsky airidza kudzidza Anri Puankare, Eugenio Beltrami, Feliksa Kleyna. Kunzwisisa kuti Euclidean geometry akazviratidza dzakazara pane chinokosha kukanganisa nyika masayendisiti uye kupa kwakakurudzira dzimwe pfungwa vakashinga muna sayenzi chaiwo.

Place uye musi nokuberekwa Nikolai Ivanovich Lobachevsky anozivikanwa nevakawanda vakararama, ukama sayenzi chaiwo. In rukudzo Nikolaya Ivanovicha Lobachevskogo akanzi ane mwena pamusoro Moon. Zita musayendisiti mukuru Russian ane tsvakurudzo raibhurari yacho University in Kazan, uyo akatsaurira guru bimvu hwako. Uyewo migwagwa Lobachevskian mumaguta mazhinji Russia, kusanganisira muMoscow, Kazan, Lipetsk.