Life uye tsika pre-Mongol Rus (10-13 emakore)

The rinopindirana Kugadzirwa Old Russian tsika yakakanganiswa neDare Mongol nechisimba muna pakati XIII remakore. Naizvozvo, vanyori venhau dzakaitika uye akaparadzaniswa kubudikidza kutanga nguva yemhindumupindu yayo (IX-XIII CC.) Kubva vose vaivapo. Vasingasiyani chikamu tsika yaiva nzira youpenyu - zvose kuti vakakomba hwezuva nezuva zvavo nhengo kwamachinda uye Eastern necheSalvic muvanhu.

akitekicha

Kufanana netsika zvose kwerubwinyo rwakagara rwuripo-Mongol Russia, munyika mapurani hwachinja kubva kuitwa chiKristu uye layering yacho Byzantine tsika yekare. Residential kuvakwa kumabvazuva Slavs kubva dzekare vaiva zvirindo uye danda cabins. Kuchamhembe, musango mapazi zvakagadzira akapfuma tsika rokuveza.

Stone Zvivako akazviratidza pakupera X remakore, apo nyika iri kukoka Prince Vladimir yakasvika ezvivako Greek. Chinonyanya kukosha tsika Monuments of pre-Mongol Russia dzakavakwa Kiev - "amai mumaguta Russian." Mugore 989 vakatanga kuvaka imwe zvegumi ibwe chechi, iyo yakava Church, chiri pedyo dare yomuchinda.

Papera yekare Russian akakura mapurani kupararira pamusoro Eastern necheSalvic nyika. Somuenzaniso, muna XI remakore muna Novgorod Saint Sophia Cathedral yakanga yatsaurirwa - nhasi ndicho chikuru kukwezvana kweguta. Uyewo, uyu kuvaka anoonekwa kuti kereke dangwe yakavakwa ne Slavs uye akachengetedzwa ari munharaunda Russia. Sophia wake Cathedral aivawo muKiev. Kunoshamisa Monument pakati mapurani ndiyo Chechi Intercession pamusoro Nerl, yakavakwa muna Vladimir hugota muna XII remakore.

Masvingo kazhinji kumiririrwa masvingo eguta, vakaungana kubva mumatanda (sezvo vakadaidzwa Gorodnitsa). Yapamusoro akasimbisa chikuva kuti ravarwi uye crevices yaiva kunze vaipfura panguva muvengi. Zvimwe masvingo dzaiva shongwe (Vezha). Maguta makuru akanga rinoumbwa kwokunze madziro, munhare uye nhare yomukati. Madziro machinda misoro dzakavakwa namabwe. Kunze vaizvambarara Mafuro rinopedza apo nyanzvi dzokugadzira uye nevamwe vanhu zvakafanana.

mufananidzo

Kuburikidza pokudzora Byzantine Orthodox tsika pre-Mongol Rus zvabatsira kwete chete netsika kuvaka ibwe mutemberi, asiwo kuitika itsva paguva. Genres akadai tuore, mosaics uye mifananidzo vava chinokosha upenyu Eastern Slavs. In kupenda, rechiGiriki simba yakanga yakasimba kupfuura mune mapurani, izvo yatova pfupi paiva yepakutanga okuberekwa Russian maitiro. Izvi zvakanga zvakafanira kuti Somuenzaniso, paiva wakaoma iconography pakati chinyorwa Christian, iro tenzi havana kufamba kwemazana emakore anoverengeka.

Kunze echitendero uye enyika kupenda aivapo. Muenzaniso unoshamisa Genre ichi chakava murals vakasikwa shongwe St. Sophia. Vanodhirowa unoratidza mhuri Grand Prince Yaroslav Takachenjera, mifananidzo kubva muupenyu namambo, tarenda shiri uye mhuka. To nguva yedu akapukunyuka mifananidzo akawanda vakasikwa Vladimir-Suzdal ari XII remakore. zvinoratidza izvi asingagoni nani kuratidza chii chaiva tsika Russia pre-Mongol kumwedzi. Chimwe yakasiyana Monument Ages tuore Nde kukwezvana ane Church, inotsanangura kuratidza Kwekupedzisira.

The Golden Age tsika kwerubwinyo rwakagara rwuripo Mongol Russia ndowenyika XII remakore, apo feudal kusabatana nyika yokutanga chete ndiye aikonzera "zvikoro" romunharaunda muminda hwokusika basa zhinji. Kukanganiswa kuitika ichi uye nounyanzvi. Somuenzaniso, muna Novgorod Church of Muponesi musi Nereditsa payo akasikwa mifananidzo, azadzwa yokukosha mweya murima uye hasha. Figures zvinotyisa rengirozi huru uye inofananidza zvevasande hazviiti tsvaka mumwe muenzaniso Russian kupenda yekare.

mumhanzi

Music - ichi ndechimwe mhando ounyanzvi, pachena kuratidza chii chaiva nhoroondo tsika Russia yekare. Pre-Mongol nguva akasiya zvakawanda uchapupu pamusoro rwiyo zvaunofarira kumabvazuva Slavs. Music kunoratidzwa yokuti agara ari vasingasiyani kubva upenyu sezvo vakuru uye vanhuwo zvavo. mhemberero mhuri, "kufara" haina kukurukurwa pasina nziyo, achipembera nokutamba zviridzwa. Folk mabasa akanga chaizvo yakasiyana zvakasikwa. Raiva muchato prichety muchirimo mutambo mimhanzi yaunonyanya, chema vakafa hama.

Most chipo vatambi vakava nevaimbi. Vaimbi yakatarwa paakaita narrators nyanzvi paakaita Genre. In zvakafanana, paiva nyika yose vavo achidzungaira troupes rinoumbwa buffoons dzaiimba munzvimbo dzinoungana guta uye mitambo. Tsika pre-Mongol Russia aiva multi-faceted, uye mumhanzi mupfungwa iyi hapana kusiyana nemamwe Arts. Clowns zhinji kuimba kwete chete, asi akaedzawo pachake sezvo acrobats, nevatambi, jugglers uye vatambi, kureva kuva Litsedeyami. Zvinofadza kuti machinda zviremera kazhinji mutsimba mudzidzi uyewo yekare "madhimoni" vaiva nziyo rupawo tsika dzechihedheni okuberekwa.

Russian zvavo nhumbi zvaisanganisira balalaika, ngoma, nembira, ratchet, dobro. Uye nyanga uye hwamanda zvaishandiswa kwete chete chokupika nziyo, asiwo chiratidzo apo kunovhima kana muhondo. wakafanana naye "zvisungo" zviripo squads. Somuenzaniso, boka akamutsa morale mauto panguva yokukomba eguta Volga vokuBulgaria muna 1220.

Kufanana nevamwe tsika pre-Mongol Russia, mumhanzi yawana pachake niche muna Orthodox. motets vaiva Byzantine magwaro (kushandurirwa mumutauro necheSalvic). Russia akakweretwa kubva nevaGiriki minamato zvainobatsira. Saizvozvowo paiva dzokudetemba unyanzvi.

ngano

Vazhinji Old Russian tsika anozivikanwa ngano zvayo, ichazivikanwa noku-siyana kunoshamisa uye kukwana. Songs, yakakura, mashiripiti, nhetembo waiva musimboti zvinhu zvaro. Zvechihedheni chamuita kuti rengano ngano kuti achiripo kunyange pashure kuitwa chiKristu. Ngano fused pamwe Orthodoxy kuti vakawanda sei mukarenda mazororo uye mashura.

Epic umhare yakakura - pamusoro iri ngano. The vanonyanya kutaurwa zvezvimedu izvi kuva varwi. magamba akadai Ilya Muromets, Dobrynya Nikitich uye Alyosha Popovich, aizivikanwa mwana ose ari kuunganidzwa rengano. In byliny kwakaratidza kupfuma iri tsika Rus Mongolian kumwedzi. Heroes aigona kuva zvechokwadi nhoroondo kutaurwa uye generalized mufananidzo. In ngano rehama dzakashinga magamba aisa yose yeMiddle Ages wayo maitiro zvinhu (hondo pamwe inowanzorimwa muArabhu, "achipinda vanhu" uye zvichingodaro. D.).

kunyora

ngano waiva pakatarisana hwokusika kunyora. Zvisinei, mabhuku aya kugona kuitika pasina arufabheti. Izvi zvaizoitawo, akanga leaked kuRussia pamwe chiKristu. Byzantine rokudzidzisa Kirill I Mefody akasika necheSalvic rinokosha arufabheti, iyo yakava hwaro zvakasiyana-siyana mumitauro yakanyorwa: Russian, Bulgarian, chiSerbia, Macedonian, etc.

Greek basa vaparidzi veTesaronika vakati kupfuura kure-kusvika nemigumisiro. Pasina Cyrillic havana kwakatanga uye zvose pre-Mongol tsika Russia yekare. arufabheti ichi chakashandiswa kupedza kuchinjwa magwaro Orthodox. chikoro wokutanga, dzidza kuverenga, vakanga yakatangwa Prince Vladimir Svyatoslavich.

Zvivako Anowanikwa Old Russian kunyora ndizvo Novgorod birchbark magwaro. Vazhinji vavo dzakafukurwa nevanochera ari XX remakore. Birchbark zvinoratidza kuti kuverenga muna Russia haana vaiona yakawanda oga vakakwirira. Ndaigona kunyora vagari vanhuwo, sezvo rakanyorwawo Ages Novgorod zvaishandiswa.

Ancient Cyrillic siyanei nhasi. Rakanga accented uye mamwe tsamba. Yakakura zvinhu earufabheti yekare kwakaitika pasi Peter I, uye yokupedzisira musi chimiro zvaida mushure 1917 chimurenga.

mabhuku

Pamwe rakanyorwa Rus akatora pamusoro kubva Byzantine bhuku tsika. The rakazvimirira mabasa ekutanga aiva dzidziso dzechitendero kana mharidzo. Sezvo vakadaro kunogona kunzi ane "Mharidzo Mutemo uye Nyasha," rakanyorwa Metropolitan Hilarion pakati XI remakore.

Zvikuru anonyanya Genre yava rondedzero. Havasi chete enhoroondo zviitiko, asi vangakupawo zivo pamusoro chii aiva tsika Russia yekare vakararama Mongol kumwedzi. The chikuru sahwira pamusoro Kyivan Rus anonzi Nestor. Pakutanga "The zvakaedza yakapfuura Years" zvakanzi rinoumbwa XII remakore nayo. rakatenderera ichi yakatsanangurwa huru zviitiko zvenhoroondo Russian kubva kwaita statehood kusvikira 1117. Nestor rinotarisa enyika zviitiko: machinda kukakavadzana, hondo uye vanovatsigira. Sahwira zvakare akasiya "Kuverenga", iro akarondedzera pamusoro Biography mbiri machinda-kutenda Boris uye Gleb.

Prince Vladimir Monomakh rakayeukwa kwete chete somunhu akachenjera enyika uye mutungamiriri unyanzvi muchiuto, asi somunhu hunoshamisa munyori. Kiev mutongi yasara venhaka yake "Instruction" - mumwe bhuku enyika umo munyori anotsanangura chii chinofanira kuva akakodzera mamiriro uye chinobudirira simba. Bhuku rinonzi Monomakh akayeuka muchinda ramangwana kuti zvido enyika harifaniri kukuvadza kubatana State, kusanganisira zvakakodzera kurwisa anongofamba Polovtsy.

"Instruction" zvakanyorwa pakutanga pamusoro XII remakore. Pakupera kwezana remakore iroro sokuti chikuru chigadzirwa mabhuku Old Russian - "The zvakaedza Igor kuti Campaign". Rinotaurawo waiva musoro hondo pamwe Polovtsy. Pakati chokurondedzera nhetembo - imwe kundikana chirongwa chiri inowanzorimwa pakati Prince Igorya Svyatoslavicha, aitonga Novgorod-Seversky.

Zvinobva nokutyisidzirwa pamusoro muArabhu upenyu norugare zvikuru kuti chii akazova netsika upenyu pre-Mongol Russia. The "Shoko" zvinowanikwa zvinosanganisira munyori sezvo pasina zvakaratidza nani sei kunoparadza vachirwisa vari vahedheni. Sezvo Monomakh wake "Instructions", akasimbisa kukosha kubatana Russian nyika pamberi vanhuwo ngozi.

Arts and Crafts

vatenzi Russian kwenguva refu akanga akakurumbira nokuda kwayo rakasiyana zvishongo kugadzira nzira (enamel, muzviruva, uye zvichingodaro. D.). zvigadzirwa izvi zvinoitwa arayire kuti boyar uye dzoumambo vakakwirira. Vatorwa vanoyemurwa Russian vevatema iri sirivha. muvhenganiswa ichi aiitirwa ane zvakasiyana siyana: zvamaoko, michinjikwa, nezvindori, etc ...

Kiev vanatenzi vaifarira goridhe uye masirivha pamusoro pakanyorwa Chernevo. Vladimirskie nyanzvi dzokugadzira kakawanda yakaisvonaka sirivha avakaita uye nenhamba nendarama. In Galicia maiva private chikoro gandiwa nemhomho. In mienzaniso iyi, unyanzvi uye rwokugadzira kamwe zvakare anoratidza zvakanga dzakasiyana tsika uye upenyu hwezuva nezuva kuti pre-Mongol Russia.

Craft Misha vakanga vakasiyana chaizvo kubva muguta rwokugadzira. Kumaruwa, tenzi kwenguva refu nguva rinoshandiswa zvishongo zvavo vechihedheni motifs masimba akaipa. Zvakanga zvakakurumbira mazango uye nemazango. Vazhinji vavo vakaitwa zvikuru kuwana zvinhu - huni. Kana wokutanga nezvitsinga-kufanana okunze ari aishanda hwemashiripiti aiva akasiyana mashiripiti rwendo, ipapo zvishoma nezvishoma vakarashikirwa zvinoreva ichi uye akava nyore mapatani. Culture weRussia kwerubwinyo rwakagara rwuripo Mongol nguva, muna pfupi, haana vakashanduka. Nezera nerimwe, akachinja zvishoma nezvishoma uye akatonyanya kuoma.

Life uye musha

Early necheSalvic zvirindo raiva echoto, uye zvinodhaka zvitoro. Mumwe nzvimbo dzakadaro vakava kumba kuparadzana vakaroorana. Kupararira hafu-dugouts pedyo kumaodzanyemba amarudzi mibatanidzwa yoKumabvazuva Slavs kuchiratidzwa Arab geographers. dzimba dzakadaro akatanga inonyangarika ari X remakore. Izvi kwave chokuita atsamwira pamusoro yemadzitateguru ukama hwemhuri diki uye unooma kuti dzokumaruwa vakasara.

Somuenzaniso, muna Kiev, kuwedzera kune hafu-dugouts vakanga kuvaka cherogi dzimba uye danda. Wood munhu hwakanaka chipa zvinhu, anogona kuchiwana anenge ose dzomumaguta kana mumaruwa mugari. Availability kwakabatsira nokukurumidza kudzorera nevanhu vari chiitiko romoto. Fire nguva dzose zvakatungamirira zvikuru kukuvadza, izvo, Ukuwo, paiva kuoneka nokushaiwa huni.

Chinokosha Muchinda Palace akanga Gridnitsa - yakafarikana kamuri, apo mabiko vakaungana kukupfura. Achidzidza revatongi ugaro chikwata - iyi ndiyo imwe nzira inofadza kunzwisisa chii chaiva tsika pre-Mongol Russia. Architecture chinhu chokukomborerwa munzanga, nzvimbo pamusoro chinzvimbo chakakwirira muridzi chivakwa. Zvinofadza kuti vari XII remakore, apo hurumende pakupedzisira yakadhirika, chikuru Gridnitsa yekare akanyangarika - vakatanga kushandisa kwakavakirwa sezvo mujeri.

mbatya

Kwakajairika varimi kana smerdy, aipfeka bhurauzi hembe-belted tucked kupinda bhurukwa uye yakakwirira majombo. Cheap chando mbava kushandiswa. Panguva folksy vaiona nebheya mbava. Mabhandi yaiva yakatetepa nematehwe, simbi dzemabhande emabhurukwa zvemhangura. Vakadzi vanowanzotevedzera kupfeka zvishongo (epanyama nezvindori, nezvomumutsipa, marozari).

A maitiro chepfungwa navaranda, boyars uye mbatya muchinda aiva jasi rake. Kana varimi vaipfeka dzomucheka Shirts ine, machinda - Shirts dzakagadzirwa nesirika. majombo yomuchinda vakaitwa amatenhe. A fanira chokufunga namambo aiva chivharo pamwe mbava reuna. Jewellery avakuru zvakaitwa nematombo anokosha uye nendarama. Somuenzaniso, Prince Svyatoslav akapfeka noruzhinji parera mhete. Life uye tsika pre-Mongol Rus (10-13 remakore) akashamisa vatorwa vazhinji. Winter zvipfeko Russian kwamachinda yakanga Sable mbava, unonyanya chinokosha mune misika zvose European.

chikafu

Sezvo nheyo zvokurima weRussia akanga arable kurima, zvokudya zvavo vanhu vainyanya chaiva chingwa uye zvakasiyana-siyana bota (bhari, gorosi, rye, uye mapfunde). kukosha kwavo upenyu Eastern Slavs akanga inokosha. Chingwa zvakadaro novimba chii vanochera matongo vakawana matoyi evana muchimiro chingwa. Chirimwa kutadza kwainzi mukuru njodzi, anodiwa mugumisiro rwakazokura denda kwakapararira.

Meat zvokudya veguta kwaisanganisira yehuku uye zvipfuwo. The musha kare vakaramba tsika yekare iri bhiza nyama. Chinokosha patafura yaiva dheri zvigadzirwa, kusanganisira chizi. Pfungwa hondo yeChechi vasatsauswa kwakakanganisa zvokudya. Somuenzaniso, ndiye chizi kwainzi netsika Pudding. Vapristi vakaedza kuchinja zvokudya kuboka rake uchibatsirwa siyana mbiru.

Hove patafura kunyanya inoremekedzwa Sturgeon (zvinozivikanwa kuti machinda Novgorod akanga "osetrenniki", iro dzakatorwa kubva hove Lobel mutero sturgeons). Chinokosha miriwo vari tabapi uye makabheji. Food tsika pre-Mongol Russia, muna pfupi, vane mwoyo inononoka kuchinja zvimwe nharaunda yose youpenyu necheSalvic. Traditional inonhuhwira vari nekinamoni, vhiniga, nzungu, anise, mindi, mhiripiri. Zvakaipira munyu ichi dzaigona kubva National njodzi. chigadzirwa uyu kufarira nyaya vaitengesa zvokufungidzira.