Electrolyte zvingaitwa

electrolyte mhinduro dzinokosha mvura zviri zvisina kukwana kana zvachose muchimiro mhosva nezvimedu (ions). The chaizvo basa ine mamorekuru pamusoro isakarurama (anions) uye chokwadi mhosva (cations) nezvimedu inonzi electrolytic dissociation. Dissociation mu mhinduro zvinogoneka chete nokuda mano ions kutaura pamwe mamorekuru ari polar emura iyo anoita somunhu solvent.

Ndezvipi electrolytes

Electrolyte mhinduro dziri rakakamurwa aqueous uye asiri aqueous. Water akadzidza kwazvo uye vakanga zvakapararira zvikuru. Vari zvinenge zvipenyu Muviri ari kushingaira mumabasa zvakawanda zvinokosha utachiona kwendangariro. Non-aqueous electrolytes kushanda electrochemical pezvakaitwa uye zvakasiyana-siyana nemakemikari. Kushandiswa yavo zvakakonzera nokugadzirwa kwakaitwa itsva matsime namakemikari simba. Ivo basa rinokosha mumasero photoelectrochemical, makemikari kwetunhu, electrolytic capacitors.

Electrolyte zvinogadzirisa, zvichienderana mwero dissociation inogona rakakamurwa simba, nomutoo uye simba. dissociation dhigirii (α) - iri nhamba yakaputsika mamorekuru iri mhosva inoramba kuti uwandu mamorekuru. In simba electrolytes Alpha ukoshi pedyo 1, panguva yapakati α≈0,3, uye simba α <0,1.

By kazhinji electrolytes simba zvinosanganisira munyu, anoverengeka zvimwe acids - HCl, HBr, HI, HNO _3, H ₂ SO _4, HClO _4, hydroxides pamusoro barium, strontium, calcium alkali simbi. Mamwe chawo iine acid - electrolyte svikiro kana simba simba.

Properties electrolyte zvingaitwa

Education mhinduro kazhinji achiperekedzwa chafariz migumisiro uye kwenzwi. Muitiro Kuparadzwa ari electrolyte ari Urume kunoitika mumatanho matatu:

1. Kuparadzwa kwemakemikari zvisungo intermolecular ichiputswa electrolyte zvinoda kunodyira vamwe simba rakawanda uye saka kupisa Absorção de Água kunoitika _(ikakuruma? H> 0).
2. In danho iri, solvent anotanga kutaura pamwe electrolyte ions, zvichiguma nokuumbwa solvates (mu aqueous mhinduro - hydrates). Izvi zvinozivikanwa uye exothermic solvation, i.e. exotherm kunoitika (Δ H _hydr <0).
3. The wokupedzisira Danho - diffusion. Izvi yunifomu kuparadzirwa hydrates (solvates) iri hombe mhinduro. Izvi zvinoda simba rakawanda uye saka inotoda dzaserera _{(differential?} H> 0).

Saka, zvachose chafariz mugumisiro Kuparadzwa ari electrolyte inogona kunyorwa zvinotevera muchimiro:

_Sol? H =? H +? H _{zvaikosha hydraulic differential?} H +

Kubva kuti, chii aizova zvinoumba simba migumisiro kunobva yokupedzisira chiratidzo zvachose kupisa pokufa electrolyte maturo. Kazhinji izvi hazvina endothermic.

Properties chemhinduro kunoenderana achinyanya pamusoro hunhu waro constituent zvinoriumba. Uyewo, nzvimbo yacho electrolyte mhinduro nziyo hunotifambira, kumanikidza uye tembiricha.

Zvichienderana zviri dzose solute electrolyte mhinduro inogona rakakamurwa sanganisa chaizvo (umo chete rine "zvisaririra" electrolyte), sanganisa (ine shoma solute) uye pfungwa (pamwe chinokosha electrolyte kugutsikana).

Nemakemikari mu electrolyte zvinogadzirisa, izvo zvakakonzera nokufamba Magetsi kunotungamirira kuti voga dzimwe zvinhu nokuda electrodes. Fani iyi inonzi electrolysis uye rinowanzoshandiswa indasitiri ano. Zvikurukuru, nokuda electrolysis akawana aruminiyamu, rehydrogen, kuiisa chlorine, yavaibvisa hydroxide, hydrogen peroxide, uye vazhinji zvimwe zvakakosha zvinhu.