Amoniya. Chemical ehupfumi, panyama ehupfumi. Kushandisa uye kuwana

Mharadzano karavhani yenzira pedyo Oasis North Africa vaAmoni - kare kuzivikanwa kumba amoniya. Vapristi vanonamata mwari Amoni, panguva tsika dzavo vakashandisa rehydrogen nitride kana neshungu exuded amoniya kwakanaka. Vakadaidzwa amoniany pachena zita amoniya vaibva nguva idzodzo.

Masayendisiti Modern havana vadzidza dzokubvisa chete yakachena amoniya, kumuwana yakawanda mafomu, asi achigonawo vatevedzere magadzirirwo fuma mamorekuru iyo mishonga madenderedzwa nyanzvi inonzi "rehydrogen nitride." Zvinoshamisa amoniya Morekuru configuration ndechokuti nguva Pyramid, sevaya takaona kwetunhu fuma iyi muIjipiti yekare rokutanga.

Nitrogen riri vertex pasi kukurukurwa Pyramid kunoita pamwe hydrogen emaatomu ezvinhu polar chisungo. The senitrogen atomu ari mukomboni aine unshared peya maerekitironi, ndiye anokosha zvimiso chitarisiko mano amoniya kuumba anyatsoronga-acceptor rehydrogen zvisungo, panguva vari kamuri huru polarity amoniya Morekuru simbi kunokonzera ine simba kusakarongeka pakati pavo. Somugumisiro, amoniya maitiro rakasiyana zvivako uye maitiro yeimwe kwakadai.

With munhuwi amoniya nechimwe chiratidzo, hwakabatana pamwe veMubatanidzwa amoniya, inova Hauoneki gasi, vakareruka kupfuura mhepo kaviri. Nokuti munhu zviri chepfu, ane kumusoro solubility.

Amoniya ndiye zvemakemikari ehupfumi ose anoratidza dzavo kukonzerwa kune unshared Erekitironi vaviri. Zviri kukwanisa kutora pamusoro hwepurotoni, nokudaro pokubatana Ammonium Ion. The aqueous Kugadzirisa kwakaita amoniya (aizivikanwawo mvura amoniya) ane Midzanga maitiro. Kuwana Ammonium munyu ne maitiro pamwe acids kunoita amoniya. The kwemakemikari ehupfumi venyika remubatanidzwa ichi akafanana nucleophiles kana complexing.

Ukuwo rinoratidza kuti zvivako zviri amoniya uye simba asidhi inokwanisa kuita pamwe simbi, zvichiumba amides. Amides zvinobva alkali nesimbi pamusoro yokuwana amoniya. Imides, nitrides uye munyu pamusoro nesimbi vanoverengeka yaunganidzwa kuitisa nezvinoita mvura amoniya. Nitrides vakazvigadzirirwa muchidziisa simbi iri senitrogen mhepo.

In amides simbi hydroxides ehupfumi pachena. A yakafanana alkali amide-amoniya kugadzirisa kuti munyu uri conductors dzemagetsi zvakanaka.

Amoniya kwemakemikari ehupfumi kana kuwadzana phenolphthalein Exhibits, mavara pamwe yakatsvuka, kuwedzera asidhi kunoguma wayo neutralization. muchidziisa amoniya anobvumira kuti somunhu reductant. It anogona kupisa oxygen, zvinoguma remvura uye senitrogen. Mune oxidation kuti amoniya kuwana anowedzera kuti Platinum nitric oxide, inogadzirwa kuti maindasitiri kwetunhu nitric acid.

Kuderedza kugona senitrogen inoshandiswa rokuchenesa simbi hukawanika kubva oxides panguva pokunamatidza. Mune oxidation kuti amoniya pamwe yavaibvisa hypochlorite (rokumanikidzirwa kuvapo gelatin) hydrazine rakagadzirwa. Zvaakazoita pamwe halogens (kuiisa chlorine, ayodhini) unobereka zvinoputika.

Saka, zvikuru ane maindasitiri kwetunhu amoniya. Reactions gadziriro yayo ane chimiro nekuita ose senitrogen uye rehydrogen. Inonzi Haber muitiro. Somugumisiro nemapinduriro exotherm kunoitika uye kuderera vhoriyamu. Mamiriro ezvinhu akanaka nokuti kwetunhu amoniya ndiwo yakaderera tembiricha uye yakakwirira kuvafurira.

Kufungawo goho amoniya zvemakemikari ehupfumi vamwe zvinhu vave catalysts kuti izvi. Kushandiswa wavo zvinokwanisika kuwedzera kubudirira kwakaita zvakanyatsoenzana.