The tsinga zvairatidza, ayo pokutendeuka uye hutachiwana mashandiro

The huta yevanhu Hurongwa anoita somunhu mhando rainyanya kukosha mumuviri wedu. It transmits mirayiro kubva uropi tsandanyama, nhengo, nyama uye kurongedza mashoko anonongedzera kuuya kwavari. The tsinga zvairatidza rinoshandiswa senzira mhando mutakuri mashoko. Chii? How kutsanya basa? Izvi, uyewo zvimwe mibvunzo vachawanikwa mhinduro munyaya ino.

Chii chinonzi tsinga chido chacho?

Saka tinoti sefungu mufaro anopararira achitevedza fibers sezvo mhinduro kweiyi Tutsinga tunofambisa mashoko utwu. mashandiro Izvi zvinoita nokupfuuridzirwa mashoko kubva siyana receptors ari nechepakati tsinga. Uye pairi, uyewo, kuti dzakasiyana nhengo (tsandanyama uye mumasero). Uye chii ichi muitiro uri physiologically? The mashandiro pakati kwemashoko etsinga chido ndechokuti membranes pakati Tutsinga tunofambisa mashoko utwu angachinja zvavo electrochemical zvinogona. Uye isu tiri kufarira kwacho kunoitika synapses. tsinga zvairatidza aimhanya dzinosiyana mukati 3 kusvika 12 metres muzana wechipiri. Kuti uwane mashoko pamusoro payo, uye zvinhu zvine chokuita nayo, tichataura.

Chimiro uye basa kudzidza

Ndima rokutanga etsinga chido Zvakaratidzwa nemasayendisiti wokuGermany E. Hering uye Helmholtz muenzaniso datya. Panguva imwe cheteyo, uye vakawana kuti bioelectrical chiratidzo propagates nokukurumidza kare kutaurwa. Kazhinji, izvi zvinokwanisika Vongai chinokosha pakuvaka etsinga fibers. Mune dzimwe nzira akafanana yemagetsi waya. Saka, kana pane kufanana naro, kuti axons vari conductors, uye insulators - dzavo myelin mumuhara (ivo vanomiririra Schwann muchitokisi Kamudzira, icho muchikuvadza akawanda akaturikidzana). Uyezve, nokukurumidza tsinga zvairatidza kunobva zvikurukuru pamusoro dhayamita ari fibers. Zvinonzi vaiona Chinodiwa magetsi kuputira wechipiri. Sezvineiwo, sezvo muviri zvinhu zvakashandiswa lipoprotein myelin, ine dielectric ehupfumi. Other ezvinhu ari vakaenzana, chichavawo chikuru rukoko kwayo, etsinga nomunhu zvichava nokukurumidza. Kunyange panguva hatigoni kutaura kuti nyika ino zvakazara kuongororwa. Zvakawanda kuti inobatana tsinga uye nomunhu, yasara muchakavanzika uye nyaya kutsvakurudza.

Zvakakurukurwa marongerwo uye kushanda

Kana isu kutaura nzira etsinga chido, zvinofanira kucherechedzwa kuti myelin mumuhara faibha haina akafukidza pamwe yayo yose kureba. Features okuvaka akadaro kuti mamiriro ano zvakanaka kuenzaniswa pakusika zvedongo insulating dzisimbe, izvo zvakasimba strung patsvimbo wemagetsi waya (kunyange zvazvo iyi, iyo axon). Somugumisiro - panova, asiri insulated magetsi pazviteshi, iro Ion pari anogona kuyerera nyore kubva axon kupinda kwezvakatipoteredza (kana vakutarisire). Kana Kamudzira ichi asingafariri. Nokuda kwaizvozvi, yainzi chiito zvinogona chizvarwa munzvimbo kuti zviri kungogara. Izvi anonzi nodes pamusoro Ranvier. Kuvapo mashandiro kwakadaro kunoita kuti tsinga chido pakanyenga nokukurumidza. Ngatitaurei pamusoro izvi mienzaniso. Saka, kumhanya etsinga zvairatidza huru myelinated faibha, iro dhayamita izvo zvinosiyana mukati 10-20 microns ose 70-120 metres por wechipiri. Nepo avo nevasiri Zvakanyanya Kunaka Panguva Yepamuviri mamiriro, chiverengero idukusa ka60!

Apo vari?

Tsinga nomunhu ari Tutsinga tunofambisa mashoko utwu muka. Kugona "mashoko" izvi ndeimwe dzavo huru zvivako. Inopa nokukurumidza tsinga zvairatidza kupararira zvakafanana anonongedzera pamusoro axons pamusoro madaro marefu. Saka chinonyanya muviri zvinoreva kuti kupanana ruzivo mairi. Data pamusoro kurudziro iri chinopfuudzwa nomukombiyuta kakawanda kuchinja rwacho. It inoshandisa yakagozha nyika periodicals, izvo zvinogona inosvika mazana tsinga nomunhu por wechipiri. Several zvakafanana musimboti, kunyange zvazvo zvaikosha kuomesa kupererwa kombiyuta Electronics. Saka, apo tsinga nomunhu kuitika munyika Tutsinga tunofambisa mashoko utwu, vari encoded mune imwe nzira, uye chete ipapo vari zvitange. Panyaya iyi, mashoko ari dzikarongwa ari "rongedza" chaiyo, vane yakasiyana nhamba uye unhu kudzokorora. Zvose izvi zvaiswa pamwe chete, uye ndiyo hwaro mutinhimira Kugwina uropi anogona vakanyorwa kuburikidza electroencephalogram.

sero mhando

Achitaura pamusoro kutevedzana tsinga zvairatidza yedzimudzangara, mumwe haagoni kufuratira masero etsinga (Tutsinga tunofambisa mashoko utwu), uye iro pane kuchinjwa zviratidzo zvemagetsi. Saka, kuonga kwavari kutaura dzakasiyana nhengo dzomuviri wedu. Zvichienderana Chimiro chavo uye functionality zvitatu mhando:

1. Kanotokonya (nzwisisa). Vari encoded uye dzikwanise tsinga nomunhu zvose chafariz, kemikari, acoustic, zvemaziso uye chiedza kuitika.
2. Intercalary (uyewo vachinzi sezvo dzepanguva kana kondakita). Vanoshumira kuoresa uye nokuchinja pulses. nhamba yavo chikuru chiri uropi hwomunhu uye musana.
3. Effector (motokari). Kwavanoitwa mirayiridzo kubva nechepakati tsinga kuitira kuti zvimwe zviito dzaiitwa (inopenya chezuva kuvhara meso ake, uye zvichingodaro).

Mumwe dzouropi ane muchitokisi muviri uye muitiro. Nzira etsinga chido nomuviri rinotanga chechipiri. Pezvakaitwa muri mhando mbiri:

1. Dendrites. Vane mashandiro maonero kuzvinetsa receptors iri pamusoro payo.
2. Axons. Pamusana kwavari, tsinga nomunhu zviri chinopfuudzwa kubva muchitokisi kusvikira kushanda muviri.

An dzinonakidza chinhu

Achitaura vakabata mumasero etsinga chido, zvakaoma haana kukuudza pamusoro mumwe dzinonakidza nguva. Saka, kana vari voga, zvino, tichatii, yavaibvisa-potassium pombi munyaya kufamba ions saizvozvo kuti vabudirire sei mvura yakachena uye munyu mukati kunze. Nokuda kusaenzana wanika zvinogona musiyano mhiri Kamudzira inogona kuchengetwa kusvika 70 millivolts. Enzanisa - ndiwo 5% kure dzose AA mabhatiri. Asi panongovira sero kuchinja mamiriro, ipapo kunoguma zvakanyatsoenzana akashatirwa, uye ions dzinotanga kudzoswa. Izvi zvinoitika kana ichipfuura nzira etsinga chido chacho. Nokuda chiito yezviri ions uye ichi chiito rinonziwo chiito nekugona. Kana zvasvika mumwe mufananidzo ipapo neizvi muitiro, uye sero zvasvika munhu standstill.

zvinogona zviito

Kutaura kuchinja etsinga chido chacho kupararira, zvinofanira kucherechedzwa kuti kwaizova measly millimeters por wechipiri. Vaibva mumaoko anonongedzera kubva uropi kusvika mumaminitsi, riri pachena kunaka. Pano unoitawo basa mukusimbisa inogona zviito myelin mumuhara kukurukurwa ambotaurwa. Uye "dzakasiyiwa" ayo ose akaiswa nenzira kuti chete vaiva pesvedzero inobatsira zvichikurukura unodiwa. Saka, kana chido chacho parichasvika kumugumo chikuru chikamu axon muviri mumwe, zviri kune imwe inotevera muchitokisi, kana (kana pezvatinotaura uropi) dzakawanda nenhungirwa pakati Tutsinga tunofambisa mashoko utwu. Asi okupedzisira dzacho zvishoma yakasiyana musimboti.

Akunoita muuropi?

Ngatimbotaura, chii kutevedzana tsinga zvairatidza kuchinjirwa chinoshanda rinonyanya kukosha zvikamu nechepakati tsinga. Pane Tutsinga tunofambisa mashoko utwu nevavakidzani vavo vakaparadzana nevanhu Makwanza duku kuti vanonzi synapses. The chiito zvinogona haangaupfuuri kuburikidza navo, saka ari kutsvaka imwe nzira yokuwana rinotevera etsinga sero. Panoperera nechimwe kwacho kune SACS diki kuti vanonzi presynaptic vesicles. Mumwe nomumwe wavo ane kubatana - neurotransmitters. Kana totaura zvakaitwa mukana, kubva mamorekuru vasunungurwa kubva pouches. Vanoyambuka synapse uye vari kubatanidzwa chaiwo samolecular receptors kuti dziri pamusoro membrane. Kana ichi nepakati akashatirwa, uye zvimwe pane itsva kuita zvinogona. Sezvineiwo zvichigere kuzivikanwa, neuroscientists yave kudzidza nyaya kusvikira nhasi.

basa neurotransmitters

Vakati zvinoparadzira tsinga nomunhu, pane nzira dzakawanda kuti zvichaitika kwavari:

1. Vachataura diffuse.
2. Chaidzo makemikari kudzikisirana.
3. Dzokera mu matema dzenyu (anonzi reuptake).

Pakupera kwezana remakore rechi20 akaita anoshamisa akawana. Masayendisiti akawana kuti nezvinodhaka chokuita neurotransmitters (uyewo avo choutsi, uye neizvi takeover) anogona kuchinja mafungiro omunhu zvikuru. Saka, Somuenzaniso, vakawanda antidepressants se "Prozac" adzikatidza reuptake kweserotonin. Pane zvimwe zvikonzero kutenda kuti muna Parkinson nehosha kupomera kuti dhefisiti muuropi neurotransmitter dopamine.

Zvino Vanotsvakurudza vari kudzidza muganhu inoti kwevanhu psyche, kuedza kufunga kuti izvi zvose chinobata pfungwa dzevanhu. Panguva ino, sezvo tisina mhinduro inokosha mubvunzo uyu: chii chinokonzera dzouropi kuumba chiito kuita? Nepo mashandiro kuti "kanda" Masero kuva muchivande. Zvikurukuru dzinonakidza kubva nemaonero dambanemazwi Nde basa uropi Tutsinga tunofambisa mashoko utwu.

Muchidimbu, vanogona kushanda pamwe nezviuru neurotransmitters, yakatumwa navavakidzani vavo. Details chokuita kubudiswa uye kusangana iyi mhando kupomba, tiri aisatombowanika. Paaishanda pane ichi mapoka akawanda tsvakurudzo. Panguva iyoyo, ndakacheuka kuti ndione kuti zvose vakapiwa pulses vari revatema, uye dzouropi anoita sarudzo - kana kuti tiine chiito kwaniso uye zvakaitika kwavari. On ichi chinokosha muitiro kunobva kushanda hwomunhu. Zvakanaka, zvino zviri hazvishamisi kuti tisingazivi mhinduro chirahwe ichi.

Vamwe yokungotaura zvinhu

Munyaya inoti "etsinga zvairatidza" uye "kuita zvinogona" zvinoshandiswa sezvo anoreva zvakafanana. In dzidziso iyi ndezvechokwadi, kunyange zvazvo pane dzimwe nguva zvinokosha kufunga dzimwe zvinhu. Saka, kana iwe kupinda mashoko, nezviito zvinogona chete chikamu etsinga chido chacho. Pamunenge muchikurukura mabhuku akazara yesayenzi anogona kuwanikwa kuti vanonzi Kamudzira chete kuchinja basa kubva zvakanaka kune akaipa ndiEzekieri. Asi pasi etsinga chido kunzwisisa zvakaoma STRUCTURAL uye electrochemical muitiro. Zvinonzi dzakagoverwa pamusoro Kamudzira kuti dzouropi somutariri chinozunguzirwa kuchinja. The chiito zvinogona - chete zvemagetsi pakuderedza ari Kuronga etsinga chido chacho. Rinoreva kuchinja richiuya omunharaunda mutariri chikamu membrane.

vari kupi etsinga nomunhu?

Kupi vanotanga? Mhinduro yomubvunzo uyu anogona kupa chero mudzidzi anoshingaira akadzidza physiology kufara. Kune vana nzira:

1. Kanotokonya kuguma dendrite. Kana (kwete chokwadi) ndechokuti, zvinokwanisika kuti zvakakwana anotikurudzira, izvo aizosika dzingangoitika wokutanga rokuzvivandudza rakaita kuti irambe, uye ipapo, uye etsinga chido chacho. nociceptors vanoshanda saizvozvo.
2. The Kamudzira pamusoro excitatory synapses. Kazhinji, izvi zvinokwanisika chete kana paine bundu simba kana ravo summation.
3. Dentrida rukungiso wongoramba. Muchiitiko chino, emo excitatory postsynaptic potentials zvakapararira papiwa vakurukurirane. Kana raiva pedyo nebundu rimwe Ranvier pamusoro myelinated rokutanga, vari pamusoro payo zviri muchidimbu. Nokuda kuvapo kwakanga mugove Kamudzira, izvo zvakawedzera nehanya, pane kuchimuka tsinga zvatinganzwa.
4. Axon hillock. Naizvozvo akatumidza nzvimbo axon inotanga. Murwi - ichi ndiyo kugara pulses kusika dzouropi. Mune dzimwe nzvimbo dzose, izvo zvaionekwa kare, chitarisiko yavo zvikuru kashoma. Izvi imhaka yokuti pano Kamudzira ane wakawedzera nehanya uye kuderedzwa kutsoropodza chechetere depolarization. Naizvozvo, kana kutanga kuti summation vakawanda excitatory postsynaptic potentials, tanga zvaanoita kwavari murwi.

MUENZANISO pakuwanza excitation

Story ezvokurapa kunogona kukonzera kuvhiringidzika mumwe nguva. Kugadzirisa izvi, zvinokosha zvishoma enda kubudikidza mharidzo zivo. Somuenzaniso, tora moto.

Yeuka nhau kubva wokupedzisira zhizha (sezvazvakanyorwa nokukurumidza zvichava zvinobvira kunzwa zvakare). Fire anopetenura! Panyaya iyi pamiti kuti chiedza varambe vari pazvigaro zvavo. Asi moto mberi anoenda mberi kubva panzvimbo paakange ari kwaibva moto. Saizvozvowo, basa tsinga.

Kazhinji zvakakosha kuti akurudzire mavambo excitation pakati tsinga. Asi hazvisi nyore kuita, sezvo iri nyaya moto. Kuti aite chakagadzirwa dzouropi chipingaidzo basa iri (pakurapa. zvinangwa), kana kushandisa dzakasiyana-siyana vasiri nzira. Izvi zvinogona kufananidzwa yomoto kudira mvura.