The yokuita chlorophyll wayo muchinangwa nedanho photosynthesis

Nei uswa, uye mashizha pamiti uye pamakwenzi manyoro? Mhosva chlorophyll. Unogona kutora netambo yakasimba zivo uye kuita naye zvakasimba kujairirana.

nyaya

Shure zvishoma karwendo kupinda pfupi ichangopfuura kare. Joseph Bienaimé Caventou uye Pierre Zhozef Pellete - ndicho ani unofanira kukwazisana. Men Science akaedza kuparadzanisa uswa ruvara nemashizha emiti yakasiyana-siyana. Kuedza vakanga korona kubudirira 1817.

Kungotaura ruvara chlorophyll. Kubva Greek chloros - green uye phyllon - papepa. Kunyange zvakadaro apa, mukuvamba kwezana ramakore rechi20, Michael Rihard Vilshtetter Color uye tikasvika kwemamiriro: zvinoitika, zvinosanganisira zvakawanda zvinoti zviri chlorophyll.

Fu maoko ehembe yake, Willstätter akaenda kubasa. Yokunatswa uye crystallization kwakaratidza yenhengo maviri. Kuvati nyore, Arufa Beta (a uye b). Nokuti mabasa mumunda kudzidza fuma muna 1915, akanga paakapiwa mubayiro Nobel.

Muna 1940 Hans Fischer akataura kuti pose kwokupedzisira maumbirwo chlorophyll "munhu". King reongororo Robert Burns Woodward uye masayendisiti akawanda kubva America akagamuchira muna 1960. sokurwarirwa chlorophyll. Uye kugadzirisa chakavanzika - nechitarisiko chlorophyll.

mushonga ehupfumi

Yemaitiro chlorophyll, kwakatemwa kubva experimental parameters, ndizvo sezvinotevera: C ₅₅ H ₇₂ N ₅ O ₄ MG. The mamiriro zvaisanganisira makemikari dicarboxylic asidhi (chlorophyllin), uye methyl doro uye phytol. Chlorophyllin - chinhu organometallic remubatanidzwa ane zvakananga ukama magniyporfirinam uye chine senitrogen.

COOH

MgN ₄ OH ₃₀ C ₃₂

COOH

Chlorophyll anozviratidza Ester nokuti kuti dzasara zvikamu methyl doro CH ₃ OH uye phytol C ₂₀ H ₃₉ OH akatsiva hydrogen mapoka carboxyl.

Akaisa pamusoro STRUCTURAL payakavakirwa yeAlpha chlorophyll. izvozvo nyatsocherechedza, zvinogona kuonekwa kuti yakachena Beta-chlorophyll rimwe atomu zvakawanda asi rehydrogen maatomu asingasviki maviri (Cho boka panzvimbo CH _3). Nokudaro, samolecular uremu Arifa chlorophyll kudzika kupfuura Beta.

In pakati tudonhwe mubereko kwatiri nyaya vakagara magnesium. It chinobatanidza kusvika 4 senitrogen maatomu ari pyrrole mapoka. System pamusoro chepuraimari uye anotevedzana kaviri zvisungo inogona kuchengetwa mune pyrrole nemarunda.

Chromophore inotungamirwa, zvakakwana wakafanira kupinda maumbirwo chlorophyll - iri N. iyi inoita Absorção de Água wacho mwaranzi yacho zuva chakarondedzera, uye ruvara rwaro, pasinei Zuva anopisa akafanana nemurazvo, uye manheru akafanana kumazimbe.

Ngativhurei kuna kukura. Porphyrin makirisito dhayamita 10 nm, fitolny kukamuka yakanga yakareba kupfuura 2 nm. In musimboti, chlorophyll ndiyo 0.25 nm, ivo microparticles pakati pyrrole senitrogen mapoka maduku.

Zvinofanira kucherechedzwa kuti magnesium atomu inova chikamu chlorophyll ane dhayamita pakati nm 0.24 chete, uye substantially zvachose anozadza nzvimbo pakati senitrogen maatomu ari pyrrole mapoka, izvo zvinoita chinoumba ari Morekuru kuva simba.

Zvinokwanisika kuuya kwemamiriro kuti hurongwa zviviri pasi nyore inonzi Arifa Beta, uye zvinosanganisira chlorophyll (a uye b).

chlorophyll ane

The hama guru morekuru - 893,52. Kusika vakaparadzana microcrystals kugara rikasviba yebhuruu tint. Pamusangano tembiricha kuti 117-120 Celsius, vari akanyauka oshandura kuva mvura.

In chete panyaya iyi chloroform, acetone uye benzene vari yakanyauka nyore. Migumisiro tora yebhuruu-nyoro ruvara uye ane nevamwe chinhu - mupfumi dzvuku fluorescence. Zvishoma soluble mu peturu Eteri. The mvura hazvirevi anotumbuka zvachose.

Alpha chlorophyll Formula: C ₅₅ H ₇₂ N ₅ O ₄ MG. The fuma iri kwemakemikari ayo mamiriro anonzi kuiisa chlorine. Mune mhete kuti propionic acid, kureva vakasara dzayo, zvakabatanidzwa phytol.

Vamwe chirimwa Utachiona, pachinzvimbo chlorophyll munhu, ane analogue fomu. Pano, boka ethyl (-CH ₂ -CH ₃₎ panguva II mhete pyrrole chikatsiviwa raive nebutiro (-CH = CH _2). Morekuru kwakadaro unotora munhu wokutanga uye raive nebutiro boka iri mhete rimwe, vaviri rin'i wechipiri.

chlorophyll b

Formula chlorophyll-Beta ane zvinotevera chimiro: C ₅₅ H ₇₀ N ₄ O ₆ MG. The samolecular kurema pfuma ndiyo 903. Panguva C ₃ kabhoni maatomu ari pyrrole mhete mbiri dzakaonekwa ikakuruma isina rehydrogen -HC = O doro, ine yero ruvara. Izvi kusiyana chlorophyll a.

Isu chivindi kuonekwa kuti zvechigarire inokosha zvikamu sero zvinokosha kuti ayo akaramba kuvapo plastids, chloroplasts, kugara marudzi vanoverengeka chlorophyll.

Chlorophyll C uye D

In cryptomonads, dinoflagellates, uyewo mune batsillariofitsievyh uye kelp ndawana chlorophyll. Classic porphyrin - ndicho musiyano pakati ruvara ichi.

Nokuti algae, dzvuku ruvara chlorophyll d. Vamwe havana chokwadi nokuvapo kwayo. Zvinofungidzirwa kuti anongova chlorophyll degeneration zvinobikwa. Panguva iyoyo, tinogona kutaura nechivimbo kuti chlorophyll pamwe D tsamba - Nde dhayi chinhu icho photosynthetic prokaryotes.

ehupfumi kuti chlorophyll

Pashure pokutsvakurudza zvikuru kwaiva uchapupu hwokuti zvinhu chlorophyll, vagere mukati chirimwa uye zvikaramba kubva pairi, kuona dissimilarity. Chlorophyll mune miti pamwe puroteni. Izvi runoratidzwa anotevera zvaakacherechedza:

1. Absorção de Água chakarondedzera chlorophyll mune mashizha mumwe, kana tikaenzanisa pamwe zvidzidzo.
2. doro akaisvonaka yaoma miti pasi rondedzero kuti zvinhu sezvazviri. Extraction mberi zvakanaka panguva inonyatsodiridzwa mashizha, kana kuti doro kuti zvikamu mvura. Rinobatanidzwa ne chlorophyll musisiri mapuroteni.
3. Material nokubuda kubva Mashizha zvinomera, yava kuparadzwa achifuridzirwa okisijeni, imwe pfungwa yokushanda acid, chiedza mwaranzi.

Asi chlorophyll mune miti nemishonga yose pamusoro.

chloroplasts

In miti, chlorophyll mabhati 1% rakaoma nyaya. Find zvinobvira muna chaiyo organelles sero - plastids, izvo zvinoratidza ane gogonera kuparadzirwa nayo chirimwa. Sero plastids, dzakapendwa rwegirini ruvara uye kuva chlorophyll, vanonzi chloroplasts.

Kuwanda H ₂ O mu chloroplasts anoda kubva 58 kusvika 75% nezvishoma kugutsikana ine mapuroteni, lipids, chlorophyll uye carotenoids.

chlorophyll basa

Masayendisiti akawana inoshamisa kufananidzwa midziyo mamorekuru ose chlorophyll uye Chizenga - chikuru kufema chinoumba ropa revanhu. Musiyano uri kuti pakati nzwara mukomboni ari ruvara muriwo wakaiswa magnesium uye Chizenga - simbi.

Panguva photosynthesis, zvinomera nyika absorbs carbon dioxide inobvisa zvabudiswa oxygen. Hechino chimwe guru chlorophyll. By basa ungafananidzwa Chizenga, asi uwandu dzokuteerera pamusoro womunhu muviri zvishoma.

Chlorophyll - muti ruvara, iro inonyatsoziva chiedza uye zvinenge zvakazara mitema. Next photosynthesis, umo microparticles ayo exchange zuva simba yokuita zvinoitwa chirimwa masero kupinda nemakemikari simba.

Unogona kuuya zvinotevera mhedziso photosynthesis - ndiye simba kutendeuka muitiro wezuva. iri kana akavimba Musi ruzivo, izvozvo akacherechedza kuti unyatsoshanda kwetunhu Organic yeimwe kubva carbon dioxide inobvisa uye mvura uchishandisa chiedza simba iri yaora muzvikamu zvitatu.

Danho №1

danho iri akasarudza mu nedanho photochemical manyowa mvura, pamwe rubatsiro chlorophyll. Pane Kushanduka samolecular okisijeni.

Danho №2

Apa pane dzakawanda redox siyana. Vanotora chinoshingaira kukwidziridzwa pamusoro cytochromes nemamwe vatakuri maerekitironi. Zvaakazoita anotora nzvimbo nokuda chiedza simba kutakurwa maerekitironi kubva mvura NADPH jenareta uye ATP. Pano inochengeterwa chiedza simba.

Danho №3

Nechekare kuumbwa NADPH uye ATP zvakatanga kuchinja carbon dioxide kupinda makabhohaidhiretsi. The takabatikana chiedza simba rinobatanidzwa zvinoitwa 1 ne2 nzendo. Zvaakazoita neyokupedzisira, wechitatu kuitika pasina kutora chikamu chenyika uye inonzi rima.

Photosynthesis - chete zvipenyu muitiro kupfuura kubva akasununguka simba inowedzerawo. Zvakananga kana kuti zvisina kunanga, kupa mukana kwemakemikari entrepreneurial mweya vaigara munyika mbiri-makumbo marefu, mapapiro, wingless, mhuka dzinovaraidza, uye nezvimwe zvinhu.

Chizenga uye chlorophyll

The mamorekuru pamusoro Chizenga uye chlorophyll vari kunzwisisa, asi panguva imwe chete riri mabhomba mamiriro akafanana. Common mu Chimiro yavo PROFIN - chindori marin'i duku. Musiyano kuonekwa otrostochkah dzakabatanidzwa kuva ProFin uye maatomu iri mukati: simbi atomu (Fe) mu Chizenga kubva chlorophyll magnesium (MG).

Chlorophyll uye Chizenga akafanana ari mamiriro, asi kuumba zvakasiyana mapuroteni zvivako. Around ari magnesium atomu chlorophyll kuumbwa kumativi simbi - hemoglobin. Kana tikatora mvura chlorophyll Morekuru uye kuti patsanura fitolny muswe (20 kabhoni chain), kuchinja magnesium simbi atomu, ruvara rwacho zvakasvibirira kuti tsvuku. Somugumisiro - Finished Chizenga Morekuru.

Yokuita zvinoitwa chlorophyll anokurumidza uye nyore, akavonga kunyatsoreva kufanana ichi. rutsigiro Good muviri okisijeni nenzara. Yonyorovesa ropa zvakafanira micronutrients, saka zviri nani kuti abudise chinokosha upenyu pafuma kuti masero. It kunoitika panguva yakafanira kusunungurwa tsvina zvinhu, muchetura uye dongo kunokonzerwa yepanyama muviri. It Ane nezvainoita wakaderera chena ropa masero, zvichiita pavo.

Zvinorondedzerwa gamba pasina kutya uye nechavangapomerwa anodzivirira, kunosimbisa sero membranes, kubatsira kuti adzikunure connective tishu. By zvemashoko chlorophyll kungasanganisira nokukurumidza kuporesa nemaronda, maronda uye erosions siyana. Anovandudza zvirwere basa pachena kugona kusunga pathological nepfungwa DNA mamorekuru.

Maonero kuitika pakurapa utachiona uye chikosoro. Izvi hazvisi mazita yose mabasa akanaka fuma akaongororwa.