Thomas Alva Edison: Biography uye pikicha

Thomas Alva Edison (Photo unoratidzwa gare gare munyaya) - American muvambi anenge vakanyorwa nhoroondo 1,093 patents. Akasika wokutanga maindasitiri tsvakurudzo murabhoritari.

Thomas Alva Edison - ndiani?

Kutanga basa rake muna 1863, wechiduku ari teregirafu muhofisi, apo anongoda bedzi kunobva simba raiva yakasarira bhatiri, kusvikira parufu rwake muna 1931, mubasa rava kusvika nenguva magetsi. Kubva mumarabhoritari ayo uye okudhindira yakauya giramufomu, carbon Kamudzira maikorofoni, incandescent, echimurenga jenareta zvisina kumboitika kunyatsoshanda, ezvinhu ezvokutengeserana chiedza uye simba shoma, asi experimental yemagetsi njanji, dzinokosha zvinhu firimu zvokushandisa, uye nezvimwe zvinhu zvakawanda zvakagadzirwa vokutanga.

Brief Biography ane mudiki

Thomas Alva Edison akaberekwa musi 11.02.1847, muna Maylene, Ohio, muna mhuri Samyuelya Edisona uye Nensi Eliot. Vabereki akatizira United States kubva Canada pashure yokupindira yababa vake kwazvakarerekera Mackenzie muna 1837. Paainge 7, mhuri yake yakatamira Port Huron, Michigan. Thomas Alva Edison, gotwe pavana vanomwe, akararama pano kusvikira akatanga upenyu hwake ava nemakore gumi. Kuchikoro, akadzidza zvishomanana, mishomanana. Kuverenga, kunyora uye svomhu akamudzidzisa naamai vake, mumwe mudzidzisi. Aiva mwana kuziva chaizvo nguva dzose uye akatambanudza neruzivo pacharo.

Thomas Alva Edison akapedza pauduku hwake, yakawanda yokuverenga, uye manyuko rakafuridzirwa rake raiva bhuku "The School of Natural Philosophy" R. Parker "Cooper Union kuti kukwidziridzwa sayenzi uye unyanzvi." Kuda kuzvidzora uvandudze akagara naye muupenyu hwake.

Alva vakatanga kushanda vachiri vaduku, savana vakawanda panguva iyoyo. At 13 akaenda kubasa mutengesi mapepanhau uye zvihwitsi pamusoro yomunharaunda njanji unobatanidza Port Huron kuna Detroit. Vakawanda ake akasununguka nguva inopedzerwa kuverenga mabhuku kwesayenzi uye zvekushandisa, uye akatora mukana wokudzidza kushanda neteregirafu. Pakazosvika makore 16, Edison akanga atozvionera zvakakwana kushanda nguva yakazara telegrapher.

Wokutanga kuvamba

Kukura neteregirafu raiva danho rokutanga iri kukurukurirana chimurenga, uye yechipiri yezana XIX remakore, wamera nokukurumidza. Izvi zvakapa Edison nevamwe vake mukana kufamba, ona nyika uye vawane ruzivo. Alva akaita nemaguta akawanda muUnited States pamberi 1868 akasvika Boston. Pano Edison akatanga kuchinja basa rake neteregirafu muvambi. Iye patented yemagetsi voting wezvaiitika - zano chakagadzirirwa dzokushandisa kusarudzwa mitumbi akadai Congress, kuti rikurumidze muitiro. Kugadzirwa aiva rokutengesa kukundikana. Edison akasarudza kuti munguva yemberi achauya pamwe chete zvinhu pachena kwokudiwa kuti ave nechokwadi chose.

Thomas Alva Edison: A Biography of muvambi

Muna 1869 akatamira New York, apo akaramba kushanda kunatsiridza kuti neteregirafu uye akasika yake yokutanga ibudirire mudziyo - ". Yezvisikwa wemari aidhinda" Exchange midziyo Thomas Alva Edison, zvigadzirwa izvo vakamuisa 40 zviuru. Dollars, vaiva mari inodiwa muna 1871 kuti kuzarurwa yaro yokutanga duku rabhoritari uye kugadzira Zvivako Newark, New Jersey. Mumakore mashanu akatevera iye akazogadzira uye akaita mudziyo, yekudyidzana nani kumhanya uye kunyatsoshanda yacho neteregirafu. Edison vakawanawo nguva kuroorwa Mary Stilwell uye kutanga mhuri.

Muna 1876, akatengesa zvose zvayo kugadzirwa mu Newark uye akatamira wake, vana uye mudonzvo ari muduku musha Menlo Park, 40 km north-kumadokero New York City. Edison akavaka chinhu chitsva ane zvose zvaunoda kuti Funga zvimwe zvokugadzira basa. Izvi tsvakurudzo rabhoritari aiva wokutanga adzo uye rava muenzaniso nokuda akazotevera masangano akadai Bell Laboratories. Zvinonzi akanga kuvamba wake mukuru. Pano Edison akatanga kuchinja nyika.

Wokutanga giramufomu

Wokutanga kuvamba kwazvo Menlo Park akava foil-giramufomu. The muchina wokutanga kuti aigona kunyora uye kutamba shure ruzha, wakasika furor uye vakauya Edison dzakawanda mbiri. Naro, iye kuzoona nyika uye muna April 1878 akakokwa kuti White House kuratidza giramufomu President Rutherford Hayes.

yemagetsi chiedza

The rakatevera boka guru Edison aiva kukura rinoshanda incandescent rambi. Pfungwa yemagetsi chiedza haana idzva, uye vanhu vakawanda vakatowana vakashanda pariri, kunyange kutanga zvimwe zvacho. Asi kusvikira iyoyo, haina kusikwa chinhu chaigona kuva anoshanda musha kushandiswa.

Edison kuti kuvamba munorumbidzirweiko kwete chete incandescent, asiwo musimba romugove hurongwa, yakanga zvose unofanira kuva zvinoshanda, wakachengeteka uye mari. Pashure pemakore rimwe nehafu ave achibudirira, kana ane incandescent rambi, izvo akashandisa carbonized filament mwenje kwemaawa 13.5.

Yokutanga ruzhinji akaratidza chiedza hurongwa yakaitwa December 1879, apo akanga vakapakata wose kunzwisisa kuti mumarabhoritari muna Menlo Park. Mashomanana akatevera ari muvambi yave wakayeriswa kusikwa magetsi. Muna September 1882 akatanga kushanda wokutanga vezvokutengeserana simba yemapurisa iri Pearl Street mu Lower Manhattan, izvo kupa magetsi uye chiedza kuti vatengi pamusoro imwe nzvimbo imwe mativi maira. Saka akatanga nguva magetsi.

Edison General Electric

yemagetsi chiedza kubudirira zvakaita muvambi kuti mukurumbira uye pfuma sezvo zvemichina itsva rakapararira nokukurumidza munyika yose. Electric Company akaramba kuva kusvikira akabatanidza muna 1889 mu "Edison General yemagetsi." Pasinei kushandisa mazita muvambi muzita dzesangano, haana kudzora nayo. Huge yakawanda guta vanoenderana kukura chiedza indasitiri, wakakumbira kukwezva mari mabhanga akadai JP Morgan. Kana muna 1892, Edison General Electric akabatanidzwa yayo huru mukwikwidzi Thompson-Houston, ivo vakatanga zita rakanga dzadzimwa kubva zita rayo.

Chirikadzi uye wanano yechipiri

Thomas Alva Edison, ane pachako upenyu muna 1884 hwakanganiswa rufu wake, Mary, vasina nguva yakawanda kupedzera Menlo Park. Uye nokuda kuitawo basa, akatanga kushanyira ikoko kunyange zvishoma. Asi, iye nevana vake vatatu - Marion Estelle, Thomas Alva Edison Jr. uye Uilyam Lesli - aigara New York. Kwapera gore, achizorora kweshamwari imba muNew England, Edison akasangana maviri Mina Miller uye akamuda. The muchato kwakaitika February 1886, uye vaviri vakatamira West Orange, New Jersey, apo chikomba atenga mwenga yake kuchamuka Glenmont. The Vaviri akararama pano kusvikira parufu rwake.

Laboratory muna West Orange

Ndatamira Thomas Alva Edison akanga achiparidza kuedza ari chinochechenya Studio muna Mwenje Factory iri pedyo Harrison, New Jersey. Mwedzi mishomanana pashure muchato wake, akasarudza kuvaka murabhoritari itsva yake West Orange, mumwe maira kubva kumba kwake. Pakazosvika nguva akanga yakakwana zviwanikwa uye unyanzvi kuvaka yakanakisisa kurwa uye murabhoritari guru, kupfuura vamwe vose, nokuda nokukurumidza uye chipa kugadzira zvigadzirwa.

The chitsva zvivako zvishanu yakavhurwa November 1887. The-storey matatu chikuru chokuvaka vaiva nesimba, zvemaziso okudhindira, dzokuchengetera, zvivako kuti kuedza uye raibhurari guru. Four Zvivako duku yakavakwa perpendicular kune huru atiitirewo. panyama, zvemakemikari uye metallurgia mumarabhoritari, mumwe musangano kuti pakusikwa ivhu uye kuchengetera nemakemikari. The guru kukura zvakaoma akabvumira Edison kushanda kwete mumwe asi mabasa gumi kana makumi maviri panguva imwe chete. Buildings vakabatana kana vakavakazve kusangana changing zvinodiwa muvambi kusvikira parufu rwake muna 1931. Kwemakore akawanda akapoteredza yezvirwere akanga avaka mafekitari kuti pagadzirwe zvisikwa Edison vake. The yose kunzwisisa pakupedzisira akatora kupfuura 8 hectares, uye panguva World War First, vanhu 10,000 mubheka.

kutsikisa indasitiri

Pashure Panovhurwa murabhoritari idzva, Thomas Alva Edison akaramba kushanda pamusoro giramufomu, asi zvino akariisa kusvikira pakuguma 1870s vaiita yemagetsi chiedza. Pakazosvika 1890, akatanga kubudisa magiramufomu kumba uye dzokutengesa kushandiswa. Sezvakanga magetsi, iye akasika zvinhu zvose zvinodiwa kuti basa ravo, kusanganisira mano kuti ekuteerera kurekodha uye playback, uyewo midziyo kuti vasunungurwe. Muchiitiko chino, Edison akasika chinyorwa indasitiri. Development uye kuvandudzika pamusoro giramufomu akaenda dzichimhanya uye akaramba zvokuda kufa muvambi.

sinema

Panguva iyoyowo Edison akatanga kusika mudziyo aikwanisa kuita ziso izvo giramufomu - nokuti nzeve. Vakaitwa cinema. The muvambi akaratidza muna 1891, uye makore maviri gare gare akatanga mukugadzira "mabhaisikopu" iri diki Studio, zvakavakwa murabhoritari, inozivikanwa se "Blechepsin Mariya".

Sezvakaitika kuna magetsi uye giramufomu, kuti ichi Integrated marongedzero zvakasikwa uye kuratidzwa mafirimu pokuikurukura. Pakutanga, basa Edison ari firimu itsva uye yepakutanga. Zvisinei, vanhu vakawanda vanofarira indasitiri itsva iyi uye aida kunatsiridza mangwanani cinematic basa muvambi. Naizvozvo, mupiro kuti nokukurumidza kukura mafirimu akawanda akaita. Panoperera pakati 1890s yava makamutsiridzazve bhizimisi idzva, uye muna 1918 vakasuwa zvava zvokuti nemakwikwi kuti kunyange Edison akabuda dzebhizimisi.

Kukundikana resimbi esimbi

Mberi magiramufomu uye mafirimu ari 1890s akabatsira kudzikamisa kukundikana chikuru basa Edison. Kwemakore gumi akashanda murabhoritari uye mumigodhi ekare simbi iri kuchamhembe kwakadziva kumadokero New Jersey pamusoro nzira dzokubudisa simbi esimbi kundosangana usingagoni kuguta kudiwa simbi zvigayo kuPennsylvania. Kuti mari mashandiro ichi, Edison akatengesa "General Electric" vose migove yavo.

Pasinei nemakore gumi basa uye mamiriyoni emadhora vakapedza wokutsvakurudza uye kukura, akatadza kuita muitiro kutengeswa chine musoro, uye akarasikirwa yose mari inenge yashandiswa. Izvi zvingareva zvemari kuparadzwa kana kwete Edison akaramba kukudziridza giramufoni firimu panguva imwecheteyo. Ivai kuti hazvo ari muvambi vakapinda remakore idzva vacharamba vakachengeteka mune zvemari uye vakagadzirira kukanda chinetso chitsva.

alkaline bhatiri

Edison akava nyore mutsva kutanga mabhatiri okushandisa motokari yemagetsi. The muvambi zvikuru kwazvo motokari, uye upenyu hwake hwose akanga ari muridzi marudzi akawanda kushanda zvakasiyana simba zvinyorwa. Edison aidavira kuti kwavari ndiyo yakanakisisa mafuta magetsi, asi inogona kwakajairika kutungamirira-asidhi mabhatiri kuti izvi zvakanga zvisina kukwana. Muna 1899 akatanga basa iri alkaline bhatiri. chirongwa ichi chaiva chinonetsa uye akatora makore gumi. Pakazosvika nguva itsva mabhatiri alkaline zvakagadzirwa, peturu motokari akavandudzika kuitira kuti motokari yemagetsi zvave kashoma, zvikurukuru senzira makurukuriro mumaguta. Zvisinei, alkaline mabhatiri kuti nekusimba unobatsira okuvimba njanji motokari uye cabins, zvomumvura buoys uye miners mwenje. Kusiyana simbi mhangura, zvinokosha upfumi mutero kazana, uye nokufamba kwenguva, mukuru bhatiri rava kupfuura kunobatsira zvinobva Edison.

Thomas A. Edison Inc.

Pakazosvika 1911, Thomas Alva Edison yakatanga chaizvo maindasitiri basa muna West Orange. Around ari yezvirwere vakawanda mafekitari, uye kunzwisisa mudonzvo yawedzera zviuru zvakawanda dzakavakwa. To nani atungamirire basa, Edison akaunganidza zvose zvaakanga nheyo boka rimwe sangano Thomas A. Edison Inc., mutungamiri uye ane sachigaro akanga. Aiva nemakore 64 okuberekwa, uye basa rake muna kambani uye muupenyu akatanga kuchinja. Edison akapa dzakawanda zvavo zvezuva nezuva basa vamwe. Murabhoritari pacharo anotora zvishoma pane kumwe kuedza yepakutanga uye kuvandudza aripo zvigadzirwa. Kunyange Edison akaramba ikwidzwe uye kuwana patents kuti zvigadzirwa zvitsva, mazuva kwezvisikwa zvinhu zvitsva, kuchinja upenyu nokusika maindasitiri matsva, asiyiwa shure.

Basa iri kudzivirira

Muna 1915, Edison akakumbirwa achatungamirira Naval Advisory Committee. US kuda kuita Hondo Yenyika I uye kusikwa komiti kwaiva kuedza kuronga matarenda yokutungamirira masayendisiti uye vanotanga munyika mune zvinodiwa US muchiuto. Edison akagamuchira kugadzwa. The Board haana akaita rakakura kwokupedzisira kukunda, asi akashanda se muenzaniso yemberi vakabudirira pamwe pakati masayendisiti, vavambi uye US muchiuto. Munguva yehondo, pazera remakore makumi manomwe nemakore, Edison akapedza mwedzi inoverengeka musi Long Island mungarava iri Navy, kuedza nzira kuziva miedzo Ngarava dzepasi pemvura.

Golden rejubheri

Thomas Alva Edison pamusoro vavambi uye maindasitiri akava mufananidzo kwetsika, chiratidzo American vachida. Muna 1928, munyika pamutemo pamabasa ake, US Congress paakavapa kwaari rinokosha menduru Kukudzwa. Muna 1929, munyika vaipemberera yendarama rejubheri pamusoro yemagetsi chiedza. Mugumo zororo racho raiva mabiko vachikudza Edison, uyo akapa Henry Ford pa Greenfield Village miziyamu nhoroondo itsva American (zvakanga zvachose kuzodzosera hwakasimbiswa rabhoritari muna Menlo Park). Kukudza akashanyira President Gerbert Guver uye vazhinji masayendisiti American kutungamirira uye vanotanga.

Wokutsiva rabha

Recent kuedza muupenyu Edison akaita akumbirwa shamwari dzake dzakanaka Genri Forda uye Harvey Firestone ma1920. Vaida kuwana nzira tsime rabha okushandisa Automotive matai. Kusvikira panguva iyoyo, muna pagadzirwe matai vaishandisa rwokuzvarwa rabha zvikaramba kubva rabha muti, inobereka muUnited States. Zvakaoma rabha kupinza uye kuwedzera zvinodhura. With ake mamirire simba uye kunyatsoita Edison vaedzwa zviuru miti yakasiyana kuwana nzvimbo yakakodzera yokutsiva, uye pakupedzisira akawana kuti yokutsiva iri rabha aigona goldenrod. Basa pabasa iri mberi kusvikira pakufa muvambi.

mumakore achangodarika

Mumakore okupedzisira maviri makore eupenyu Edison utano hwake hwaderera yekudyidzana. Akapedza nguva yakawanda kubva yezvirwere, pane kushanda kubva kumusha Glenmont. A rwendo kuti mhuri Villa muna Fort Myers kuFlorida akava refu. Edison akapfuura masere, uye iye akatambura wandei zvirwere. Muna August 1931 akarwara zvikuru. utano Edison kuti zvishoma nezvishoma, uye nenguva 3:21 am October 18, 1931 ari muvambi guru akafa.

Zvinonzi zita rimwe taundi riri New Jersey, maviri mumakoreji uye zvikoro zvakawanda.