Transport - chii? Types uye chinangwa nemotokari

Movement vanhu uye nenhumbi - Mhedziso kudiwa kuti vanhu. Kuti dzika navo, pane chinokosha zvishandiso - senga. Chii akaita iri kunyange mwana anoziva. Kunyange zvakadaro, izvi ndizvo hwakaoma kunzwisisa kunoda kunzwisisa kwakakwana.

pfungwa

Nemaonero misoro nzira, akadana pfungwa anogona kuonekwa sezvinotevera:

1. The uwandu hwezvinhu zvose zvabatanidzwa. zvose zviripo nzira kutama.
2. Sector hwenyika uye kugadzirwa.
3. System kusangana pakati modes zvose pakufamba ndokurondedzera kwezvivako.

Mune generalized pfungwa chokufambisa ndiko:

• kubatana pakati pamaguta, nyika uye makondinendi;
• huru chezvinonhuwira chero kugadzirwa;
• zvinoreva kwevanhu, uyewo achivapa nenhumbi dzinokosha.

Sezvo indasitiri kugadzirwa, ndiko:

• of chinhu basa - chaidzo motokari;
• zvinoreva kuti basa - tikaisa unganidza;
• kuramba basa - utariri.

mabasa

Kufungisisa Mhedziso kudiwa payo, Transportation wakapinda mabhora ose oupenyu. It tinoberekwa akasiyana-siyana mabasa:

1. Economic. It anoita somunhu achishandisa basa iri kugadzirwa uye dzigadziridzwe ehurumende zvicherwa: mafuta, gasi, marasha, ores uye simbi dzinokosha. Runoita kuti uye iripo kushandiswa kugadzirwa pamwe dzaitsigira. Ndicho chikuru link zvipfuwo uye dzakawanda basa chero nyika.
2. Social. Kunoratidza pacharo pakupa mikana kurarama, basa uye kutamba munzvimbo dzakasiyana-siyana mumusha, nyika, yacho, nyika uye anoitwa pasi kushanda murume.
3. Cultural ukoshi mano kuchinjana zviitiko uye tsika, vanoshanyira mumwe patsika vapfumi nzvimbo, kuwedzera mabasa matsva ounyanzvi.
4. The political ndero kumisa dzakawanda uye kutengeserana ukama.
5. Military - inonzi mauto mukana kufamba murunyararo uye zvombo, zvoutano uye kudya kunovaka.

Saka, pasinei mhando uye unhu, yokufambisa chinhu chinokosha ehurumende uye nzanga.

kupatsanura

All huripo nzira yokufambisa inogona kupatsanurwa muzvikwata zviviri: svikiro huru mabasa, nzvimbo basa.

Zvichienderana zvakatipoteredza, pane zvinotevera mapoka uye mhando:

1. Ground: njanji, vhiri.
2. Pachivande (kfc).
3. Air (mhepo).
4. Space.
5. Water uye epasi pemvura.
6. Mapaipi.

By yezvakaita basa zvekutepfenyura, Munokudzwa:

1. Transport paruzhinji.
2. Special-chinangwa mari.
3. Real pachako kushandiswa.

Public senga kupa kutaridza tikaisa ndiri kuti kufamba kwenhumbi vakatakurwa, zvainanga pakutevedzera wakananga dzavo dzemari, dzemagariro, tsika, uye dzimwe nguva zvematongerwo mabasa.

The Mhando kukosha paruzhinji zvifambiso nzira dzinosanganisira njanji, mugwagwa, mvura, mhepo uye Mapaipi zvifambiso. Chii chimwe nechimwe mapoka rinomiririra, tichakurukura inotevera.

Yaidhonzwa nebhiza zvifambiso

Cartage tranport anogona kunzi zvikabva nyika yose motokari. Kubva kare kusvika mangwanani XX remakore, anoita mabasa ose unoenderana magetsi senga zvekutepfenyura. Panguva iyoyowo sehofisi nhangaruvanze kuti zvimwe yemazuva ano mberi uye zvibereko nzira kufamba mitoro uye vanhu.

Zvichienderana miganhu maitiro, wakashanda namabhiza, nembongoro, nenzombe, nzou, nondo, imbwa, ngamera. Animals inoshandiswa mabhiza kana mahanisi kutakura marori, ngoro, ngoro.

Horse senga kushandiswa kure-road (makomo, magwenga, taiga) - nemhuka packs it kumisana yavo yaiva leashes.

With kukura njanji uye mugwagwa, zvishoma nezvishoma akabuda pachena kushanda nokuenda kune isingawanzowanikwi private kushandiswa.

mvura senga

Water gungwa senga - rinewo Midzi yekare, kureva kudzokera III-II mireniyumu BC .. e., uye ndiyo chete nzira ezvidzidzo yemarudzi zvokutengeserana uye kukunda mhiri kwemakungwa nyika.

Nhasi, zviri dzakagoverwa pamusoro pegungwa uye rwizi. Its zvakwakanakira dzinosanganisira:

• zvishoma simba zvinodhura kupfuura njanji uye mugwagwa;
• pasina kudikanwa pakuvaka nzira yokukurukurirana;
• mukana asiri kukurumidza chokufambisa kura mitoro pamusoro madaro marefu, uyewo, aripiko kuoma kana akanyanya dzinodhura kuvakwa mabhiriji.

payakaipira:

1. Zvichienderana mamiriro ekunze.
2. Low Speed.
3. Kurasikirwa kuvaka zviteshi uye nechiteshi chengarava.
4. Yaaizova havabvumirwi muchinjikwa-rwizi nzizi.

Chimwe chinhu chinokosha kushandisa akavhiyiwa ndiyo kudiwa yokupindira anoverengeka modes pakufamba imwe pachiteshi zvivako, kureva, mugwagwa uye njanji.

Rail senga

Chinonzi mitoro uye mutakurwi chokufambisa, iyo yakavakirwa kufamba pokukungurutsira ndiri pamusoro zvikuru akashongedzerwa nzira - njanji. Its zvakwakanakira:

1. Yose sezvakaita, zvisinei mamiriro okunze, uye kuvimbika.
2. High zvinhu uye mutakurwi vanokwanisa kuti unobvumira kuona kufamba makuru inoyerera duku nguva zvikamu.
3. Mukana zvakananga vazvo kubva mugadziri, pamwe yakakodzera kuwana pakutengeserana.
4. havukavu Good.
5. Comfort mutakurwi nzendo.

Kana tikafunga kuti mhando nhumbi chokufambisa, yakazova iri kukura kutungamirira zvepamusoro zvokufambisa hakusi zvinokosha, oversized zvinhu, kusanganisira huni, nezviyo, marasha, zvokuvakisa, zvibereko mafuta nokunatswa indasitiri. Kana zvakakodzera, kushandisa containerization.

payakaipira:

1. Capital zvakanyanya uye kunzwisisa pamusoro okugadzira kuvaka migwagwa uye tikaisa unganidza.
2. The shoma mirayiridzo railways anofambisa uye mawa kufamba Formulations anoverengeka.
3. Dzinenge nguva dzose kunoda yapfuura kana unozotevera kuroorana motokari kunoratidzwa pamusoro zvinonyatsorehwa mutengo.
4. Matambudziko vachizvitakudza uye vachidzikisa.
5. zvifambiso International rinowanzoshandiswa risafambira mberi musiyano njanji upamhi.

Cargo turnover Avharenji 40-50% kuRussia uye 15-20% - mumusika pose. Runoenzanirana mufambi Russia ndiyo 30%, uye 10 - zvose munyika. Saka, zviri vakarongeka uye yakavimbika chokufambisa.

Ndechipi hwemvura locomotive - anozivikanwa madzitateguru edu. Nhasi, ramangwana rake - nokuti magetsi kuti njanji mitsetse. Mazuvaano pakati Railways uye tikaisa Nehunde pamwe misoro okusuma mukuru-nokukurumidza michina - kugadzikana maonero kuwedzera profitability yacho indasitiri.

kuita zvemotokari

Public senga ndiyo motokari indasitiri - zvikuru Mobile, Tech uye kuvhiyiwa. Panguva iyoyo ndiye oga, yakakosha uye departmental motokari dzavo kwezvivako. Mugove Russian mugwagwa mitoro motokari iri 4-6 chete% yenyika - 8-10%. Passenger senga muRussia kugara 30-40% vose mberi, nepo munyika - 70-75%.

Advantages:

1. Mufambo, tinogona yakananga vazvo, pasina kushandisa zvenguva kwemarudzi kufamba.
2. Kunakisa mu kutakurwa zvinokosha, kusimba uye inoparara zvinhu, kusanganisira bhuku duku.
3. The nzira chokuendesa zvokudya, kusanganisira kure munharaunda.
4. A-siyana nemotokari pamusoro akatakura kugona uye muviri mhando.
5. Kasira Good, pasi mari uye nyore mutakurwi kufamba.
6. Kuderedza nzira.

payakaipira:

1. Energy kukura, asi inokanganisa zvakatipoteredza.
2. High kugadzirwa mutengo.
3. A kuduku chinzvimbo, kana tichienzanisa neavo vemamwe marudzi.
4. Shoma mwero mutakurwi nyaradzo.
5. A chinokosha mwero kusakara yacho inofamba wemari.
6. Kuvimba zvaidiwa motokari kuchengeteka. Kuvapo ngozi chokuita downtime uye mamwe marwadzo makuru.

Passenger senga inenge hafu chinomiririrwa motokari. Iye anoramba mutungamiriri pakati nzira kufamba mukati munharaunda uye nyika. For dzakawanda, uye kunyanya intercontinental kushandiswa njanji, mvura kana mhepo.

mhepo

Ndege uye helicopters - soro kubudirira womunhu, zvose chaizvoizvo uye nenzira yokufananidzira, yekudyidzana kurerutsa mhinduro zvikuru kunzwisisa mabasa, izvo zvinosanganisira: kufamba pamusoro refu ari kumhanya, hurukuro mishonga uye rubatsiro dzavanhu munzvimbo inoitika njodzi uye tsaona, asi Implementation mabasa zvakaoma kuvaka, moto-kurwa, kubvisa, kurima uye zvichingodaro.

Advantages:

1. High nokukurumidza.
2. A kwaye pamwero nyaradzo nokuda vanhu.
3. Mukana kutakura anokosha uye zvaisakara zvinhu.
4. It hakurevi kuvakwa kukurukurirana.

payakaipira:

1. Low kuchengeteka.
2. Kudiwa soro zvinodiwa kuti vezvikepe uye controllers.
3. Meteozavisimost.
4. Capital nyanyisa uye kugadzirwa mari.
5. Kuitwa chokufambisa.

Kuwedzera kune zvinokosha nengozi uye yakakwirira mari, zviri vanenge 20% pose mutakurwi motokari.

Mapaipi

The akaisawo tubular makwara kuti kufamba mvura uye magasi "zvinhu" vari rebei nechokure Mapaipi senga. With payo, zvinopa Inter-kwematunhu, uye munyika dzakawanda intercontinental dziripo mafuta uye gasi. Basa rinoitwa achishandisa dzvinyiriro musiyano munyika yaro murau, ukuwo, vashandi chokufambisa rinomiririrwa mamaneja uye nevatungamiri zvinhu.

Zvazvakanakira zvinosanganisira manufacturability, kuita uye Kuwanikwa nguva dzose. Zvazvakaipira - yakakwirira yaanoti vakachengeteka uye abvume, chichiitwa kudzora yakamanikana pfungwa hurongwa.

Zvinodiwa chaizvo kuti nechokwadi noupenyu hwomutambarakede chavagari nokuda kwayo inoshanda kunoenderana mukana nyore kubika, uye padanho kupisa mumisha panguva chando mwaka.

Anokosha hurongwa chero nzanga senga. Chii hurumende pasina ndima uye vakawanda, pasina indasitiri, nhaka nemagariro uye mikana kufamba? Ndiye muropa upi nyika uye nyika yose. It kwezvakatipoteredza njodzi, asiwo kuti zvinobvira ruponeso vanhu.