Uchapupu shanduka. Embryology, cytology, biogeographic uchapupu: mienzaniso

To musi, sainzi ane yakawanda uchapupu kutsigira yomugariro shanduka kwendangariro. Chii chinonyanya kukosha hwokuti shanduka? Embryological, nemakemikari, anatomical, biogeographical uye mamwe uchapupu kudzokororwa munyaya ino.

Common mavambo enyika mhenyu

Zvakaoma kuziva, asi zvose zvipenyu (utachiona, notumwe tupukanana zvinomera, mhuka) vane rinenge chete makemikari anoumba. Mumuviri, mumiririri neimwe nyika zvipenyu zvinokosha nucleic acids nemapurotini. Kana ichi kunoitika kwete chete kufanana marongerwo, asiwo mukushanda masero uye munyama. Uchapupu shanduka (embryology, biogeographic, anatomical mienzaniso anogona kuwanikwa munyaya ino) - iri nyaya inokosha, izvo zvinofanira kutungamirirwa ose.

Zvinofanira kurangarirwa kuti zvinenge zvose zvipenyu zviri panyika akaumbwa masero, izvo duku, "zvidhinha" upenyu zvikuru. Zvisinei, basa ravo uye mamiriro akanyatsojeka zvakafanana zvisinei norudzi muviri.

Embryological uchapupu shanduka: zvishoma

Pane zvinhu zvinoverengeka embryological uchapupu kutsigira dzidziso yokushanduka-shanduka. Vakawanda vavo vakanga yakawanikwa rechigumi nemapfumbamwe remakore. Nyanzvi Modern nazvo kwete chete haana kuramba, asi ine zvimwe zvinhu zvizhinji.

Embryology - sayenzi nehanya kudzidza embryo kugadzira zvinenge. Zvinozivikanwa kuti mhuka dzose zvipuka zvine masero akawanda anova kubva zai. Uye kuti kufanana vepakutanga zvokukura mudumbu kukura ndiko testamendi kuti ravaigona mavambo.

Zvinoratidza Karla Mugadza

musayendisiti ichi yakakurumbira, vakaperekedza kuedza zhinji, akakwanisa kuona kuti chordates zvose vane Kufanana zvakakwana kutanga kwekupwanyiwa kukura. Somuenzaniso, mashoko okutanga ari mudumbu Chord, ipapo Neural chubhu uye gills. Zviri kufananidzwa wakakwana tuvana vachiri Danho uye kutaura kubatana matangiro chordates zvose.

Nechekare munguva akazotevera matanho vari kuoneka kusiyana zvinhu. Scientist Carl Baer aigona kuchengeta kuti chete zviratidzo mhando kunogona kutsunga iri mumatanho wokutanga embryo mudumbu, icho nhengo. Chete gare gare zvinoratidzika zvinhu cho mukirasi, uye pakupedzisira yokuzviparadzanisa mhuka.

Uchapupu Haeckel-Müller

By embryological uchapupu mhindumupindu zvinosanganisira mutemo Haeckel-Müller, achiratidza ukama wacho uye nhoroondo kukura. Masayendisiti vafunga kuti mhuka dzose zvipuka zvine masero akawanda zvikamuka, anomhanyira imwe foni rwakazara, kureva zygote. Somuenzaniso, mumwe nomumwe zvipuka zvine masero akawanda ari tanga kukura sokuti Chord, iyo gare gare yatsiviwa nomuzongoza. Zvisinei, ano mhuka madzitateguru chikamu chino zvetsandanyama nemapfupa maitiro akanga asina.

By embryological uchapupu mhindumupindu zvinosanganisira kukura dakashwa slits vari mhuka uye shiri. Izvi zvinosimbisa kwakabva yokupedzisira kubva madzitateguru boka Pisces.

Haeckel-Müller mutemo unoti, ose zvipuka zvine masero akawanda mhuka panguva yaro embryo kusimudzira munhu anoenda kuburikidza zvose zvokukura phylogeny (dzakaitika, shanduka kukura).

Anatomical uchapupu shanduka

Kune zvitatu zvikuru anatomical uchapupu shanduka. Idzi dzinosanganisira:

1. Kuvapo zviratidzo vakanga varipo vari madzitateguru mhuka. Somuenzaniso, vamwe hove huru inogona kukura hadzi makumbo uye mabhiza - diki namahwanda. Zviratidzo izvi zvinogona kuitika muvanhu. Somuenzaniso, pane zviitiko yokuva mwana ane muswe, kana gobvu bvudzi riri mumuviri. atavisms kwakadaro kunogona kunzi uchapupu ane zvinenge vakura.
2. Kuvapo mu nemiti uye Fauna of Transitional siyana zvipenyu. Zvakakodzera kufunga evglenu mitema. Iye panguva imwecheteyo pane zviratidzo nemhuka uye zvinomera. Kuvapo kunzi Kuchinja siyana anosimbisa dzidziso yokushanduka-shanduka.
3. Zvokuvamba - underdeveloped nhengo kana dzomuviri, iyo nhasi havafaniri zvipenyu zvinokosha. zvivako izvi dzinotanga kuumbika sezvo mangwanani sezvo embryonic nguva, asi pamusoro nguva yavo Genesisi anomira, vanoramba underdeveloped. Anatomical mienzaniso uchapupu shanduka anogona kunzi kudzidza, zvakadai hove huru kana shiri. Pakutanga vanhu vane pelvic bhanhire, apo rechipiri - the basa duku tibia. Very muenzaniso wakajeka inokurukurwawo sezvo pamberi wokugaya ziso ari bofu mhuka.

biogeographical zvikonzero

Tisati takurukura ichi uchapupu, zvinokosha kunzwisisa chii kudzidza biogeography. sainzi Ndiro kudzidza mifananidzo kupararira zvipenyu Panyika. mashoko okutanga oupenyu akatanga kuonekwa regumi namasere remakore BC.

Biogeographic uchapupu shanduka kunogona kudzidzwa nokuongorora zoogeographical kadhi. Masayendisiti akaratidza nzvimbo yake matanhatu makuru ane zvokutora siyana kurarama vamiririri vavo.

Pasinei kusiyana kasvisto uye miti nemhuka zvakazonaka, vamiririri zoogeographic nharaunda vachine zvakawanda zvakafanana zvinhu. Kana, nekusiyana, achigura nepakati makondinendi, zvikuru akasiyana navagere. Somuenzaniso, musi munharaunda Eurasia uye North America anogona kuonekwa fanano zhinji fauna of, nekuti makondinendi izvi vaparadzana mumwe kudaro kare. Asi Australia, iyo anosiiwa mamwe makondinendi mamiriyoni akawanda emakore asati, kunoratidzwa pachangu chaizvo fauna of.

Zvinoumba kasvisto uye fauna of pazvitsuwa

Biogeographic uchapupu shanduka ndiko kunokosha kudzidza, tikaongorora chacho. Somuenzaniso, zvipenyu pazvitsuwa, ichangopfuura chete akaparadzaniswa yakaoma, regai akasiyana zvikuru kubva pamhuka nyika voga makondinendi. Asi chitsuwa refu, riri kure kwazvo kubva yakaoma, vane zvakawanda kusiyana mhuka uye chirimwa nyika.

Evidence mumunda paleontology

Palaeontology - sayenzi kuti inodzidza vakasara yakatotsakatika zvinenge. Masayendisiti vane unyanzvi munharaunda iyi, nechivimbo angamuudza kuti zvinenge kare uye chipo vane zvose kufanana zhinji uye kusiyana. Uchapupuwo-shanduka. Embryological, biogeographic, anatomical uye paleontological nharo Takatodzidza.

phylogenetic mashoko

mashoko akadaro muenzaniso mukuru uye nokusimbisa shanduka kwacho, sezvo vanobvumira kunzwisisa peculiarities nomunhu mapoka zvipenyu.

Somuenzaniso, yakakurumbira musayendisiti Võ Kovalevsky akakwanisa kuratidza munguva shanduka mabhiza muenzaniso. Akaratidza kuti mhuka idzi hwakabva odnopalye shanu-neminwe madzitateguru vaigara redu mamiriyoni manomwe apfuura. mhuka idzi dzaiva omnivores uye vanogara musango. Zvisinei, kuchinja okunze zvakakonzera unopinza kuderera musango nzvimbo uye pakuwedzera inowanzorimwa wongoramba. Kuti ajairane ezvinhu matsva, mhuka idzi aifanira kudzidza kurarama madziri. Kudiwa kuwana mafuro uye dziviriro akanaka pazvikara kwaita kuti shanduka. Over mazhinji, izvi zvakaita kuti nokuchinja wamativi. Kuwanda phalanges kuderedzwa kubva mashanu chete. Zvakava yakasiyana uye maumbirwo yose muviri.

Uchapupu shanduka (embryology, biogeographical uye mimwe mienzaniso isu munyaya ino), unogona kufunga muenzaniso nokutsakatika kwemarudzi. Sezvingatarisirwa, dzidziso yokushanduka-shanduka ichiri kuitwa dzakabudirira. Masayendisiti pasi pose vari kuedza kuwana mamwe mashoko pamusoro kukura uye kuchinja zvipenyu.