Kusawirirana uye kufanana nemhuka: nhengo dzomukati, chitarisiko, kutaurirana, ukama

Kufanana uye kusiyana pakati nezvipfuwo - munhu anonakidza zvikuru nyaya. Pashure Charles Darwin akaumba dzidziso yake yokushanduka-shanduka, vakatanga zvisingaperi nharo pamusoro kana vanhu vari here zvizvarwa netsoko, kana vakanga neimwe nzira. Kusvikira zvino kupa mhinduro yakajeka yomubvunzo uyu hazvibviri. Zvisinei, sainzi ano vaunganidza zvakawanda uchapupu hunoratidza kuti pane zvakafanana dzemhuka uye nevanhu. Izvi zvinoratidza kuti zvinhu zvose zvipenyu vane zvakafanana mavambo. Zvikurukuru avo zvokuvamba akafanana ndizvo zvakafanana.

The zvokuvamba Zvinoumba zvipenyu

Sechikamu mitumbi zvipenyu vagere Earth ane chete zvine maatomu akafanana. Similar nucleic acids uye mapuroteni anowanikwa mumasero mhuka. Ivo vanoita basa rakafanana. The guru Kufanana kuwanikwa pakati netsoko uye vanhu. Somuenzaniso, Macaque uye DNA kwevanhu rine vanenge 66% magene zvakafanana. Uye kana iwe enzanisa mumiririri mhando Homo sapiens kubva chimupanze, kufanana iri kumativi 92%. Immunological zvivako ropa uye regai kusiyana yekudyidzana. Uye netsoko uye vanhu rine kusapindirana kweropa chinhu uye ropa boka.

nhengo dzomuviri uye nhengo evanhu uye mhuka

Zvinofadza chaizvo, handizvo here? Zvisinei, izvi hazvirevi kugumisa zvakafanana mhuka uye nevanhu. Kufanana mativi uye nhengo dzomuviri secrete marongerwo zvose. Kufanana mukuru maumbirwo mhuka uye vanhu kunoratidza kuti pane ukama pakati pavo kuti kunobvira kutaura ravaigona mavambo. The yepamusorosoro mhuka iri shanduka scale, kashoma yakasiyana mhando Homo sapiens zvinogona kuonekwa. Front murume Zvechokwadi, kufanana zvose marudzi tsoko rwakabata. Vane bhurasho kuti anogona kuva norusununguko wakakokonyara uye unbent. Vamwe zvigunwe vanopikisa guru. Chipikiri inopiwa ne yokufeva inouraya phalanx. Clavicle yakatanga zvakanaka pamafudzi nebhanhire. Vanopa kunzwisisa uye siyana kwebasa forelegs. Major uye avo uye vamwe yedehenya. Nechemberi kurutivi yeDehenya yaiva zvigadziko. Avanosangana mberi. Kufanana mhuka dzakawanda, maziso romunda maonero hazvisi oga, uye bindepinde mumwe. Izvi zvinopa-dimensional matatu, binocular chiratidzo. Zvisinei, izvi handizvo zvose kufanana. Uye yevanhu-mhuka mutsauko hatina asi vaiona. Tiri kuziva wenyaya rakanyatsojeka rinorema, uye buritsa kunogona refu chaizvo. Ngatiedzei kuona pfungwa.

pfungwa

Uye primates, uye murume, mukusiyana kune dzimwe mhuka, vane zvikuru dzakabudirira uropi. It anomira kunze occipital akafukidza uye frontal hunoshamisa. Chokwadi chokuti occipital lobes dzinokudziridzwa zvakanaka, nokuda kuvandudzika wezvakaonekwa. A yakakwirira rezvedzidzo nezvaanogona zvakakonzera pamberi frontal lobes. Kazhinji, wose kunzwisisa - forelimbs anogona kumonyanisa uropi tsoko uye zvikuru dzakabudirira nhengo wokuratidzwa - chinhu chinokosha chinodiwa kuti kugona kushanda. Zvisinei, Implementation yaro (izvi, tinokurukura pazasi muudzame), chete pazvinhu munhu kutaura.

budiriro tuvana

Human uye mhuka physiology akaita vaunganidza zvakawanda kuti kukwanisa kutaura kuti muzvinhu zvakawanda zvakafanana kukura tuvana zvipenyu kuva kwakadaro. Somuenzaniso, mukuvamba zvokukura embryogenesis vose vakaisa chordate notochord (axial marangwanda) rinowanika Neural chubhu ngapaonekwe Gill slits. Kana murume, chimiro mwoyo wayo embryo afanane nemamiriro muviri hove - mumwe ventricle uye mumwe atrium. Masayendisiti kuongororwa sei zvakasiyana mhuka akapfuura fetus. Vakawana kuti vanhu mairi anoenda kuburikidza zvose zvokukura yemhindumupindu kwemarudzi. Nyaya iyi yakataura musayendisiti wokuGermany Ernst Haeckel uye F. Müller, aigara 2nd yezana remakore rechi19. Ivo akagadzira sezvamakaudzwa biogenetic murairo anodzokorora phylogeny mu ontogeny. kukura munhu, ndiko ontogenesis, - a recapitulation pamusoro phylogeny, unova nhoroondo kukura imwe mhando.

kutaurirana hurongwa

Iye zvino ngationgororei zvimwe maitiro. Panewo zvinokosha zvakafanana dzemhuka uye nevanhu. Uye avo uye vamwe vakatanga hurongwa kutaurirana pamwe nhengo anonongedzera. United zvigadziriswe mufambiro mhuka uye kwevanhu mhuka. The creators of dzepanguva dzidziso maitiro masayendisiti Russian IM Sechenov uye I. P. Pavlov. Dzidziso iyi inobva siyana uye kunzwisisa kuratidzwa tsinga. dzichipfekeka chikwata wayo dzepanguva.

Avo ndiwo anokosha zvakafanana mhuka uye nevanhu. Ngatichiongororai zvakasiyana. Uchaona kuti kushora "murume - mhuka" rine zvakawanda zvigadziko.

Bipedalism uye nemakumbo zvikuru dzevanhu

In physiology nechivako vanhu varipo Misiyano pakati pemhuka. Zvikurukuru, bipedalism rakavapo pamusana paumbwe zvikuru simba musculature repasi maoko nemakumbo, asiwo chitarisiko akaratidza Bends ari nomuzongoza (sacrococcygeal, lumbar, thoracal, remuromo), anochinja nzvimbo chiuno, dzidzo yokufeva moans yakatanga yokutanga nomunwe. Location of zvomukati rave achinja somugumisiro hunyambiri nzvimbo muviri.

Zvinofanira kucherechedzwa kuti munhu ane dzichipfekeka kupatsanurwa okumusoro migumo. Maoko edu dzinokudziridzwa zvakanaka - aida kuchinja chinjwa mumakwenzi, kune vazhinji tsandanyama diki, nemichindwe aishora thumbs unobvumira munhu rokuona zvinhu. Mukuwedzera, Noruoko nonspecific, kureva, zvinogona kuita zvakasiyana-siyana kufamba, anokunyengedzera uye kunzwisisa. All izvi uye nezvimwe dzave rakarondedzerwa nesainzi akadai zvipenyu. Human, mhuka, chirimwa kana microorganism - masayendisiti zvose vaifarira avo vanozvipira munda uyu yezivo. Hapana marudzi aya zvipenyu, zvavakanga havaregi pakudzidza.

Animal kudya kunovaka uye munhu

Pakati vanhu, zvikara uye herbivores, pane vakawanda kusiyana muviri. Somuenzaniso, tinogona kushandisa chero zvokudya mhando. Izvi zvinobvumira sechivako shaya. In herbivores chinofamba kunyanya chinjikira mundege, vachibvumira kuti ukuye chirimwa zvokudya. Kana pazvikara, shaya kunoita vertically. Zvakakodzera kupwanya mapfupa uye kuruma kure nyama. Man hwakapiwa simba zvose izvi zvingangoitika, asi kwete zvakazara. Somuenzaniso, kana isuwo tiri kuizunguza rushaya yedu kurutivi kana zvakare broadly zvinoratidza muromo, vachaparadzwa dislocated ikoko. nezvaanogona edu panyaya iyi havabvumirwi kuti inenge hafu mhuka iripo. Rangarirai garwe anovhura muromo wayo kana kuti mhou kunoita shaya, uye uchanzwisisa zvandiri kureva.

An dzinonakidza chinhu chinofanira kuwanikwa nemamiriro kwemeno. Zvino murume nemhuka kuzvishandisa kuti kutsenga zvokudya uye achidya. A seti mazino rinoumbwa kunyanya herbivores pamusoro molars (ainzi sandara mazino izvo vanoita kukuya chikafu). Nenguva zvikara mumuromo ndizvo incisors uye canines. Human hunhu akagovera mukana kudya zvokudya siyana. Zvisinei, zviri pachena zvinobatsira iri kuchengetwa nenzira herbivores, kubvira 32 mazino chete 12 vane ukama nezvikara. canines ichi 4 duku uye incisors 8. Other meno - molars uye 12 premolars 8, zvichiratidza kuti vanhu kubatwa kuti kudya ndizvo chirimwa chikafu.

Kukura uropi

Zvichida musiyano anokosha ari maumbirwo mhuka uye munhu chaizvo kukura kwouropi, inova zvinhu hwaro pakutaura, kuziva, kufunga. Muvanhu, haisi yekudyidzana kurei asi zvikuru uyewo zvikuru kunzwisisa maumbirwo kupfuura mhuka. Izvi nokuda chidzoke pezvivako zvitsva, uyewo ensembles pamusoro Tutsinga tunofambisa mashoko utwu kuti kudzora pfungwa, kutaura, dzakaoma masangano. Muvanhu, pfungwa gogonera. Ndivo vakuru asymmetric. Masayendisiti akaratidza kuti vane musoro kufunga akabatanidza akasiya hemisphere uye yakarurama hemisphere ndiye anokonzera kunzwisisa uye mupfungwa bhora.

Nhasi tinoziva, nemhaka maitiro miedzo kurapwa kuti vanoziva maitiro uye vanoziva basa, tinoberekwa murume, ndakatsunga pamwero mukuru uye parietal prefrontals minda cerebral cortex. Somuenzaniso, muna Anterior frontal kukundwa isu havachakwanisi kudzora zvakachenjera uye vachiziva pachake mabasa, kuti pasi zvikuru kure zvinangwa uye vavariro zviito zvavo. Pokukundwa Minda parietal uyewo inotungamirira kuti pfungwa vakarasika spatial nezvenyama ukama, asi zvine musoro kubatana. Kana tsoko iri frontal munda rinofukidza anenge 15% vose nzvimbo cerebral cortex, vanhu - 30%. Mukuwedzera, nizhnetemennoy uye prefrontal nzvimbo muvanhu vane zvimwe nzvimbo tsinga, zviri ndisipo mune dzimwe mhuka.

Somugumisiro shanduka zvaikosha kusiyana biosocial mhando Homo sapiens. Vari akaumba munguva muitiro otnogeneza, kana munhu anogara munharaunda, pakati vamwe. Izvi zvinhu anoshandawo kune maitiro uye physiology uye mararamiro. Nokudaro, psyche mhuka uye vanhu hwakasiyana chaizvo. Ngatichiongororai pfungwa.

pfungwa dzevanhu

Panyaya iyi, pane zvose kusiyana uye zvakafanana kwevanhu uye mhuka. Tafura uye chinyorwa vakaisawo pazasi achakubatsira kunzwisisa navo. Chokutanga, tinoona kuti, kusiyana nemhuka, vanhu kuti rinokosha nemafungiro kunzi Conceptual mafungiro. Chinonyanya kukosha zvivako uye unhu iri pfungwa. Hazvina chaihwoihwo. In mhuka, kuratidzwa chokwadi nguva dzose zvinoitika pasi zvakananga. Rinobatanidzwa zvimwe vanovengwa yakapoteredza nyika. Kufunga kwevanhu chete zvine musoro, chinobatsira, anokwanisa generalize. Animals, sevanhu, anogona kuita zviito chaizvo kunzwisisa. Zvisinei, pana zvaisazogona dzavo nguva dzose nhema, kuti nhaka nemagene zvirongwa. Kunyatsoteerera shoma akagadzirwa zviito kutsunga urongwa hwavo kuchinja ezvinhu vasara kuchinja kunyange kana chiito zvisingaiti. Pamunhu zvinangwa wokutanga, anoumba urongwa angachinja kana zvakakodzera. Anobva aongorora zvabuda uye vafunga.

nhaurwa

Muna 1925 I. P. Pavlov, kudzidza zvinhu yaingowanikwa munhu yakakwirira huta basa, uye akawana kuti yakatanga kuitwa Qualitative kusiyana nemhuka. Muvanhu, pane yechipiri zvichikurukura gadziriro, inova kutaura. Zvino vanhu, uye dzimwe pfungwa vanogona kuzviona kuchinja zvivako uye unhu mananara uye zvinhu (ruvara, ruzha, kwakanaka, chiedza, tembiricha, kuravidza uye zvichingodaro. D.). Izvi zvinooneka kufanana kwevanhu uye mhuka. Shanda kutsinga dzinouya zvigadziriswe - ndiyo hwaro pamusoro izvo anoita 1st aramu hurongwa. It kwakazara nemhuka uye muvanhu. Murume panguva imwecheteyo, kudzidzira 2nd zvichikurukura hurongwa. Panyaya iyi, kuti zviratidzo mashoko uye matauriro kuti generalized uye zvakaoma, kuti anosiiwa chinhu pachayo. Shoko anoita amirire zvakananga kuitika. Zvingaonekwa zvakaratidza kuti kukudziridza 2nd aramu hurongwa zvinogoneka chete kana kukurukurirana. Mune mamwe manzwi, ine munzanga hunhu.

Anomirirwa muchimiro tafura zvimwe zvakafanana uye kusiyana mafungiro uye matauriro kwevanhu uye mhuka.

Sezvaunogona kuona, unogona kuona kuti kusiyana uye zvakafanana kwevanhu uye mhuka. The tafura kumusoro, rinopedzisa kuongorora pfungwa uye matauriro. Tava kutendeukira kune peculiarities ari basa.

basa dzevanhu

Nokuti zvinhu basa inokwanisa kwete chete vanhu, asi dzimwe mhando dzakawanda. Izvi zvinogona kuonekwa zvakafanana nevanhu uye mhuka. Zvisinei, chete vanhu vanogona Tenzi kunzwisisa maturusi chinja uye toronga basa, kufanoona zvabuda zvinogona kuwanikwa, uyewo nokushingaira kuchinja nyika. Mamwe marudzi, Chokwadi, urema zvose izvi. Ichi musiyano unokosha pakati murume nemhuka kubva basa. Naizvozvo, zvinokosha kurega zvizere.

Labor sezvo vakadaro - ndiko chiitwa kuti tinoberekwa murume chete. Ndiye kukanganisa zvisikwa kupa akanaka ezvinhu kuvapo. The chikuru chinoratidza basa - kuti basa iri rinoitwa, ave mutemo, chete nokushanda pamwe chete nevamwe vanhu. Izvi zvinoshanda kunyangwe nyore remapazi, akatakura nomumwe hunhu, sezvo munhu mukufamba Implementation wavo uchapinda vamwe nevamwe vanhu vakamupoteredza. Basa munyori Somuenzaniso, unogona kunzi nomumwe. Zvisinei, kuti tive, unofanira kudzidza kuverenga nokunyora, kuti vawane dzidzo. Kuti zvinogoneka chete somugumisiro kubatanidzwa ezvinhu evanhu ukama. Saka, chero basa, kunyange pakutanga kuaona sokuti evasingatombonamati nomumwe kunosanganisira kushanda nevamwe.

Ndiye akakurudzira kukura dzevanhu nzanga, muri tichaona yakasiyana avo kuti imhuka chaiyo. Kusiyana akarara ndechokuti Kubatanidzwa chinyakare vanhu vakatevera chinangwa hachisi vararame, izvo kune pamwero hunhu dzemombe mhuka. zvakanga zvakakodzera kurarama nderokubatsira rokuchinja yepanyama ezvinhu, kuti ndeyokuvandudza seboka nesimba.

Fire muupenyu hwomunhu

Nokuti kukura mhando Homo sapiens, uye magariro ukama zvikuru kwaiva kukura moto wavo. Murume nokuda chokwadi ichi akamira kubva zvakasikwa. Akarega kuvimba yepanyama kwezvakatipoteredza, zvava pachena. Zvakanaka nguva kukura rwevanhu aiva kupisa kurapwa zvokudya, uyewo kushandisa moto kuti kugadzira zvinhu zvakasiyana-siyana.

Basa weboka basa kukura vanhu

Zvino pamusoro chechikadzi uye zera iri tanga kukura mhando Homo sapiens. Weboka basa kwakaita kuti chokwadi kuti vakatanga kuva pasocial ukama, zvakawedzera yauinayo. Vanhu vakakwanisa kupfuura chizvarwa chitsva zivo uye ruzivo.

Marriage uye mhuri ukama

Society iri zvishoma nezvishoma kutanga waidzora muchato. Izvi kwaiva chinhu chinokosha munzanga kukura, uyewo zvipenyu shanduka kwemarudzi Homo sapiens. Kunyanya, kurambidza yemichato pakati pedyo nehama kunokosha nokuti kunoita kuunganidza kunotouraya vari Gene mudziva akaipa uye kunotungamirira ayo vapfume.

Kuriritira

Man rinoita zvinodiwa zvose zvipenyu uye pakunamata uye magariro. Spiritual chokuita nyika nerimwe wedu womukati. Animals uyewo kugutsa zvipenyu kudiwa, izvo kwakavakirwa zvaisazogona.

In mhedziso

Sezvaunogona kuona mhuka uye vanhu - zhinji dzakasiyana venyama, asi pakati pavo uye unogona kuwana yakawanda kufanana. Science haadi mirai, pane ongororo itsva munzvimbo iyi. Takabatwa chinokosha zvakafanana pakati nezvipfuwo kunoda kumwe kujekeswa. Tinofanira kuziva kuti tiri kuziva hama dzedu zviduku kwete zvose, nokuda kwaizvozvo, uye pamusoro pachavo. Kufanana vanhu uye mhuka, mhuka dzakasiyana kwemarudzi - a anonakidza nyaya, iyo vaizvipira pakudzidza masayendisiti akawanda. Iyi Aristotle, uye Klavdiy Galen uye Charles Darwin, uye vamwe vakawanda.