Pakusarudza nzvimbo mudziyo. Kutsunga mudziyo: Nzira

Sezvo ngarava - zvisikwa dzevanhu - vakatanga Surf mumakungwa uye nyanza, navigators asati aiva basa dzokuziva yayo nzvimbo. Huge mafungu, squalls, uye kudiwa kufambisa tacks, vakabata headwind Chokwadi, kuoma multi-zuva rwendo, uye chete nemakore vafambisi Kambasi kukwana. Nhasi, kana kusarudza muchikepe nzvimbo kunoitwa rwoga kuburikidza Mwedzi hurongwa Glonass, zvakaoma kufungidzira nzvimbo mukuru, ane panguva yayo dziripo chete nyore mudziyo kuti dzidziso nenyeredzi. Kunyange zvakadaro, nhasi vakapedza kudzidza nemasangano chesekondari uye yakakwirira kushandiswa dzidzo vaiva ne namano izvi zvose.

The chikuru nzira marina Nzvimbo

Two-batanidza sokuva chikepe ari -dimensional matatu nzvimbo (nzvimbo) akaita mhando nomwe nzira, kusanganisira:

• The dangwe - visual.
• Gare gare, asi kwete zvikuru - dzenyeredzi.
• Topographical Computer, kureva nzira chikumbiro zvizere nzira ngarava mepu inoratidza zvazvingava kunochinja pfungwa uye pakuverenga daro vaifamba vachiwedzera kumhanya ari wachi. Yakagadzirwa yakakomba nguva sezvo yokuongorora zvomuchadenga nzira, uye rinoshandiswa pamwe yapfuura maviri. Nhasi, netsika basa rinoitwa zvaitika schisliteli;
• Radar, izvo anobvumira kuti nokubatanidza mufananidzo uri radar chinovhara mugungwa chati.
• Radiopelengovy. Available muzviitiko kunodiwa pamahombekombe chiratidzo zvinyorwa.
• Radio navigation, vachishandisa nzira yokukurukurirana nayo aidzidzisa anopiwa mashoko zvaanoshaiwa.
• The kwomwedzi-wekushandisa nzira.

Nzira dzose, kunze vokutanga matatu, vaiva nemhaka muzvigadzirwa chimurenga yakaitika XX remakore. Havana kuva zvinobvira pasina Zvakawanikwa uye zvigadzirwa chinoitirwa vanhu mune redhiyo engineering, zvemagetsi, cybernetics uye budiriro iri nzvimbo zvekutepfenyura. Ndiani hazvina kuoma kuverenga pfungwa mugungwa, inova mudziyo kuona kwayo mavambo anotora masekonzi mashoma, uye, sezvo mutemo, ivo zvinoongororwa dzose. Around chete michina inoshandiswa ndege navigation, kunyange iri "kumhara" nharaunda, zvakafanana nokutyaira motokari.

upamhi

Sezvatinoziva, nyika haisi sandara, ine chimiro chimwe flattened bhora. Pfungwa pamusoro-dimensional matatu dzemitambo, zvingaita sokuti, zvinofanira kurondedzerwa muna matatu Euclidean Coordonatele, asi geographers uye navigators dzaro mbiri. Kuti pave topographical tsanangudzo chikepe inofanira wakadana vaviri chete digits, vakatevera nemashoko "North" (kana "rwezasi"), rusununguko (rakapfupikiswa N kana S) uye Western kana "mabvazuva" Longitude yacho (zvimwe - s. e., kana e). tsika aya akayera pamwero. Ndicho nyore chaizvo. Latitude kukurukurwa kubva neequator (0 °) kuti matanda (90 °) pamwe chiratidzo iyo nzira; kana pedyo Antarctica, inoratidza rwezasi Latitude, uye kana kweArctic, nechokumusoro. The pfungwa yakafanana muchimiro Latitude denderedzwa rinonzi kufanana. Mumwe nomumwe wavo ane zvakasiyana dhayamita - kubva kupfuura panguva neequator (vanenge 40 zviuru makiromita.) To razero panguva danda.

Longitude uye zviyero urefu

Pakusarudza muchikepe nzvimbo hazvibviri kuti munhu batanidza, saka pane yechipiri. Longitude ndiye bumbiro nhamba inotaridza Meridian zvakare ruoko, iyo unotara. The denderedzwa yakakamurwa 360 °, ayo sezvikamu zviviri, ukuwo, vanoonekwa kuti 180. Zero Greenwich Meridian achipfuura rinozivikanwa Observatory British. Kune rimwe divi puraneti pakatarisana ake - 180th. Vaviri Coordinates izvi (0 ° uye 180 °) mirayiridzo yakaratidza Untitled Longitude.

Kuwedzera pane madhigirii uye maminitsi - Ivo anoratidza nzvimbo zvinhu pamwe zvikuru zvakarurama ka60. Sezvo meridians zvose vari zvakaenzana urefu, vakatanga kuyera kureba vafambisi vechikepe. Mumwe maira (gungwa) anoenderana miniti chimwe Meridian uye 1,852? Km. The arşive maitiro akasuma zvikuru gare gare, saka navigators ngarava vakashandisa zvakanaka yekare Chirungu maira. Also dzinokosha dzakabatana dzakadai waya wacho - ndiye zvakaenzana 1/10 imwe maira. Chinotoshamisa kusiyana, nekuti akanga apfuura British kazhinji vakafunga gumi nembiri, gumi nevaviri.

chinooneka nzira

Sezvo zita rinoreva, inobva nezvavanoona aidzidzisa uye mukuru, uyewo dzimwe nhengo dzechikwata vari achipfeka kana naVaMnangagwa. Kare, mumazuva dzengarava fleets, akanga sezvo mberi achitarira, kuposita mutyairi uyu yakaiswa pamusoro, ari zvikuru akakombwa kure nzvimbo mainmast - Rori ose. Kubva ipapo, zvaiva pachena nani. Kutsunga mudziyo pamhenderekedzo pasi akafanana zvikuru nyore nzira dzinofamba, achiziva kuti aida Somuenzaniso, mumugwagwa Staroportofrankovskoy imba pa nhamba 12, nepo chaizvoizvo chimwe kutsvaka chokuratidza - mishonga, riri mhiri kwomugwagwa. Zvisinei, vafambisi vengarava, nhungamiro vamwe zvinhu: lighthouses, makomo, zvitsuwa kana zvimwe zvinoshamisa zvikamu landscape, asi nheyo zvakangofanana. Unofanira kuyera maviri kana kupfuura azimuth (pakona pakati nekambasi museve uye mirayiridzo chiero), akazviisa pamepu uye achitandadza mharadzano kuti Coordinates yenyu. Zviri pachena, yakadaro nenzvimbo tsanangudzo muchikepe, kana panzvimbo yayo nzvimbo, rinoshanda chete ari mumhenderekedzo yegungwa mapazi ose maonero, uye zvakajeka ekunze. The mhute inogona kutungamirirwa nenzwi sirens ari yechiedza, uye pasina pamusoro kuchaita - kutsvaka melyam isina kudzika mvura, kuyera kudzama mijenya.

Astronomy mu Naval basa

The kupfuura rudo nzvimbo nzira. Pamusoro XVIII remakore vezvikepe pamwe vanoongorora nyeredzi akazogadzira sextant (dzimwe nguva inonzi sextant, saka, zvakare, kurudyi) - zano raunogona kuita zvakarurama yakarurama tsanangudzo maviri-batanidza zviri nzvimbo mudziyo mudenga nyeredzi. The umhare ayo anoita zvakaoma, asi tsika unogona kudzidza kuti kurishandisa nokukurumidza zvakakwana. magadzirirwo ayo ane Manyiminya hurongwa izvo zvinofanira kuuya pamusoro zuva kana nyeredzi, pashure kugadzwa zviri chikwata yakatambarara. Kutungamirirwa chaiwo magirazi maviri (makuru uye zviduku) anopiwa, uye pazviyero vakatsunga chisina kutsetseka pakakwirira chinovheneka. Mudziyo mirayiridzo iri nekambasi.

The creators of chiridzwa kufungawo emakore zvakaitika navigators kare kutungamirirwa chete nechiedza nyeredzi, mwedzi uye zuva, asi ndakasika hurongwa kuti huve nyore kufamba sezvo chokurovedza uye nokuzvidzora Kuwana rikurumidze.

kukarukureta

Kuziva Coordinates nezvezvinotaurwa pfungwa (the goho chiteshi chengarava), sangano uye nokukurumidza inogona vakaisa pamepu rose trajectory, ichiti kana kuti madhigirii zhinji uye chikashanduka kosi. Nzira iyi yaizova yakanaka panyaya apo mirayiridzo uye nokukurumidza regai kuvimba dzenzvimbo uye mhepo. The unevenness mberi uye kukanganisa zviratidzi lag (nokukurumidza mita) kukanganisa rakarurama Coordinates. At dzinoshandiswa aidzidzisa chinokosha mutsetse nokuda kuvaka dzakafanana mitsetse pamepu. Kutsanangura zvinhu wechikepe mudziyo achifambisa rinoitwa nokubatsira nekambasi. Kazhinji, pane mirayiridzo shanduko yechokwadi nzvimbo akatsunga kushandisa dzimwe nzira iripo, uye sezvo kazhinji asingadi uwirirane computed, ipapo wakavhomorwa pakati mbiri dzinokosha chiredzo imwe mhando, vaguely chakatodzana nedhambakura kunzi "inviscid".

Parizvino mungarava ngarava dzakawanda dzine otomatiki mano, macalculator, izvo kwakavakirwa chiyamuro nokukurumidza uye achitungamirirwa kusangana rinoitwa pakureva nguva.

kushandisa Radar

Zvino machati yenzvimbo chena vasara, uye ane ruzivo aidzidzisa, vachiona marongerwo kumahombekombe, anogona pakarepo udza apo akapiwa rwaanoratidza watercraft. Somuenzaniso, achiona pedyo, kunyange bvungapfunga chiedza Cuba uye akanzwa muffled ruzha sairini, pakarepo anoti chinhu chakafanana: ". Tine kuyambuka moto Vorontsov, daro mamaira maviri" Izvi zvinoreva kuti chikepe riri yakati daro mutsetse unobva rekona kosi rworudyi uye perpendicular kutungamirira yechiedza, ivo Coordonatele iyo vanozivikanwa.

Asi zvinowanzoitika kuti mhenderekedzo kure uye hapana varipo zvinoonekwa. Kare, mumazuva pangarava, ngarava "yakaiswa vasakukurwa", kuunganidza maseiri, dzimwe nguva kana aizivikanwa capricious hunhu yemamiriro mhepo unpredictability zviri pasi (kumboongororwa, shoals, uye zvichingodaro. D.), kuti zvimiso uye "muchimirira gungwa ekunze "ndiko, kujekesa. Zvino hapana chikonzero dongo imwe nguva yakadaro, uye yegungwa aidzidzisa kuona, achitarisa chidzitiro locator. Kutsunga chikepe radar - nyore basa pamberi unyanzvi. Zvakakwana nokubatanidza mufananidzo pamusoro wekushandisa mudziyo uye mepu kuMudzidzisi nzvimbo, uye zvose zvinova pakarepo pachena.

Direction kuwanikwa uye redhiyo wekushandisa nzira

Pane yakadaro redhiyo mudzidzi kuti mutambo - "Fox Hunting". Achibatsirwa kugadzirwa mano, vadzidzi vari kutsvaka kuvanda mumakwenzi kana shure miti, "gava" - mumwe mutambi ane kushanda pasi-simba yeredhiyo. Saizvozvo, t. E. Pelenguya, counterintelligence basa ngaaverenge vagari wokumwe njere (kanenge asati) pavanenge kutumira spyware mishumo. Nokuti nzvimbo inoda mirayiridzo dzinenge mbiri intersecting panguva nzvimbo, asi vakawanda vavo zvakare. Saka sezvo nguva dzose, pane zvimwe zviratidzo Anopararira uye mhedziso kururama hakungagoni kukwanisika, kuti mabheyaringi regai wekuita pane imwe chete nguva, uye chimiro chinoumbwa nezvinhu zvakawanda munhoroondo iri geometric pakati zvinoreva yakakwirira mwero mukana imwe mhando anoratidza nzvimbo yavo. Varipo zvinogona zvakananga akasikwa pamhenderekedzo mutyairi anonongedzera (semuenzaniso, zvikwangwani) kana redhiyo nemwaranzi vane Coordonatele vanozivikanwa (vari vakanyora mamiriro ayo).

Uyewo zvikuru kushanda romumhenderekedzo yegungwa kosi kururamiswa nokushandiswa redhiyo kukurukurirana.

satellites

Nhasi, kuti kurasika mugungwa kana gungwa kwakaoma zvisingaiti. Sangano kutamira zvinhu pamusoro pegungwa, mudenga uye panyika kuchengeta wekushandisa uye kununura gadziriro, kuRussia "Cospas" uye dzakawanda Sarsat. vanoshanda pasi Doppler zano. Mungarava, unofanira hwokugadza chaiyo bhikoni, asi kuchengeteka uye chivimbo anobudirira mugumisiro rwendo Anopera pamusoro zvinoreva. Radhika zvakarongwa pamusoro geostationary ( "akarembera" pamusoro penyika yakatarwa pfungwa) satellites vanoumba mugadziriro. basa iri riri pachena uye, kuwedzera rokuponesa mashandiro anoita kutsvaka ngarava yacho muareka. The kwomwedzi-wekushandisa nzira chinopa yakarurama kwazvo Coordonatele, kushanda kwaro akananga, uye navigators kwedu kwesayenzi zera rinoshandiswa kakawanda.

Zvimwe Options - Load

Pamusoro navigability muchikepe chacho zvichiita kosi substantially kunokanganisa emadhaka kwayo. Kazhinji, vakawanda dzimba iri anyatsofukidzwa mumvura, dzakanga pachiyero hydrodynamic zvuva. Zvisinei, kunze Somuenzaniso, zvenyukireya Ngarava dzepasi pemvura anyatsofukidzwa nokukurumidza akapfuudza freeboard, uye rinokosha uta "girobhu racho" panyaya uzere wayo unonyura ane mugumisiro aerodynamics nani. Imwe nzira kana mumwe, asi kumhanya rwokufamba (sitiroko) kunokanganisa vazhinji nhumbi (nhumbi) ari anomutsigira kana matangi. Kuongorora kukosha ichi vezvikepe kushandisa chitaridzi pamwe mukana pauta, shure uye divi nhengo dzomuviri (anorwisa haana isingasviki mitanhatu). Badges aya aishanda nomumwe, ivo mumwe nomumwe mudziyo wavo, hapana mwero. Iyo vakagamuchira zita "gwaro kuongorora," Nzira Pakusarudza kurema nhumbi muchikepe kunobva pakushandisa "mvura mavanga" uye rinoshandiswa zvinangwa zvakawanda, zvakadai wekushandisa. pasi udzamu hakuiti nguva dzose kubvumira chikepe atungamire imwe inoshandiswa uye co-mutyairi vanofanira kufunga chinhu ichi.

Zvazvinosarira chete dai kweinenge tsoka nomwe pasi keel vaya nechikepe.