Unicellular notumwe vavo basa zvakasikwa

Celled zvinenge chikazikamwa munhu chete nokuuya pakukudza mano. Nhasi, zvisinei, ivo - hwaro masero zveBhaibheri pamusoro kuunganidza yokungotaura zvinhu panyaya dzakawanda nemakemikari omuviri, makemikari ezvinhu zvipenyu, genetics. Kune akasiyana chete-celled zvinenge. Howa - mumwe wavo. Kwete zvose, Chokwadi, asi zvikuru rinokosha. Nyaya ino kutarira chii vamiririri vari muchikwata che nyore notumwe uye chii zvivako uye maitiro avo nhaka.

Notumwe vari unicellular uye zvipuka zvine masero akawanda, mukuru unhu

Zvose shanu umambo zvakasikwa howa - zvikuru kujairika. The ndechokuti kuona taxonomic mamiriro chirimwa kana mhuka iri nyore. Utachiona uye mavhairasi zvakasiyana kurongwa, saka navo zvikanganiso zvose hazvigoni kuva.

Uye chete Howa - idzi zvinenge zvakaoma kuti vane kwenguva refu haana kuva chero chaiyo umambo nguva. Pakutanga vakanga vaiona zvinomera, chete kuine chlorophyll. More zvichangobva netsvakurudzo kuti pokuwa zvigadzirwa zvavo zvine urea, mumwe sero rusvingo raiumbwa dzichiva chitin. Muchiitiko chino, zvokunze kugaya, uye makemikari akawanda akafanana zvinoberekwa nomuviri mhuka.

Zviratidzo izvi vari pachena kutaura notumwe kuva mhuka. Uyezve, yakasvika pakuzivikanwa kuti unicellular notumwe Division nebhitumini anoumba (nebhitumini) anogona kufamba nenzira zvokudya uye chiedza pasi zvimwe ezvinhu. Izvi zvinoratidza zvakare kuti mune zvinenge izvi uye mhuka kugovana tateguru.

Zvose izvi zvakaita kuti chokwadi kuti howa vakanga anonzi siyanei hwaJehoshafati zvakasikwa. A zvakafanana chinhu pakuzivisa vavo:

• multicore kuvapo unicellular kana zvipuka zvine masero akawanda mycelium;
• hyphae - matete filaments vanokwanisa ruka Anoumba fruiting muviri uye mycelium;
• heterotrophic nzira kudya;
• chitin muchitokisi parusvingo;
• urea ari Zvinoumba zvinhu zvakaora zvigadzirwa;
• kushaya plastids;
• kubereka achishandisa spores.

Total Nhasi kune vanenge zviuru 250 mhando zvipenyu izvi. Vazhinji vavo - mumwe-celled notumwe.

Kupatsanura pakati unicellular notumwe

With kusiyana kwakadaro pane kudiwa iri rakasiyana. Naizvozvo, uye rakanga systematized zvose notumwe kuroorwa-celled, mienzaniso rinogona kuderedzwa kana tikaongorora zvakakwana kupatsanura.

Single nhasi haripo, saka vanyori dzakasiyana havasi zvakafanana. Saka, kupa mapoka makuru 4.

1. Deuteromycetes - anonziwo notumwe kukwana. Usasangana kubereka nzira. Representatives sklerotium, Rhizoctonia, mazhinji ezvinhu Candida.
2. Chytridiomycota - yakaoma chete-celled notumwe, kuti mycelium anomirirwa refu mapazi zvivako ane vakawanda cores. Representatives olpidium, silhitrium, spizellomy, monoblefaridy uye nevamwe. Vazhinji vari hwemvura kana Semi-hwemvura mararamiro, ari tupukanana kuti zvomumvura uye Freshwater zvinomera uye mhuka.
3. Zygomycetes - nezvekumwe unicellular notumwe, vamwe vamiririri mycelium vashoma simba masvingo. Nevamiririri Mucor, trihomitsety, spinellusy, zoopagalisy uye nevamwe. Pakati pavo vane vagere ivhu, uye tupukanana hwevanhu, mhuka uye zvirimwa.
4. Ascomycetes - zvikuru zvipuka zvine masero akawanda, asi panewo chimwe-celled notumwe. Mienzaniso: mbiriso, morels, truffles, mitsetse, uye dzimwe Parmelee. Yakasvika zita raro kuti STRUCTURAL zviri nharo, makatumidzwa ascospores. Vamwe vamiririri rinopera munguva upenyu anokwanisa pabonde kubereka, uye ivo dzinoiswa ari Deuteromycetes, ndiko kukwana notumwe.

dhipatimendi rimwe nerimwe rine peculiarities ayo uye unhu, uye chete zvikuru mhando siyana kwazvo. An nzira dzinonakidza upenyu, zvakakosha upfumi ukoshi. Uyezve, howa kutamba anokosha zvipenyu nezvakazvipoteredza basa zvakasikwa.

Zvakakurukurwa marongerwo uye nzira youpenyu

Tisati tapindura mubvunzo: "Tsanangura basa unicellular notumwe zvakasikwa", vanofanira kufunga kwavo chaiyo marongerwo uye mararamiro. Mushure zvose, zviri kubva ichi uye achavaponesa chii ukoshi zvavachapiwa nokuda dzakapoteredza Utachiona, kusanganisira avo vanhu.

Saka STRUCTURAL zvaiva unicellular notumwe.

1. Mycelium kana kwete yakatanga zvachose, kana simba chaizvo. Inogona hunomiririrwa multi-Musimboti kana sero rimwe chete here nomumwe neerekitironi.
2. Kubereka Kazhinji asexual, kunyange zvazvo vazhinji hunhu zvounzenza muitiro.
3. In hwemvura Vamiririri vakaumba zoospores (chytridiomycota), izvo kufamba takasununguka mumvura achishandisa flagella. In ascomycetes rinokosha miviri spore mabhegi umo ascospores vakura. nhamba yavo hakuiti kupfuudza zvidimbu masere.
4. Vamwe ivhu Zygomycetes vanoumba mycorrhiza pamwe muti midzi.
5. Kukwana notumwe kupinda symbiosis pamwe utachiona, nokusika utano Kombucha.

Kazhinji, nemamiriro anenge zvose notumwe, uyewo womukati sero mamiriro ndiye anenge zvakafanana. Hazvina basa, chikuru iye kana kukwana. Naizvozvo, hwaro kupatsanura anogara huru chikabviswa - nzira wokuberekana.

Features mararamiro:

1. Ruzhinji - unosungira uye facultative tupukanana.
2. Vakawanda dzakashandisa upenyu mumvura kana ivhu.
3. Vamwe vamiririri inongorira yakawanda makemikari kwezvakatipoteredza, kugadzirira zvokudya pachavo. Kunyange vasina mapazi mycelium, zvimwe zvinenge zvibereko matete rhizoids, vari vasiyana substrate, vakarikunda (nehwakanaka.) zvokudya.
4. Pakati Zygomycetes vane vamiririri anokosha - zoopagalisy. Yakasvika zita raro kuti dzinodya dzimwe dzinosiya mararamiro. Anobatirira namira hyphae mazana rezvipembenene nematodes nezvimwe majemusi, wozvidyira, digesting kunze.
5. Mukuita upenyu, vamiririri zhinji (kunyanya mbiriso) kubereka zvinodhaka zvinokosha, makemikari, zvinokosha makemikari.

Ziva zvakafanana zviri zvose mararamiro panonetsa, nokuti kuwanda kwemarudzi zvakare guru. Naizvozvo zviri nani kugara ari kupfuura kugara uye zvinokosha munhu.

Muitiro wokuberekana

Takatodzidza yakajekeswa kuti huru chinoratidza nhengo mu mubvunzo - inzira dzizoberekana. Kubereka vana unicellular notumwe anogona kuitwa nenzira nhatu:

• zvepabonde;
• vegetatively;
• asexually.

Funga zvose zvokusarudza zvizere.

1. Asexual kubereka kunosanganisira paumbwe spores mukati sporangia anokosha idzodzo. Saka, Somuenzaniso, zvinofamba chytrid zoospores, apo ascomycete - ascospores endogenous mavambo.
2. Vegetative nokuti chete-celled yotunga kunosanganisira vamiririri. Ndiko, rimwe kamuri chipande anova yakazvimirira muviri. Izvi ndozvazvakaita iri mbiriso, izvo kazhinji kuonekwa chete-celled notumwe wechipiri.
3. The dzepabonde kwacho kunoitika zvakasiyana siyana kwemarudzi. Zvisinei, zvose zvitatu dziripo: heterogamy, oogamy uye isogamy. Chero zvazvingava, musimboti iri Fusion pamusoro gametes yokuumba zygote. Kakawanda, zviri akafuka gobvu goko, uye vachingotya zororo kwekanguva. Shure kwaizvozvo anotanga kuumba mycelium uye inokura muviri mutsva. Kunyange nyaya nokuvapo zvipuka zvine masero akawanda vamiririri mukono nehadzi zvikamu mubvunzo. Just dzinoratidza kuvapo "+" uye "-" divi mycelium, izvo batanidza kuumba dikaryons.

Chokwadi, pane zvakare inobudisa kuti rubatsiro kuziva zvimwe nhengo. Zvisinei, zvinonyatsorehwa kupararira muenzaniso unicellular notumwe kureva vaya vanorondedzerwa pamusoro.

Penicillium chacho unhu

Chii penicillium - rimwe-celled chakuvhe, hatigoni kutaura. The ndechokuti iye ndorwevaya boka vamiririri anoumba, zvakawanda zvacho zvisiri zvesangano. Saka kazhinji, uye iye ndiye zvakafanana zvinhu. Zvisinei, penicillium, uye shamwari yake yepedyo, Aspergillus - ndiye anaro kuti zvipuka zvine masero akawanda branching mycelium.

howa Izvi yakawanikwa pedyo Ernest Duchesne muna 1897. Ndiye wokutanga akaita kuti tifunge nzira muArabia aishandisa wavatorwa greenish patina kurapa maronda mabhiza. Kuongorora mamiriro, jaya (uye Duchenne aiva nemakore chete 23 okuberekwa) vakasvika pakugumisa kuti muviri ichi - iri chakuvhe, ine antibacterial ehupfumi, sezvo anogona kuparadza eysherihiyu kana - kumwe pernicious uye pathogenic utachiona.

Kwenguva refu nguva Huro yaro hapana akateerera. Muna 1949, Fleming akaratidza akambozvishandisa kuuraya utachiona uye antibacterial zvivako zviri chakuvhe, uye kukosha Duchenne chaizivikanwa, kunyange pashure chete chechipiri afa.

Huru zvinoriumba yaishandiswa nokuda kugadzirwa munhu medicament kuti penicillin - mushonga unorwisa anobudiswa panguva upenyu muviri.

anoumba

Kana mhinduro yomubvunzo wokuti: "Tsanangura basa unicellular notumwe zvakasikwa," ipapo hatigoni kutaura pamusoro nevamwe vamiririri chakuvhuvhu. Pashure pezvose, vakawanda vavo vakagara pasi, zvichiriita grayish kana rinokwanisa kucheneruka tinge muchimiro Dombo. Panguva iyo manyowa kwevakafa makemikari nyaya. Saka, muna yezvakaita chakuvhe kuridza basa ravanamukoti.

zvikuru kuti munhu ndedzinotevera vamiririri:

• Aspergillus;
• penicillium;
• "Kusaroorwa ora";
• "Kusaroorwa ora".

Vose - vanoshingaira vechikamu nedanho gadziriro mashoma uye rinonaka chizi, waini, zvokudya yokuvirisa, nemishonga, uye zvimwe zvinokosha zvinhu.

Mucor

The kupfuura chairwo mumiririri nhengo mu mubvunzo - Mucor. Unicellular chakuvhe yakakura zvakakwana branching mycelium akaumbwa sero rimwe chete. Partitions maari. Rinoreva kuti achitanga dhipatimendi Zygomycetes.

Akadana chinobatsira, chakuvhe ichi kwakaoma, nokuti ayo chikuru budiriro - munhu spoilage uye inotungamirwa dzakawanda mucormycosis. Zvisinei, vamwe vachiri kushandiswa nevanhu nokuita "Chinese mbiriso". Ichi chaiyo mbiriso, iyo inoshanda achigadzirira zvimwe zvokudya. Somuenzaniso, Sou chizi. Dzimwe Mucor mune makemikari uye mishonga inorwisa mabhakitiriya.

Pahwaro humboo uye zvibereko notumwe nyuchi Anoumba fluffy unhani pakati tsvukuruka uye ndachena, zviri pachena distinguishable kuti kupfeka ziso.

mbiriso

For unicellular notumwe anosanganisira mumiririri akadai mbiriso chakuvhe. Zvisinei, zvinenge izvi inofanira anoonekwa somunhu wechipiri chete-celled, nokuti vanogara mnogopochkuyuschimisya mapoka. The mycelium mumwe mumiririri unicellular, pasina partitions. Asi pedyo co-nokuvapo siyana siyana zvinoita munhu kufunga zvipuka zvine masero akawanda zvipenyu.

Kazhinji, mbiriso - anobatsira chaizvo howa. Kwete zvose, Chokwadi, asi vazhinji vavo. Saka, vanhu vakashandisa navo kubva kare kubikira chingwa, kugadzirwa waini uye doro. 6 Chimwe zviuru. Makore BC. e. izvi kushandiswa muIjipiti, kwese.

Chingwa chakabikwa nembiriso residues yekare. Izvi zvakazoita kuti degeneration nemagariro, zvakava pachena zvikuru uye majini yunifomu. Saka nhasi pane "dombo" kuti mbiriso kuti havana kusikwa nokuda shanduka zvakasikwa uye dzinokonzerwa mabasa evanhu.

An dzinonakidza chinoratidza mbiriso ndechokuti vane facultative tupukanana. Ndiko, pamberi okisijeni kwavari fema pachena, kusunungura carbon dioxide. Asi pasi anaerobic ezvinhu haana akarasika, oxidizing shuga (chinovira).

Mhando dzakasiyana-siyana mbiriso inokwanisa anobata gogonera substrate. Vamwe vanogona chete ichivira nyore shuga, hexoses. Asi pane avo kuti vabatwe makabhohaidhiretsi kwete chete, asiwo mapuroteni, lipids, carboxylic acid.

Human kukosha avo zvinogadzirwa kuti wasunungurwa somugumisiro zvinokosha webasa notumwe Data. zvinoti:

• diacetyl;
• isoamyl doro;
• mafuta fusel;
• dimethyl sulfide, uye vamwe.

Tikafunga izvi zvinhu anosarudza kunaka zvigadzirwa. Izvi zvinoratidzwa zvakananga kwayo organoleptic ehupfumi.

Parasitic unicellular notumwe vamiririri

Pakati tupukanana zvikuru ngozi ndivo chete-celled anokonzera zvirwere fungal vanhu nemhuka, uyewo akasiyana siyana chakuvhuvhu uye vaparare mune miti.

1. Trichophyton uye mikrosporum - kwemarudzi maviri kuti anokonzera zvakakomba ganda zvirwere muvanhu.
2. Notumwe of genus Candida - Candidiasis chikonzero chirwere.
3. Dermatophytes - notumwe kuti anokonzera chirwere ezvipikiri mundiro - onychomycosis.
4. Piedra, ekzofila, malaziza - kukonzera lichens siyana pamusoro nhengo dzomuviri.
5. Black chakuvhe Hari kunokonzera chirwere, iyo inoratidza pacharo pamwe makwapa akasvibirika nhema rurimi munhu nemhuka.
6. Phytophthora - a chakuvhe ngozi kuti hwacho chirimwa uye anoita kuti paumbwe dema kuora mune midzi uye mashizha.

Uye ichi ndicho zvishomanana mazita avo vamiririri vane pathogenic, kunokuvadza uye zvikuru utano uye zvirimwa.

Basa chete-celled notumwe zvakasikwa

Kana iwe nedambudziko chirongwa chakadai: "Rondedzera basa notumwe chete-celled," chinhu chokutanga chinofanira kuva kuziva zvose izvi zvinobatsira. Takatodzidza kutaurwa vazhinji vavo:

• anoshandiswa makemikari indasitiri;
• chikafu;
• anoshandiswa achigadzirira zvokurima chikafu;
• Ndivo dzinongoitika decomposers pamusoro makemikari nyaya, kureva, vanamukoti nevamwe.

Asi isuwo hatifaniri kukanganwa pamusoro zvazvakaipira, izvo pane zvakawanda. Pashure pezvose, vazhinji unicellular notumwe - parasitic zvinenge.