Mapuroteni: chaivo basa. The zvipenyu kunoita mapuroteni mumuviri

Mapuroteni, zvipenyu basa izvo dzichakurukurwa nhasi - kuvakwa mukuru-samolecular yeimwe ose amino acids. Pakati vamwe Organic yeimwe, ndivo zvezvisarudzo dzakaoma maumbirwo yavo. By zvokuvamba sezvamunoita mapuroteni vakasiyana kwemafuta uye makabhohaidhiretsi: mukuwedzera oxygen, hydrogen kabhoni naivowo ane senitrogen. Uyezve, imwe chiri chikamu chakakosha mapuroteni inokosha isuferi, uye vamwe zvine ayodhini, simbi uye phosphorus.

The zvipenyu Basa puroteni chaizvo. Zviri kubatana izvi zvinoumba chikamu chikuru chezvinhu vazhinji protoplasm, uye nuclei masero mapenyu. All mhuka uye chirimwa zvinenge zviri mapurotini.

Mumwe kana akawanda mabasa

The chaivo basa uye mashandiro akasiyana yeimwe ayo akasiyana. Somunhu fuma ane yakananga namakemikari chimiro, mumwe puroteni anoita zvikuru unyanzvi ushande. Chete dzimwe nguva kunogona kuita zvakawanda zvinodyidzana. Somuenzaniso, epinephrine, iyo anogadzirwa adrenal medulla, vachipinda ropa, anowedzera BP uye okisijeni kuparadzwa, ropa shuga. Uyezve, ndiko rinodhaka kuti muviri, ukuwo ine utsinye mhuka - uye murevereri tsinga. Sezvaunogona kuona, izvozvo anoita akawanda anoitwa kamwe.

The enzymatic (CATALYTIC) shanda

Multiple nokukanganisika siyana zvichiitika zvipenyu, zviri kuitwa pasi vanyoro ezvinhu, pasi izvo tembiricha iri pedyo 40 ° C, uye ph anenge kwavakarerekera. Under izvi ezvinhu, kunyora nezvavo mwero panowanikwa vazhinji vavo. Naizvozvo, kuti akaziva, tinoda makemikari - chaiwo utachiona catalysts. Inenge zvose zvinoitwa, kunze photolysis remvura zvipenyu zviri catalyzed ne makemikari nayo. zvinhu ava kana mapuroteni kana mapuroteni zvivako pamwe cofactor (makemikari Morekuru kana chakaumbwa Ion). Makemikari zviri vanosarudza chaizvo triggering zvakakodzera muitiro. Nokudaro, CATALYTIC basa, vakakurukura pamusoro, - mumwe waavo kutakura mapurotini. The chaivo basa yeimwe izvi, zvisinei, ayo Implementation hatingoruratidzi. Pane zvimwe zvinhu zvakawanda kuti dzichakurukurwa pazasi.

senga basa

Nokuti Kuvapo pamakamuri kunoda kuti munhu muzvizhinji pakati zvinhu kupinda mukati kwaro kukutsigira simba uye kuvaka zvinhu. membranes All chaivo hunovakirwa chimwe musimboti. Izvi rukoko kaviri lipids, mapuroteni Akatumirwa mariri. Panguva iyoyowo kuisa hydrophilic macromolecules nzvimbo pamusoro Kamudzira nomumativi ari pakukora zvavo - "miswe" hydrophobic. Chimiro Izvi Eriya aitombotyawo zvinokosha zvinoriumba: amino acids, shuga, alkali simbi ions. The kupinda kwakaita zvinhu izvi mumakamuri kunoitika Via chokufambisa mapuroteni vari midzi muchitokisi membrane. In utachiona Somuenzaniso, pane puroteni chaiyo inopa kuchinjwa lactose (mukaka shuga) kuburikidza rwokunze membrane.

In zvipuka zvine masero akawanda Utachiona, pane hurongwa chokufambisa dzakasiyana zvinhu kubva imwe nhengo kune mumwe. Tiri kutaura nezvekuparadzwa Chizenga (aimiririra pamusoro). In plasma, mukuwedzera, zviri kuramba serum sealbumin (a chokufambisa mapuroteni). It anokwanisa kuumba igadzikane zvivako akaumbwa kugaya kwemafuta mafuta acids, uyewo ane vanoverengeka hydrophobic amino acids (semuenzaniso, tryptophan) uye zvinodhaka zvakawanda (vamwe penicillins, sulfonamides, asipurini). Transferrin, iyo inopa chokufambisa mumuviri resimbi ions, mumwe muenzaniso. Kutaurwa anogona kuitwa uye tseruplazmin izvo transports ions mhangura. Saka, isu akatarira chokufambisa mashandiro kuti aite mapurotini. kwavakabva basa uye kubva pfungwa iyi maonero kunokosha zvikuru.

Kanotokonya basa

Protein receptors muri zvikuru, kunyanya kune chinhanho kubva zvipuka zvine masero akawanda zvipenyu. Vari revatema kupinda plasma muchitokisi Kamudzira uye kushumira kunzwisisa uye mberi Kushandurwa anonongedzera vanopinda muchitokisi. Muchiitiko ichi anonongedzera vangava nemamwe masero uye rwakapoteredza zvakatipoteredza. Acetylcholine receptors panguva kupfuura kudzidzwa. Vari inowanikwa zvinoverengeka interneuron nevanhu pamusoro muchitokisi Kamudzira, kusanganisira panguva neuromuscular vavanozivana cerebral cortex. mapuroteni izvi kushamwaridzana acetylcholine nekufambisa mureza mukati muchitokisi.

Neurotransmitter pakugamuchira chiratidzo uye rokutendeutsa chinofanira kubviswa kuti agadzire sero akakwanisa kunzwisisa zvimwe zviratidzo. Nokuti ichi chinangwa, acetylcholinesterase - chaiyo enzayemu, inova anowedzera kuti hydrolysis kuti acetylcholine kuti choline uye acetate. Haisi kunokosha zvikuru uye Kanotokonya kushanda kuti anoita mapuroteni? The chaivo basa zvinotevera, rwokudzivirira basa nokuti muviri zvikuru. With Zvinongoreva havabvumirani.

unodzivirira basa

The muviri zvirwere anopindura nezve chizvarwa vatorwa tudonhwe vakawanda lymphocytes. Ivo vanokwanisa kukuvadza okunze zvokusarudza. nezvimedu izvi vatorwa kungava masero ekenza, pathogenic utachiona supramolecular nezvimedu (macromolecules, nemavhairasi, etc.). B lymphocytes - boka lymphocytes, hunokonzera anokosha mapurotini. mapuroteni aya kusiyaniswa mune kweropa ino. Vanoziva vatorwa nezvimedu, nokudaro wezvamatongerwe danho kuparadzwa zvikuru chaizvo kunzwisisa. mapuroteni aya se immunoglobulins. A maantigen akataura dzimwe zvinhu kuti chirwise zvirwere apindure.

mamiriro basa

Uyewo mapuroteni kuti aite zvikuru kushandiswa mabasa ndiwo avo apo mutengo zvikurukuru STRUCTURAL. Pamusana kwavari, akapa zvokuimba simba uye zvimwe zvivako zviri munyama zvipenyu. mapuroteni izvi zvinosanganisira, kunyanya collagen. Collagen (mufananidzo cm. Below) ari mhuka iri pamusoro kota mapuroteni vakawanda. Zvinonzi synthesized mu huru masero anoumba connective zvinyama (anonzi fibroblasts).

Pakutanga, collagen achiumbwa sezvo procollagen - ayo aizotangira unoyerera makemikari kurapwa mune fibroblasts. Zvadaro aumbwa kuva polypeptide ngetani matatu, wakamonyaniswa kuva zononoka. Vakanga vauya vachibva fibroblasts mu collagen fibrils ane mashoma zana nanometers mu dhayamita. Ekupedzisira ndinoumba collagen filaments, izvo zvinogona kare kuonekwa nemaikorosikopu. The kwakavharwa nenyama munyama (zvemapapu masvingo, midziyo ropa paganda) extracellular chizvaro collagen mukuwedzera, uyewo chine puroteni elastin. Rinogona ruchatambanudzirwa mune zvakarurama siyana uye kudzokera yaro hwepakutanga. Mumwe muenzaniso uri puroteni STRUCTURAL anogona kupa pano - ndiyo sirika fibroin. Zvinonzi nevamwe munguva paumbwe pupa chitemamachira nehonye. Ndicho chikuru chezvinonhuwira sirika shinda. zvino isu tsanangura injini mapurotini.

motokari mapuroteni

Zvino Implementation kuti injini kurongedza guru zvipenyu basa kwemapurotini. Muchidimbu udza nezvazvo uye avo mabasa. Muscle marwadzo - inofanira apo kwemakemikari simba iri dzikwanise zvokuimba basa. Direct nhengo dzayo dziri mapuroteni miviri - myosin uye actin. Myosin ane kujairika marongerwo. It achiumbwa vaviri musoro globular uye muswe (refu filamentary mugove). About 1600 nm nokureba imwe Morekuru. Pamisoro chakapatsanurwa saka rokuzvidavirira inenge 200 nm.

Actin (picture pamusoro) - munhu globular mapuroteni ane samolecular kurema 42000. Zvinogona polymerized kuti kuumba refu chimiro, uye kushamwaridzana nenzira yakadaro ine musoro myosin. Chinokosha izvi - kwayo pazviri pamberi ATP. Kana zvayo wevasungwa iri zvakakwana yakakwirira, kuumbwa myosin uye actin kunzwisisa raparadzwa, zvino ari akapora zvakare pashure ATP hydrolysis kunoitika somugumisiro myosin ATPase. Izvi zvinogona kuonekwa Somuenzaniso, muna mhinduro, sezvamakaropafadzwa zvose mapurotini varipo. Zvinova viscous somugumisiro nezvokuti dzakakwirira samolecular uremu yakaoma dzakaumbwa tisina ATP. Mukuwedzera izvozvo kunoderedza viscosity kwazvo nokuda kuparadzwa zvakaoma akasikwa, pashure pacho zvishoma nezvishoma anotanga kuwanazve somugumisiro ATP hydrolysis. In nedanho tsandanyama marwadzo, mukukurukurirana izvi kuridza basa rinokosha.

mishonga

Tikaramba pachena nyaya "The zvipenyu kunoita mapuroteni pamuviri." Very guru uye rinokosha chaizvo boka rokudzora yeimwe vari zvinhu anonzi inorwisa mabhakitiriya. Ivo vari microbial mavambo. Izvi zvinhu zviri dzinounzwa chaiwo mhando zvigare. The zvipenyu Basa amino acids uye mapuroteni hazvirambiki, asi nemishonga vane, zvinokosha chaizvo basa rinokosha. Ivo tunodzivisa kukura zvigare kuti makwikwi navo. Munguva 1940s, kuwanika uye kushandiswa inorwisa mabhakitiriya yave revolutionized pakurapa zvirwere zvinokonzerwa nemabhakitiriya. Zvinofanira kucherechedzwa kuti kakawanda utachiona mishonga musaita, saka kushandiswa navo sezvo antiviral zvinodhaka isashande.

mienzaniso inorwisa mabhakitiriya

boka kuti penicillin yakatanga kushandisa. Mienzaniso boka iri ampicillin uye benzylpenicillin. Mishonga iri mashandiro chiito uye namakemikari hunhu siyana. Vamwe vevaya dzinoshandiswa nevakawanda nhasi, kushamwaridzana ribosomes evanhu, apo mune kwemabhakitiriya ribosomes hwakaipa mapuroteni usage. Panguva iyoyo havasi kushamwaridzana eukaryotic ribosomes. Naizvozvo, nokuti kwemabhakitiriya masero vane pernicious, uye mhuka uye nevanhu pasi toxicity. mishonga yakadaro inosanganisira streptomycin yakawanikwa uye chloramphenicol (chloramphenicol).

The zvipenyu kunoita mapuroteni usage kunokosha chaizvo, asi muitiro pacharwo nzendo dzakawanda. Tichataura nezvazvo chete zvavo nemashoko.

The kwacho uye zvipenyu basa mapuroteni biosynthesis

Izvi ndizvo multistage, chaizvo kunzwisisa. It rikaitika ribosomes - chaizvo organelles. Munguva keji pane mamwe ribosomes. In E. coli Somuenzaniso, pane vanenge 20 zviuru.

"Rondedzera muitiro mapuroteni biosynthesis uye chaivo basa" - uagamuchire chikoro basa vazhinji vedu. Zvino zvakakonzera zvinetso zvakawanda. Well, ngationei pamwe.

Protein mamorekuru polypeptide ngetani. Zvinosanganisira, sezvo imi munotoriziva, kubva munhu amino acids. Zvisinei, yokupedzisira havasi kushingaira zvakakwana. Kuitira kubatanidza uye dzinoumba puroteni Morekuru, ivo zvinoda activation. It kunoitika somugumisiro chaiwo makemikari. Mumwe amino asidhi iyi nyaya ine enzayemu yacho, zvakananga zvirire chaizvo nayo. Panobva simba pamusoro uyu muitiro ndiye ATP (adenosine triphosphate). The amino asidhi kunokonzerwa kubva activation hunowedzera labile uye anosunga pasi Zvakaitwa enzayemu pamwe mamita-RNA, izvo anotakura nayo kupinda ribosome (nokuti ichi RNA rinonzi senga). The ribosome, saka, kuita kwakabatana tRNA kusashanda amino acids. Ribosome - rudzi conveyor nokuda paungano kuuya amino asidhi yacho puroteni cheni.

Kwetunhu basa mapuroteni zvakaoma kuti kuona, sezvo synthesized yeimwe mabasa anokosha chaizvo mabasa. Anenge zvose Sero zvivako ine pavo.

Saka, tine zvinorondedzerwa zvavo nemashoko, muitiro mapuroteni biosynthesis uye chaivo basa. Izvi rinogumisa kujairirana mapurotini. Tinovimba une chido mberi nayo.