Refraction chiedza - nhoroondo rwomuviri pfungwa

Kufungisisa uye refraction chiedza zvinoreva nhamba mumuviri mananara, akazaruka semubairo yakananga pakuongorora, pasina kuitisa rabhoritari kuedza. Kokutanga tiri kutaura nezvazvo muGirisi yekare, asi yefizikisi vakawanda vachida kufunga kuti chokwadi ichi aizivikanwa kare. Just musayendisiti wokutanga kuedza kupa zvichinzwisisika wandei empirically akasimbisa chokwadi akava Cleomedes, uyo akararama I remakore AD mune ikozvino Greece. Pamberi pake, Euclid akatsanangura chiitiko ichi nokucherechedza chindori avete pasi vhasi, iri pane imwe akachinjikana zvakanga zvisiri kuonekwa kune mucherechedzi, asi kana ukatanga kudira mvura chirongo, shure imwe nguva pasina kuchinja pakona kuti maonero ari mucherechedzi aigona kuona avete pasi kushongedzwa. Asi sezvo uchida tsananguro ruzivo urwu Euclid haana kupa musayendisiti wokutanga kudzidza muudzame refraction anonzi Cleomedes.

Nyaya Paaidzidza rakanga refraction mvura - zvinonzi akacherechedza kuti kana refu chimuti dzichinyikwa mvura kuitira kuti mumwe chikamu akaramba pamusoro pemvura, pane kuona refraction panguva inowanikwa mhepo uye mvura. Asi chokwadi, tsvimbo anoramba yakasimba, saka chikonzero ichi Manyiminya chaizvoizvo ari kutarisana unyengeri?

Kuongorora Fani iyi kunyatsotevera Cleomedes akaona kuti kana chiedza danda vanopinda kubva zvishoma gobvu svikiro kuti kupfuura gobvu, apo kuva oblique kutungamirira (ndiko, kuva necheparutivi hama kuti miganhu nhau mbiri), svikiro ane mukuru arambe achirema, anorega kuita kuti kungoitira kutungamirira.

Zvakanga zvakafanana refraction akavatsanangurira kuona zuva kwenguva yakati pashure pokunyura kwezuva.

Cleomedes vakapa chete kupfuura mukuru chakanangana refraction chiedza uye anorondedzerwa chete muchimiro zvimwe kuedza chinyakare Zvisinei, kupa, mufananidzo nokururamisira kwakakwana mitemo mukuru izvi. Gare gare imwe nyanzvi yechiGiriki, uyo akararama muzana remakore gare gare Cleomedes, akaramba kwesainzi, atanga atsauka ake, uye akapotsa akasvika pedyo kuparara mitemo wefizikisi, iyo refracts chiedza danda.

Kuva zvakakwana vakawanda kuedza, Klavdiy Ptolemey akakwanisa kusimbisa anofungidzirwa yorusvingo panguva iyo chiedza refracted mune imwe nharaunda. Saka, nokuti refraction kutoitika panguva inonzi yakapedza danda udzamu mumvura girazi, pakona rimwe refraction ndiyo 0,88 pakona kuti kuitika. Nokuti vamwe zvinwiwa, ukoshi ichi nechakatsinhiwa - nokuti mhepo uye mvura, zviri akaenzana 0,76, uye mhepo uye magirazi 0,67.

Asi azere pakagadzwa nemirairo anomhanya kuti refraction wechiedza, akatora vashoma kupfuura emakore. Kupfuura chizvarwa chimwe masayendisiti mubasa kuvandudzika kuti zviripo ruzivo, uye yokupedzisira shanduro refraction payakavakirwa iri aitwa René Descartes, akakurumbira French yefizikisi-zvakasikwa.

In chepakutanga shanduro Dutch musayendisiti W. vandine kuti nzira nokuda pakuverenga pakona kuti kuitika Kutarira sezvinotevera:

n = chivi (a) / chivi (b).

Nemamwe mashoko, kuti refractive indekisi chechiedza danda kuti dzakananga zvemagetsi maviri ari kugara uye asingachinji hunhu uye ndiyo nhamba Sine ari pakona kuti kuitika kune Sine ari pakona pakati refraction.

Pakupedzisira akapedza kudzidza uye rondedzero refraction chechiedza danda kana yakarohwa kubva svikiro mumwe, sezvo yave akati, Rene Dekart. Akaenzanisa izvozvo hazvishamisi zvakanaka unoratidza musimboti chiedza refraction muitiro, uchizvienzanisa inobhururuka bhora mudenga. Kana panguva yake ndege anosangana munhu zvinyama, chiedza chaizvo uye dzakaonda, saka nyore kuiputsa uye achifambirana, iye chete kurasikirwa zvimwe zvayo yepakutanga nokukurumidza, uye zvishoma kushandura pakona rimwe kutiza.