How kudya lichens? Zvinoumba lichens, avo marongerwo uye kubereka

Nyika zvakasikwa kunoshamisa uye siyana zvisingafungidziriki. Gore negore, masayendisiti kuti zvose Zvakawanikwa itsva kuti atiratidze kunoshamisa tarisiro kudzidza nyika yakatipoteredza. Asi zvikuru avanoziva zvinhu zvipenyu, imwe anoziva kubva panguva yakare, achiri kukwanisa kushamisika. Tora somuenzaniso, lichen. Vane nyore, asi zvimwe zvinhu zvoupenyu hwavo huri kujairika.

Munoziva sei kudya lichen? It zvechokwadi rakasiyana muitiro izvo zvinofanira kurondedzerwa zvizere.

ruzivo kunzwisisa

Kazhinji, vane zvakaoma pasi kudzidza, nokuti vanomiririra symbiosis ezvinhu zvipenyu zvakasiyana chaizvo. Mumwe lichen symbiosis vakaumba autotrophic uye heterotrophic algae chakuvhe. Zvinonzwisiswa kuti kutanga kudzidza nemakemikari omuviri uye anokosha mumwe muviri nomumwe. Nzira iyi kudzidza physiology wavo anopa hwakawanda nezvikanganiso uye zvikanganiso, uye nekuti masayendisiti ane mibvunzo yakawanda, kwete vose vane mhinduro. Zvisinei, vatsvakurudzi asi vakakwanisa kuziva zvayo mapatani.

zvemukati mamiriro

Kazhinji, wose mutumbi lichen - hombe intertwining pakati fungal hyphae, izvo dziri mukati munzvimbo autotrophic algae. Nhasi, sayenzi zvinotevera mhando lichen:

• Gomeomernye howa (Collema). Photobiont masero nyuchi (algae) nenzira runobva netsika akapararira muviri.
• Heteromeric (Peltigera canina). A muchinjikwa chikamu kunogona kunyatsooneka akaturikidzana Tal (hyphae) uye algae.

Most zvose pane lichen, maumbirwo iyo inobva ekupedzisira musimboti. Panyaya iyi, yose pamusoro rukoko achiumbwa kubva gobvu plexus kunyanya fungal zvinyama chinodzivirira muviri kubva lichen nemigumisiro kwezvakatipoteredza. Mukuwedzera, chakuvhe kunotadzisa zvakanyanyisa kutsanya nokuomesa (asi zvinobatsira nguva).

Inotevera rukoko iri autotrophic algal yaitongwa. Pakati paro chiri lichen, inova zvakasimba chiputu zvakanyatsobatana hyphae pamusoro chakuvhe nyuchi uye autotrophs. Izvi "shamhu" hunyambiri basa: Ukuwo rimwe lichen anochengeterwa mvura core. Kune vamwe - rudzi marangwanda muviri. In rezasi chikamu varipo riziny. mhando iyi kuda naro lichen rinonamatira substrate. Yeuka kuti yakakwana vanochengeta kunoitika kwete mhuka dzose.

Dzimwe lichens (tsianolishayniki) inozivikanwa chokwadi kuti nechivako yavo zvakasimba vemunyika dzaitongwa tsianovodorosley. Kupira uku layering riri zvikurukuru zvakanaka akaratidza. Sezvo vachidya lichens? Mhinduro yomubvunzo uyu yakabatana zvinhu zvakananga pakati nedanho photosynthesis zvavanazvo.

About nedanho photosynthesis

Kune zviuru zvidzidzo kuti vanozviitira kuti peculiarities ose photosynthesis mu symbiotic zvinenge izvi. Sezvo anenge 10-15% bhuku inogarwa algae, izvo zvinovapa zvinenge zvose zvinovaka muviri, pane mibvunzo yakawanda pamusoro kusimba kwacho. Oddly zvakakwana, asi kuyerwa nyore akaratidza zvakajeka kuti mwero photosynthesis mu lichens yekudyidzana dzakaderera pakunoenzaniswa rokumusoro autotrophic zvirimwa. Saka, kana muenzaniso vanhuwo matapiri reshiyo achava 1:16.

Asi sei kutsanangura chaizvo upenyu hwomutambarakede basa iri Spartan ezvinhu akadaro? Kazhinji, hapana kunyanya kuoma nezvazvo. Chokwadi chokuti autotrophic rokumusoro chirimwa zvipenyu zvikuru muupenyu hwake, "Muka", nepo lichens mune dzimwe nzvimbo rinenge rose gore vari hafu-kuomeswa mamiriro, muna rwoga kuchangamuka. Chokwadi, zviri zvakakwana shomanana zvinovaka muviri kuti tirarame.

Heano mazano kudya lichen. Grade 7 mu chaivo chinangwa zvikoro vanogona kuongorora nyaya iyi muudzame, asi muchiitiko chino, mhinduro dzakawanda dzemibvunzo inokosha pamusoro chirongwa yedzidzo mureza asingadi. Somuenzaniso, apo paumbwe makemikari nyaya dzichifura riri nomumugwagwa kwaitora nguva, uye kana - zvishoma nokukurumidza?

Chii chinoita mwero photosynthesis mu lichens?

Zvinofanira kucherechedzwa kuti kusimba izvi kunoenderana rakafara siyana zvinokonzera. Zvinokoshawo kuti chloroplasts, yakafukidzwa ane gobvu paiva hyphae, vanogamuchira chiedza ndoda pane vaya dzidzo yepamusoro autotrophic zvinomera uye kunyange algae. Zvikurukuru, musiyano haisi kudaro chinokosha.

Tapota ziva kuti kufadza kukosha photosynthesis kwakacherechedzwa panguva jekeso mukati 4000-23000 lux. Izvi zvinogona kuwanika zvikuru nzvimbo pamusoro lichens: achinaya mvura, dondo, chiedza rwokumusoro musango. In avo dzine chiedza kusimba zviri yepamusoro mumuviri ane muviri symbiotic kunotanga ndichibvunza chizvarwa yerima makemikari ruvara (parietina) uye chete dzakananga lichen zvinhu (atranorina Somuenzaniso).

The zvichiguma photosynthesis Organic zvinhu zviri zvineringanidzo zvachose vaya pemasimba zvinomera. Ivowo zvinoshandiswa mafomu zvokudya. Heano mazano kudya lichen. 7 mugiredhi zvidzidzo chikoro yechipiri pakati dzinotsanagura upenyu zvechipameso, kunyange wenyaya iyi yakakura uye inonakidza zvikuru. Tinopa imi kwenguva ruzivo, izvo zvinogona kwete dzinonakidza chete, asiwo kubatsira.

Pfungwa afemeruke

Hazvina kuoma kuti zvokufungidzira kuti pagadzirwe muviri kunobva kufema. Kusiyana photosynthesis mu lichens ndiko kwakanyanya: 0.2-2.0 MG SO₂ paawa pfungwa huru chete giremu pamusoro symbiotic muviri. Kana ukanyatsoongorora verenga mashoko ari rokumusoro chikamu nyaya, iwe zvichida akaziva kuti vanenge 85-90% youremu weveta kurema lichen mikobionta. Zvichitaurwa zviri nyore, kuti okisijeni inoda zvakawanda howa panzvimbo autotrophic algae. Sezvo vachidya lichens pasi kwomuzvarirwo ezvinhu haana zvakare nguva (chikonzero - zvakakomba okunze), zvakawanda zvinovaka muviri mumabhatiri munyama yavo.

Sezvo photosynthesis, afemeruke kwacho kunobva chikamu mvura.

Tapota ziva kuti shoma pamwero kufema, izvo zvakafanira kuwana imwe mari simba kubva zvinovaka muviri, lichen anoramba inenge ezvinhu zvose (yakanakira upenyu, chokwadi). Izvi zvinogoneka panguva inotevera tembiricha neeSultan: kubva -15 kusvika +30, +50 ° C. Zvisinei, tembiricha optimum anoda kubva +15 kusvika +20 ° C. With kutonhora rinotanga kudzora kushandisa okisijeni. Uye kana vakanonga madhigirii zvinopfuura 35 pamusoro muitiro tembiricha vari vaviri dzichienderana.

A nyaya apo lichen (Photo kwazvakaita iyi munyaya), vakauya muna imwe Moscow mamiziyamu kunyange Royal Archaeological Society rwendo, chinyararire akatangazve zvokurarama nazvo zvavo kuburikidza akaisa rimwe vashandi vari ruva muhari pamwe zvishoma nyorova pasi. Asi panguva akanga anenge 90 Ndaiva nemakore ari yaoma, akadzivira bhokisi nokuda Exhibits vakawanda nguva yakanga kunyimwa kunyange nyika!

Hazvishamisi, zvinenge izvi vanofarira saka muna zvipenyu ano. Lichens zvechokwadi vachiri zvakavanzika zvizhinji, Kuziviswa izvo kuti yekudyidzana atevere kukura zvokurapa.

Masayendisiti dzakaratidza kuti mirayiridzo inokosha kufema lichens inozviisa mitemo zvakafanana kuna autotrophic yepamusoro zvinomera. Asi pane misiyano, chikuru munhu ari siyanei pokutanga pakati okisijeni uptake uye kusunungurwa carbon dioxide. Uyezve, havana husingakwanisi phenomenally nokuomesa, pasi uye yakakwirira tembiricha. Ndosaka mosses uye lichens vanogona kukura kunyange kweArctic.

tembiricha mamiriro

Chinonyanya akanakira photosynthesis mu lichens tembiricha siyana kubva +10 kusvika +25 Celsius. Asi ivo vaponeswe kwaniso yekubata carbon dioxide inobvisa kusvika -25 inegumi. Iyi inoshamisa chaizvo kuchiitwa lichens, izvo chinosiyanisa kubva dzakakwirira zvinomera uye kunyange algae. Kana tembiricha iri -5 kusvika -10 madhigirii kusimba kuitwa kuti carbon dioxide inobvisa anenge kupfuura ari nyore ezvinhu. In miti yakawanda, kana ichi muna intercellular nzvimbo vakaumba chando kuti kunongoreva rinovhuna masero.

Kusiyana neizvi, lichens pamusoro muti hunde dzacho kuti chaizvoizvo rinovhuna utsinye kuchamhembe okunze (zvakaoma chando), kubudirira pamusoro panowanikwa inodziya mwaka.

Features mvura Exchange

Vaongorori vakagumisa kuti lichens vane zvikuru, kwazvo dzakananga mhando mvura muviri. Chokwadi chokuti mvura mumuviri wavo huri magwanza pakati simba hyphae. Kana yaita chando, chero kukuvadza asingashandi, uye chirongwa photosynthesis uye zvokudya kuramba kuitika. Zvisinei, apo tembiricha vanomutsirwa madhigirii 35 chilis uye zvakawanda photosynthesis muitiro kushanda rinomira, kuti Evhangeri yemvura noMweya ndiyo lichens zvinomera.

Huwandu mvura iyo yaizova kwakakwanira dzose kushanda, zvinoenderana mhuri. Saka, rakapetana lichens vanokwanisa photosynthesis uye zvibereko makemikari nyaya zvokudya nemvura kutopedza. The mukobvu muviri, ndipo rinogona kuunganidza unyoro, kashoma nayo runopwa.

Izvi zvinokosha kunyanya chaiyo nokuda lichens, sezvo kazhinji kacho vanokura vari ezvinhu akaoma zvikuru, kana zvakawanda kana zvishoma dzose aibuda mvura unovimbisa zvachose. chero chirimwa angadai vakafa ezvinhu akadaro. Lichen akanaka anonzwa kunyange mukutarisana mumarenje izvi uye kweArctic.

Regulation nemvura Exchange

Mumwe anogona kunzwisisa kuti pamutemo basa mvura muviri mune zvinenge izvi hwakarongwa zvakasiyana kupfuura dzakakwirira zvinomera. Sezvo ivo vane zvishoma kana pasina kushandiswa enyika kuti chinangwa ichi. Somuenzaniso, mashoko Absorção de Água mvura kwavari zvikuru kutsanya, asi chete tichiregeredza zvazvo izvozvo woga pepasi muviri. Unogona kuitisa nyore kuedza: ndidire pamusoro petafura shoma mvura uye nzvimbo pamusoro chimedu jira kana gandwa kuti tishu.

Sezvaunogona kuona, mvura panguva kunyura, nokuti bepa mamiriro ane absorbency akanaka. Ndizvowo zvinoitika munyaya lichens. Saka, isu akatarisa chiitiko kubvira kare kare wakapwisa kopi yaiva kamwe akauya rwendo. Kana mushandi akaisa lichen iri ruva muhari, iye chete pakarepo kunyura ari vhoriyamu emura, waiva zvakakwana kuti adzorere upenyu.

Vamwe rakapetana lichens vanokwanisa kupinza guru mari emura, iyo inorema kusvika 300% yavo. Vamwe howa (collema, leptogiumy) kuwedzera kukura saka kuti 400-3900%! Kana isu kutaura pamusoro shoma mvura zvirimo, zviri anenge 2% of chakaoma nyaya kurema lichen. lichen ichi (Photo anogona kuwanikwa ichi zvinhu) chitarisiko chaizvo yakafanana mupenyu muviri.

Mwero mvura hazviiti

Sezvakaita pamwe tishu, rinopa mvura muviri mumwe symbiotic muviri asi nokukurumidza. Just awa mumwe lichen kuti achangobva kunyura kusvika ity kuti mvura inogona uchawomesa kuti pfava ezvinhu. Nokudaro, "negoho" rezvinhu zvipenyu izvi zvikuru cyclical: Kugadzirwa trophic zvinhu zvinogona vangasimudzira handishanduki chete panguva mwaka, asi kwemaawa imwe kana maviri!

Mumakore achangopfuura, masayendisiti akadzidza kuti vamwe lichen marudzi kuti vararame vari achinaya mvura (Evernia prunastri), anogona kushandisa chete "mafufu" chezuva, neapo anoputsa zvakaturikidzaniswa kwechando. Zvichitaurwa zviri nyore, vane photosynthesis haagumiri kunyange munguva yechando.

kubereka vana lichens

Uyezve, zvinoitwa lichens anowanikwa kubereka zvitatu nzira:

• Vegetative.
• Sexual.
• Sexless.

Mushroom, kureva mikobiont anogona kuwanda munzira dzose, apo matope anokwanisa chete vegetative kupesana. The spores inoiswa chaiyo muhomwe. Askomitsetnye lichens nokuti kubereka kwacho anoshandisa mapoka maviri chikuru fruiting miviri: apothecia uye perithecia. unhu hwavo ndeinotevera:

• Apothecia ari kwakajairika mubhedha vakagumisa. Pairi muri zvikwama izvo yakarongwa nemaburi kwakajairika, asiri harinzwi hyphae. rukoko urwu inonzi akazaruka-akaiswa gimeniumom.
• Perithecia akafanana anenge Akanyatsovharwa maumbirwo idenderedzwa chimiro. The spores vanosunungurwa kuburikidza mumakomba, izvo riri pamusoro pemvura muchero zvekutepfenyura.

Dzimwe dzinogona kuumba asexual spores piknospory (piknokonidii). Nzvimbo dzidzo yavo pycnidia. Izvi idenderedzwa SACS kana kupfuura pyriform, izvo chaizvo unyanzvi hyphae. Pycnidia nyore kuona sezvo vanotarisika akafanana Dots matema akaronga pamubhedha.

Kana kusawirirana ukamuka, vari yakakodzera ezvinhu, Kurumidzai kukonzera gifam itsva dzichiumbwa muviri lichen itsva. Ivo (hyphae) uye autotrophic zvinopfuura algal masero uye wezvamatongerwe muviri mutsva chaizvoizvo rinoguma.

ukoshi

Kazhinji, mosses uye lichens vari rinokosha. Munguva achinaya mvura uye renje arctic navo - kazhinji chete autotrophic zvinenge anogona kuunganidza zvinovaka muviri Organic zvinhu mu zvikuru nematambudziko ezvinhu. Zvichitaurwa zviri nyore, zvinenge ava zvokudya kwaibva herbivores mashoma kuti anogona kurarama munzvimbo yakadaro nehasha. Uyezve, chete lichens pamiti kunyange okunze yedu kazhinji kubvumira kuti vapone chando, somuenzaniso, Elk nemhara nondo.