Vanyori Silver Age. The mabhuku Silver Age kuRussia

The mabhuku Silver Age kuRussia, akasika pakutanga kwezana rechi19 uye rechi20 emakore, chinhu chinokosha mifananidzo nhaka nyika yedu. Nokuti iyi yakanga dzinoratidzwa pamberi dzakawanda dzinoitwa siyana uye pfungwa, pfungwa kusawirirana kuri mumashoko kwete chete yakasiyana-siyana vanyori, asi anewo nzvimbo kunyange mabasa munhu vanyori, vanyori uye vaimbi. Panguva iyi, kuvandudzwa, rethinking mhando dzakawanda uye Genres ounyanzvi. Sezvataona ne M. Nesterov, paiva "munhu mukuru kuongororazve tsika."

Kunyange pakati mberi nevafungi uye tsika dzemitambo vakachengeta zviviri hukama rokusika nhaka kusiiwa echimurenga democrats.

decadence

Art tsika vakawanda uye mabhuku Silver Age kuRussia, kunyanya panguva kwezana 19-20 emakore akanga aionekwa kwakapararira decadence ( "decadence"), kuti ndiparidzire kutenda muna chikonzero, kurasikirwa ehurumende neururami, pachake hanya, munhu zvakaitika. Saka, vamwe vakadzidza vakatsvaka "kutiza" kubvira matambudziko upenyu munyika maturo, zviroto, uye dzimwe nguva zvituri. Izvi kwakaitika kuti, nekuti panguva iyoyo kwakava dambudziko mumagakava upenyu uye unyanzvi okugadzira zvinhu chete kuratidza izvozvo.

Decadence rinoburitsa kunyange vamiririri sezvazviri mirayiridzo iri mifananidzo. Zvisinei, vakawanda pfungwa idzi dzichiri yo vamiririri modernist kuitika.

Modernism uye realism mune

Shoko rokuti "modernism" rinoshanda mhando rechi20 uri remakore zhinji. Akazviratidza pakutanga remakore, uye nowakautangira waiva realism. Zvisinei, yokupedzisira panguva iyoyo asati yaserera kupinda kare, nemhaka simba modernism ikoko itsva chero zvinhu: vakaparadzana "kuumbwa" chiratidzo choupenyu, pakatanga kutsvakwa munhu achishandisa mashoko ari art.

The kupfuura chinokosha nounyanzvi pakutanga kwezana remakore rechi20 rava kwetunhu, tichibatanidza zvakasiyana siyana.

References kutendeukira remakore

Kare 90s yeRussian mabhuku remakore rechi19 yakabuda mirayiridzo, uchirwisana mutongo apo realism. Chief pakati pavo kwakanga modernism. Vanyori vakawanda Silver Age (ndandanda nhungamiro uye vamiririri vavo chikuru ichakurukurwa pazasi) sezvineiwo akabuda realism. Vakaramba kusika, kusika dzinokura itsva uye mirayiridzo.

modernism

The mabhuku Silver Age yokuRussia anovhura modernism. Paiva akabatanidza vadetembi siyana uye nevanyori, dzimwe nguva chaizvo yakasiyana kwavo pfungwa uye unyanzvi chitarisiko. Panguva iyoyo, kutanga basa modernist tsvakurudzo, raiva kufemera seri zvakawanda Friedrich Nietzsche, uyewo vamwe vanyori Russian, akadai AA Kamensky, MP Artsybashev uye nevamwe. Vakaparidza rusununguko mabhuku zvisikwa, akataura pachavo sevapristi ayo, akaparidza kunamatwa "akakwana", vachiramba kubva mumagariro uye tsika zvinangwa.

Chirevo

Sezvo kutungamirirwa Chirevo kuRussia akatora chimiro pakupera kwezana 19-20 emakore. Govera "Vakuru" pakati Symbolists, izvo zvinosanganisira Brusov, F. Sologub, Konstantin Balmont, Z. Gippius, uye vamwe vaiva vokutanga kuita mirayiridzo iyi. Kuti uwane mudiki nhengo dzinosanganisira Vanyori Silver Chizvarwa Andrei Bely, V. Ivanov, S. Soloviev, Blok, uye vamwe. The yokungotaura, aesthetic nouzivi nheyo rwokufamba ichi vaiva dzakasiyana chaizvo. Somuenzaniso, maererano V.Bryusov Chirevo zviri pachokwadi zvinoyevedza, uye Merezhkovsky akatora sehwaro chiKristu; Vyacheslav Ivanov kwaibva aesthetics uye muuzivi kare kuti pakumedura Nietzsche, uye A. White Aifarira mabasa Schopenhauer, Nietzsche, Kant, Solovyov. At chinoumba ari dzematongerwe enyika symbolists "muduku" ari muuzivi Vladimir Soloviev nepfungwa pakuuya Wokusingaperi rechikadzi uye Testamende Third.

Symbolists akasiya nhaka zvose nhetembo uye prose, uye mutambo. Asi pakanga zvakawanda runozivisa nhetembo zvakasiyana-siyana Genres kuti basa nevanyori vazhinji Silver Age, basa mirayiridzo iri.

VY Bruce

okugadzira zvinhu VY Bryusov (1873-1924 gg.) Yakati zvakasiyana-siyana Pfungwa quests. The echimurenga zvakaitika 1905 akamutsa kuyemurwa kwake uye kwakaratidza kutanga kubva Chirevo Nyanduri. Zvisinei, idzva kutungamirirwa Bruce akasarudza pakarepo, uyewo shaped nemafungiro kuti chimurenga, yakanga dzinopesana chaizvo. Nyanduri nomufaro mauto ayo, zvaanofunga, vaifanira kuchenesa Russia yekare dzemitemo uye zvitendero uye hwogumisa nyika yekare. Zvisinei, basa rake, uye akaona kuti ichi zvokuvamba simba zvinounza kuparadzwa. "Kurega - Ndichange newe kuvaka -! Kwete" - VJ akanyora Bruce.

Nokuti basa rake kunoratidzwa nokutsvaka kunzwisisa kwesayenzi upenyu, kumutsidzira kufarira nhoroondo, izvo vaiita nemamwe vakanyora Silver Age (pamazita vamiririri okufananidzira kwave kutaurwa pamusoro).

realism

Pfungwa kuzvipokanidza manyorerwo paraiitwa rose, dzakachinja uye mune dzimwe vanyori muiti wechokwadi. Somuenzaniso, basa L. Andreev akaratidza kutsauka chaizvoizvo dzemitemo.

Asi kunopindirana realism harisati rapera. Mabhuku ose Silver Age vadetembi vakanga vabuda realism, akachengeta mirayiridzo iyi. Njodzi nevakariri murume, akasiyana nezvinetso zvamagariro, upenyu hwayo siyana ichiri mumatauriro mutsika. Mumwe mukuru vamiririri realism panguva yaiva munyori Bunin (1870-1953 gg.). Mune yakaoma rwakavapo echimurenga nguva iye akasika nyaya "The Village" (1910) uye "Dry Valley" (1911).

Acmeism

Muna 1910, kwaiva gakava wakakomberedza kwokufananidzira, uye zvave dambudziko. In nzvimbo nzvimbo iyi zvishoma nezvishoma kuuya Acmeism ( "Acme" muchiGiriki - chepamusoro sandara, inguva anotumbuka). The havaoni itsva muitiro anoonekwa kuti NS Gumilev uye SM Gorodetsky. boka iri raisanganisira vakanyora Silver Age OE Mandelstam, MA Kuzmin, V. Khodasevich, AA Akhmatova, MA Zenkevich nevamwe.

Kusiyana nevamwe unoreva zvakawanda, Chirevo nebula, acmeists akataura ake rutsigiro yepasi kuvapo, "mafungiro pachena pamusoro upenyu." Uyezve, Acmeist mabhuku Silver Age (vadetembi nevanyori kuti achangobva dzakanyorwa) akauya kuna unyanzvi aesthetic uye hedonistic basa, kuedza kutiza zvinetso munhetembo. In Acmeism akanzwa zvakajeka vavariro dzakaora uye nokutsigira yokungotaura ino muitiro aiva idealism kwouzivi. Vamwe vanyori Russian of Silver Age akapfuurira mubasa rake, razova itsva pfungwa uye unyanzvi nounhu (semuenzaniso, AA Akhmatova, MA Zenkevich SM Gorodetsky).

Muna 1912 iye akaberekwa ari kuunganidzwa "Hyperborean", umo mabhuku matsva kokutanga akataura pacharo. Acmeists vaiona pachavo vatsivi kwokufananidzira iyo Gumilev akati "apedza denderedzwa ake okukura", uye vakazivisa Kurambwa kwokumukira, kutamburira shanduko magariro, izvo anowanzoratidzwa mabhuku Silver Age.

Writers - Vamiririri acmeism akaedza zvokusimbisa specificity, zvinhu sezvazviri, kuchenesa paro zvitendwa. Asi zvifananidzo zvavo zvakasiyana chaizvo kubva sezvazviri, mumashoko S. Gorodetsky, vakafanana "... dangwe" uye kuoneka sechinhu ndamboona.

AA Akhmatova

Pabasa iri mirayiridzo iri hune chaiyo nzvimbo AA Akhmatova. The muunganidzwa wake nhetembo rokutanga, "Evening" akazviratidza muna 1912. It kunoratidzwa kwakasara matauriro, zvepfungwa, nemimba uye akaramba akazvivanza dingindira, manzwiro uye rakadzika lyricism. AA Akhmatova zvakajeka kutyiswa pfungwa "primordial Adam," vakazivisa acmeists. Nokuti basa rake kunoratidzwa rudo womunhu, kutenda kugona kwake, uye simba romudzimu. Vazhinji basa nyanduri weveta makore Soviet.

Two muunganidzwa rokutanga Akhmatova, yambotaurwa "Evening" uye "Ruzariro" (1914), vakauya mukurumbira wake mukuru. Vanoratidza rakapfava, yakamanikana nyika umo akafukidzwa manotsi nokusuruvara uye kusuruvara. Musoro rudo pano, rinokosha uye akasiyana, zvakabatana pamwechete kutambura kunokonzerwa oupenyu chokwadi kubva upenyu nyanduri.

NS Gumilyov

Large uye chinokosha zvinoyevedza nhaka, NS Gumilyov. Mubasa nyanduri uyu chikuru misoro vaiva nhoroondo cup, uye akaimba "unhu simba". Gumilev vakatanga muchimiro ndima uye kuti kunyatsoenderana uye vakadzingirira.

Acmeists okugadzira zvinhu zvagara anodzivisa Symbolists, nokuti mabasa avo anogona kuwanikwa "mamwe nyika", chido naye. Gumilyov kutanga vaenzi chimurenga gore akazonyora detembo pamusoro rufu kwenyika, kuguma yebudiriro. Anoziva unokuvadza migumisiro hondo kuti aigona kuva nengozi vanhu. In detembo rake "Basa," aiita kufanoona kuguma kwake akapfura proletarian bara "kuti wakapatsanura ini kubva panyika." Nikolai Stepanovich akaurayiwa yekuita mubasa pakaunda-echimurenga kumukira.

Vamwe vanyanduri uye vakanyora Silver Age - vamiririri acmeism vakazochinja vakatama. Vamwe havana kuita saizvozvo. Somuenzaniso, Anna Andreevna Ahmatova, mudzimai wake, NS Zvisinei, Gumilyov, akanga asina kutora Great October Revolution, akaramba kusiya nyika yake yaakaberekerwa. Zviitiko izvi wakasara mweya wake ane tsoka guru, uye nyanduri hachisi pakarepo kukwanisa kudzokera kubasa. Zvisinei, the Great Patriotic War zvakare vanopeputswa mariri ari Patriot, nyanduri, chivimbo mukukunda nyika yavo (chigadzirwa "Ushingi," "The Oath" uye vamwe).

futurism

Panguva iyoyo sezvo Acmeism (kureva, 1910-1912.), Pane Futurism. Iye, kufanana nedzimwe nzvimbo haana homogeneous, vydelyalyaya akawanda kuitika. Remasangano kwavari, Cubo, vakabatana vadetembi V. Mayakovsky, VV Klebnikov, dd Burliuk, VV Kamensky, Kruchenykh nevamwe. Rumwe rudzi futurism rakanga egofuturizm akapa basa I. wokuchamhembe. Boka "Centrifuge" vaiva beginners apo vadetembi NN Aseev uye Pasternak Pasternak, uyewo vamwe vanyori uye Vanyori Silver Age.

Futurism anenge revolutionized chimiro kuti ava yakazvimirira zvirimo, akazivisa rusununguko rwokutaura, kusiya zvachose mabhuku chamazuva uye tsika. Futurist Manifesto "nembama kumeso yavose kuravidza", rakabudiswa muna 1912, akakurudzira sapakuparadzwa yacho pakagadzirwa nematanda nesimba guru kudaro, sezvo NdiTolstoy, Pushkin uye Dostoevsky.

Vanyori Silver Age mabhuku Russian VV Kamensky uye Velimir Khlebnikov akakwanisa kuitisa vakabudirira kuedza neshoko uchiumba pakuzadzisa Russian nhetembo.

VV Mayakovsky

Pakati Futurists akatanga kusika munhu nyanduri huru VV Mayakovsky (1893-1930 gg.). Muna 1912 rakasvika Bhuku nhetembo yake yokutanga. Mayakovsky aisangova pamusoro "mhando dzose zvisingavaki muviri," asi akazivisawo kudiwa upenyu paruzhinji hutsva. Vladimir Vladimirovich akafanoona October Revolution, iye akashora umambo "mafuta", iro zvinoratidzwa nhetembo dzake "Hondo uye Rugare", "A Cloud mu Trousers", "Munhu", "nomuzongoza nenyere" umo akaramba yose capitalist maitiro uye akadanidzira kutenda munhu.

Mamwe vadetembi nevanyori Silver Age

Mumakore pamberi chimurenga, paiva nevamwe inopenya vadetembi uye Vanyori Silver Age wokuRussia mabhuku, izvo zvakaoma anotaurwa imwe nhungamiro Somuenzaniso MA Voloshin, MI Tsvetaeva. Creative okupedzisira mamirire zvomuenzaniso rusununguko uye kuramba kwakajairika dzemunharaunda mufambiro uye mafungiro.

Russian tsika nguva iyi kwaiva mugumisiro hombe uye kunzwisisa nzira. Its yokusafa Maitiro nguva akaramba mukuru Humanism, rudzi uye kusununguka, pasinei mukuru aomerwa Hurumende wacho. More mashoko anogona kuwanikwa chero bhuku ( "Literature", Grade 11), Silver Age hazvo zvaisanganisira kuchikoro hweutungamiri.