William Shakespeare: Makore eupenyu, A Short Biography

Shakespeare ... William Shakespeare! Ndiani asingazivi zita iri? Muchengeti mukuru uye munyori wenhetembo, kuzvikudza kweChirungu cheChirungu, nzvimbo yepasi rese. Ndizvo zvaari. Basa rake rakanaka rakashandurirwa mumitauro yakawanda yenyika, inowanikwa mune chirongwa chemabhuku chinomanikidzirwa munyika dzakawanda. Izvi hazvibvumirwi here?

Childhood.

Inowanzotenda kuti Shakespeare, ane makore ehupenyu akasiyana mune dzimwe nzvimbo, akaberekwa munaEpril 1564. Zuva chaiyo harisati razivikanwa kune ani zvake, sezvo pasina uchapupu hwemagwaro hwakawanikwa. Asi mubhuku rechechi ndiro zuva raakabhabhatidzwa - April 26.

Akazvarwa pakati peEngland, muguta reStratford-upon-Avon. Zvinonyatsozivikanwa kuti baba vake vaiva John Shakespeare, uyo aimbova mhizha (akabatanidzwa mukugadzirwa kwemagetsi). Kwapera nguva yakati akazotora nzvimbo ya alderman, ndiko kuti, chaizvoizvo, mutungamiri wegungano remaguta, ndokubva ava mukuru wevakuru veguta.

John akanga ari murume akapfuma kwazvo, sezvinopupurirwa nekuti aigara achibhadhara zvikwereti zvikuru zvekusaenda kuchechi. Paiva nenhema yokuti Shakespeare mukuru uyu aive akaKaturike akavanzika.

Amai venguva yemunguva yemberi vaiva Mary Arden wekare uye akaremekedzwa mhuri yeSaxon.

William Shakespeare (makore ehupenyu - 1564-1616) aiva nehanzvadzi nehanzvadzi nomwe. Iye pachake aiva mwana wechitatu mumhuri.

Vechidiki

Sezvo pasina zvinyorwa zvechikoro Shakespeare asina kupona, vatsvakurudzi vehupenyu hwake vakatungamirirwa nedzimwe zvidimbu zvemashoko kubva kune zvakasiyana-siyana. Maererano nemashoko avo, Shakespeare akadzidza kuStratford Grammar School, uye gare gare pachikoro chaMambo Edward Six, uko akadzidza basa rekunyora vanyori vekare.

Shakespeare (makore ehupenyu anoona pamusoro) pazera remakore gumi nemasere vakaroorana. Musanangurwa wake akanga ari mwanasikana wemuridzi weimba ainzi Anne, uye, zvakare, ane pamuviri. Mwedzi mishomanana mushure mekuroorana, avo vachangobva kuroorwa vaine musikana anonzi Susan. Makore maviri gare gare, mapatya akaonekwa-mwanakomana waHemnet nemwanasikana waJudith.

Theatrical career. Upenyu muLondon

Kubva muna 1585 (mushure mokuberekwa kwevana), hapana ruzivo pamusoro peShakespeare. Muna 1592 chete nzira yake yakawanikwa muLondon, kwaaive achiita basa remitambo. Nokudaro, nguva yegore rechinomwe yakanyangarika zvachose kubva kuhupenyu hwemutambo mukuru. Hapana wevatsvakurudzi vanogona kunyatsoreva izvo Shakespeare aive achiita mumakore iwayo.

Sezvo munhu wose achiziva muzana remakore repi Shakespeare akararama, mumwe haafaniri kushamisika nemapapu akadaro.

Kubva pamagwaro akasiyana-siyana yakava kuzivikanwa kuti William Shakespeare ari kutamba akabudirira muLondon. Asi zvakare, hazvisi pachena zvachose kubva panguva ipi yaakatanga kuvanyora, kuti akazviwana sei mumuguta uye nei ari pedyo nechitambo.

Ishe Chamberlain Servant aiva nekodzero dzepamusoro dzekugadzirisa mabasa aShakespeare, sezvo iye pachake akanga aripo semutevedzeri, uye akazova muvakidzani wake. Nenguva isipi sangano iri rakasvibiswa rikava rimwe revakakurumbira muLondon.

Makore ehupenyu hwaShakespeare akaenderera mberi sezvaaigara achiita. Muna 1603, kambani yake yakatanga kunzi "Vashumiri veMambo", izvo zvinoreva kuremekedzwa kwekufanirwa nekugadzirwa kwevanhu vose.

Zvinyorwa zvakabuda zvakabudirira zvikuru, izvo zvakaita kuti kambani iwane chivakwa chayo. Iyi itsva yemitambo yakanzi "Globe". Makore mashomanana gare gare, vakatenga mifananidzo yeBlackfreyer. Shakespeare akakurumidza kuva mupfumi uye haana kuvanza kugona kwake. Saka, akawana imba yechipiri-huru kuStratford.

Literary Activity

Shakespeare, ane makore ehupenyu husina kutsauka, akatanga kufunga pamusoro pekunyora mabhuku ake. Yokutanga yakabudiswa muna 1594. Asi kunyange mushure mokunge ave akakurumbira mumitambo yezvinyorwa, mutambi wemutambo haana kurega kutamba munhandare. Uyu aive mbeu yake, yaaisagona kusiya.

Nguva yose yebasa raShakespeare yakakamurwa kuva zvikamu zvina:

1. Ikutanga inotanga. Yaiva yakanyorwa maRitendese, mazvinyorwa, nhetembo mbiri, "dambudziko rekutyisa."
2. Yechipiri. Paiva nemutambo wakakura, mutambo wekare, mannets, zvinyorwa nezvinyorwa zvinoshamisa.
3. Wechitatu. Akanyorwa matambudziko akare, matambudziko makuru, njodzi dzinosuruvarisa.
4. Fourth. Shakespeare akasika drama nhau.

Dramaturgy

Shakespeare (makore ehupenyu: 1564-1616) hapana mubvunzo kuti anofungidzirwa kuti ndiye mutongi mukuru wezvese nguva. Uye hakuna zita rakadaro munyika iyo inogona kumira pane imwecheteyo inofamba nezita rake.

Pakutanga kwema1590, pakanga paine nhoroondo yezvakaitika mumitambo yekunyora. Ndiyo panguva ino iyo inotamba "Richard the Third" uye "Henry Six" inosanganiswa.

Izvo zvakaoma kuziva kuti nguva yakasikwa yezvisikwa zvemabasa chaiwo, sezvo zvisingatauri nemunyori pachake. Asi vatsvakurudzi vanodavira kuti nguva yekutanga yekugadzira inosanganisira:

• "Veronets maviri."
• "Kudzora kweShanga".
• "Tito Andronicus."
• "Kuenzanisa nezvikanganiso."

Uyewo, nguva yekutanga inonyanya kutaurwa ne farcical uye zvinoshamisa mabasa. Kusiyana nechikamu chechipiri, uko mberi kwekuita rudo. Somuenzaniso, "A Dream Night Midsummer," "Mutengesi weVenetian."

Nebasa roga roga, vashandi veShakespeare vanowedzera kuoma uye vanofadza.

Pamusoro pebasa rekunyora, matambudziko akanyorwa. Pakati pavo pane "Hamlet", "Othello", "King Lear".

Shakespeare akararama muzana remakore akazara nemikana yezvisikwa, kuenzanisa kwemazano ake, kunyora chimwe chinhu chitsva, ruzivo. Mumitambo yekupedzisira nguva nhaurirano yekunyora yechirangaridzo yemunyori yakasvika apogee yayo. Ndiko kusaka sarabhadhi yemitambo yakadai se "Anthony naCleopatra", "Coriolanus" inonzi inofanirwa.

Vamwe vatsvakurudzi vanodavira kuti mitambo yakawanda yakanyorwa naShakespeare mukubatana pamwe nemumwe munyori. Penguva iyo yaive tsika yakakurumbira uye yenguva dzose.

"Romeo naJuliet"

Zvichida iyi ndiyo inonyanya kuratidzwa rudo munyika yose. Ndezvipi zvinyorwa zvemitambo - kwete kuverenga, uye nhamba yezvigadziriswa zvinowedzerawo (zvinopfuura makumi mashanu). Asi zvinoshamisa zvakare kuti, pasinei nemazana emakore akapfuura, nhau iyi ichiri kugunzva mweya uye inoita kuti iwe ufunge pamusoro penzira yekuve.

Nzira yemutambo iyi inogona kuzivikanwa nevanhu vose vanoverenga. Chiito chinotanga muguta reItaly reVerona. Muzana remakore repi Shakespeare akararama, izvi ndizvo zvakaitika zviitiko zvinotsanangurwa.

Makomo uye Capulet mhuri mbiri dzave dzichirwisana kwemakore akawanda uye zvichida dzakatokanganwa chikonzero chekuvenga kwavo. Rufu runotarisira kuitira kuti vana vevatungamiri vatange kudanana. Romeo naJuliet vanosarudza kuroora muchivande. Asi jaya iri mukupisa kwehondo iyi inouraya munun'una wake uye inodzingwa kubva muguta.

Kushushikana, musikana ari kunwa chepfu, asi monki anomupa mushonga unongomuisa kuti arara. Mhuri inosarudza kuti Juliet akabva munyika ino ndokumuisa muguva.

Romeo, asingakwanisi kupona kurasikirwa kweaanoda, kunwa chepfu, kumuka, musikana anoona muviri usina upenyu patsoka dzake. Anosarudza kutevera mudikanwi wake uye kuzviputira.

Rufu rwevana rwakatungamirira kumugumo wekupesana kusinganzwisisiki kwemhuri mbiri.

"Hamlet"

William Shakespeare akawana muupenyu hwake dambudziko guru - rufu rwemwanakomana wake. Hemnette akafa pazera remakore gumi nemasere, zvichida kubva padenda re bubonic.

Sezvo mutambi wechechi aishanda muLondon, aisawanzoenda kuguta rake rekuzvarwa uye panguva yekufa kwemwanakomana wake kwakanga kusina munhu ari pedyo naye. Shakespeare akatambudzwa zvikuru nemamiriro ezvinhu aya.

Ndicho chiitiko icho vatsvakurudzi vekugadzira vanobatana nekusika kwedambudziko pamusoro peHamlet, vachivabatanidza nemamwe mazita.

Muchidimbu, chokwadi, hapana kuwirirana kunogona kuteverwa. Chiito chinoitika mumambo weDanish. Muchinda anonzi Hamiti anosangana nemweya kuna baba vake-mambo wavo. Anoudza jaya racho kuti mambo iye zvino, babamunini vaHamlet, Claudius, vakamuuraya. Mweya unobvunza kutsiva pane zvaakaita naye.

Hamlet yakavhiringidzwa, haagoni kuita chisarudzo. Kuti azvidzivirire iye pachake, ari kuiswa mukunyengera. Asi babamunini vake havasi nyore, haatendi munharaunda yomukoma wake. Mumusoro waClaudhiyo, urongwa hwekuponda Hamlet hunoberekwa.

Somugumisiro, Hamlet anonwa tsvina, asingazvizivi. Asi asati afa, ane nguva yekutsiva baba vake.

Pachigaro choumambo chinopinda Frontinbras, mutongi weNorway.

Nhetembo nemanoni

Muzana remakore zvakadini Shakespeare aigara? Muzana remakore rekuvandudzwa kwehukama hwehupfumi uye kukurumidza kufambisa kwenyika. Zvakaitika kuti magwagwa makuru ekugadzirwa kwegungwa akapfuura neEngland. Somugumisiro, muna 1593 nyika yakatorwa nehosha yehosha yakagara makore anenge maviri.

Zvechokwadi, mumamiriro ezvinhu akadaro, hapana masangano evanhu, kusanganisira shakespeare yemitambo, yakashanda. Mutambi wechirwere akamanikidzwa kugara kunze kwebasa. Akaverenga zvakawanda, uye akafuridzirwa ne "Metamorphoses," Ovid akanyora nhetembo mbiri dzakashata.

Chechitatu yaiva "Munyori Wechikumbiro," iyo yakanyorwa zvakare kakawanda munguva yeupenyu hwomunyori.

Asi kupfuura zvose, William Shakespeare anozivikanwa nekuda kweanoni. Ivo vari mubasa romunyori wenhema - 154. Sonnet ndeyendima kubva mumiganhu ine gumi nemana, iyo mvumo yakadaro inogamuchirwa: ab cdcd efef gg.

Iyo sonnet cycle inoparadzaniswa zvakananga kuva mapoka gumi nemaviri akafanana, pakati payo:

• Chanting a friend;
• Kushuva uye kutya;
• Mufaro nerunako rwe rudo.

Shakespeare's style

William Shakespeare, ane makore ehupenyu hunoratidzwa mukudzokorora, akashandurwa zvakasimba mumashoko ezvinyorwa. Mabasa ake okutanga akanyorwa mumutauro unowanzogara, asingatauri mutambi wechechi kubva kune boka revanhu vakanyora scribblers. Kuti arege kuwanzana mumabasa ake Shakespeare akavatakura nemifananidzo, achizvinyima ivo pachavo. Izvi zvakamuita kuti azarure vanhu.

Zvisinei, nokukurumidza mudetembi anouya kumutauro wake wekare, unofananidzwa nawo. Muenzaniso ndiwo kushandiswa kwevhesi yendima (yakanyorwa neIambic ine mavara mashanu). Asi zvinopesana nehutano hwahwo, kana tichienzanisa basa rekutanga uye rinotevera.

Chinhu chakanaka cheShakespeare chimiro ndechekuti akanyora nechinangwa kune zvigadzirwa zvemitambo. Mumabasa ake akaenzana anoshandiswa anjambemany, maitiro asina kujairika uye urefu hwemashoko. Dzimwe nguva mutambi wemutambo anopa muoni kuti afunge kuguma kwemutsara, achiisa ipapo nguva refu.

Kururamisa

Shakespeare, makore ehupenyu hwake, ane biography shomanana inozivikanwa kune vose nyanzvi dzezvinyorwa, ane zvakakosha zvikuru kuvateveri vake mumabhuku ake.

Pasinei neizvi, munguva yehupenyu hwake akanga asingatarisirwi mutambo mukuru wemitambo. Uye pakupera kwezana remakore rechigumi nemanomwe, akatotongerwa nekuda kwekuti akavhenganisa marwadzo uye mavara mumabasa ake.

Zvisinei, ikozvino muzana remakore gumi nemasere, maonero aya akanganwika, vatsoropodzi vezvinyorwa vakatanga kunyatsoongorora basa rake. Uye pasina nguva pakanga pane chokwadi chakanaka chokuti Shakespeare ndiye munyori wenyika weEngland. Mushure meizvozvo, kutarisisa kwakabhadharwa kumakore ehupenyu hwaShakespeare.

Muzana remakore rechigumi nemapfumbamwe rakaratidzwa nekushandura kwakawanda kweShakespeare inotamba mune dzimwe mimwe mitauro. Kunyanya, izvi zvakaitwa naAugust Schlegel.

Zvisinei, vatsoropodzi vakanga vachiripo. Nokudaro, Bernard Shaw akazivisa kuti Shakespeare, mukuenzanisa naIbsen, yakambove isina kushanda, uye haanzwisisi kunamata zvidhori.

Mukuvapo kwehukuru hwaShakespeare, Leo Tolstoy akapokanawo.

Asi kutanga kwezana remakore rechimakumi maviri zvakare kumusimudza kusvika kumusoro kwekubwinya, apo Expressionists ne Futurists vakatanga kutamba mitambo yake, uye munyori wetsamba TS. Eriot akati Shakespeare yemitambo ichagara iri yemazuva ano.

Makore apfuura

Makore ekupedzisira ehupenyu hwaShakespeare aiva muguta rake rekuzvarwa. Kunyange zvazvo aiwanzoenda bhizimisi kuLondon. Kuenda kunzvimbo yemutambo mukuru wemutambo weboka racho rakatsiviwa naJ. J. Fletcher. Maererano nevamwe vanotsvakurudza, akazovawo munyori wekupedzisira wemitambo.

Shakespeare akararama muzana remakore apo hazvibviri kuziva zvakanaka zvaiitika kune munhu. Asi pane zvinyorwa zvakasara zvakanga zvakajeka kuti kunyora kwake kwainge kwachinja, kwakava kusina chokwadi uye kuwedzera. Pachikonzero chevanyori venhau dzakaitika vakagumisa kuti William Shakespeare akanga achirwara zvikuru.

Rufu

Shakespeare akafa musi waApril 23, 1616. Zvinotendwa kuti uyu waiva zuva rake rokuberekwa. Maererano nezvinodiwa, zvose zvivako zvepadhewright zvakapfuura kuvasikana nevana vavo chaivo.

Mucherechedzo wekupedzisira wemurondedzeri uyu aiva muzukuru wake Elizabeth, uyo akafa muna 1670.

Apo Shakespeare akapedza makore ekupedzisira ehupenyu hwake, chibvumirano chedetembi chakaiswa.