Yavaibvisa zvinhu. yavaibvisa Formula

Yavaibvisa - mumwe alkali simbi. Zviri zvine maatomu akafanana anoratidza ive atomu kuva wechitatu nguva uye boka rokutanga.

mumuviri ehupfumi

Muchikamu chino, yavaibvisa tsika tichitarisa wefizikisi ichakurukurwa. Chokutanga, zvayo yakachena chimiro, sirivha hwakasimba ane esimbi kubwinya uye pasi neukukutu. Yavaibvisa ndiko saka nyoro kuti inogona nyore kuchekwa nebanga. Utsotso pfungwa fuma iyi yakaderera zvikuru uye makumi mapfumbamwe Celsius. The mabhomba kurema yavaibvisa, zvishoma izvozvo, tichataura gare gare. The arambe achirema of simbi wakaenzana 0,97 g / masendimita ^3.

Chemical characterization kuti yavaibvisa

chaikosha ichi ane yakakwirira chaizvo basa - nayo anokwanisa nokukurumidza uye sei nechisimba pamwe nezvimwe zvinhu. Uyewo, tafura zvine maatomu akafanana kuona kukosha zvakadai matadza guru - nokuti yavaibvisa zviri makumi maviri navatatu. Mumwe nhuta - ndicho uwandu venhumbi rine 6,02 x 10 23 maatomu dhigirii (samolecular kana kuoma fuma). Kuziva matadza guru pamusoro chinhu, zvinokwanisika kuti uone sei yakawanda inosvika zvakananga nhamba moles veschetsva. Somuenzaniso, moles maviri yavaibvisa anoyera magiramu makumi mana nematanhatu. Sezvambotaurwa pamusoro, zvinoshingaira simbi - chimwe chezvinhu reactive, rinoreva alkali ukuwo, rinogona iumbe alkali oxide (simba chawo).

Sezvo oxides akaumba

All zvinhu zviri boka iri, kusanganisira nyaya yavaibvisa, chingawanikwa combustion pokutangira. Saka, pane zvakaitwa simbi pamwe okisijeni, zvinoita kuti paumbwe oxide. Somuenzaniso, kana kupisa moles mana yavaibvisa chete nhuta reokisijeni vanopedza uye kuwana moles maviri simbi oxide. The yokuita yavaibvisa oxide - Na ₂ O. The mukana wokuti vanhu vanga nemapinduriro riri sezvinotevera: 4Na + Haiwa ₂ = 2Na ₂ O. Kana fuma akawedzera zvichiguma mvura inoumbwa alkali - NaOH.

Kutora imwe nhuta ane oxide uye mvura, tinowana mol maviri nechimwe. Pano zvakaitwa mukana wokuti vanhu vanga: Na ₂ O + H ₂ O = 2NaOH. The zvichiguma zvinhu unonziwo caustic pasoda. Izvi imhaka ayo iziviswe alkaline zvivako uye yakakwirira namakemikari aktivnotyu. Sezvo simba acids, caustic pasoda ikasakendenga nemunhu akaneta simbi munyu, makemikari yeimwe, etc. Munguva kudyidzana pamwe munyu Exchange maitiro kunoitika - .. A munyu itsva aumbwa nechigadziko itsva. yavaibvisa hydroxide mhinduro inogona kuparadza rejira, bepa, ganda, nzara nyore, saka zvinoda kuchengetwa vakachengeteka mitemo ndichishanda naye. Zvinoshanda yavaibvisa hydroxide ari makemikari indasitiri sezvo anowedzera, uyewo muupenyu hwezuva nezuva senzira yokugadzirisa dambudziko tsinga sepombi.

Zvinoitika pamwe halogens

Zviri nyore nyaya, raiumbwa zvine maatomu akafanana zvine chokuita boka periodic hurongwa wechinomwe. Pane zvakarongwa zvinosanganisira fluoro, iodo, chloro, Bromo. Yavaibvisa kukwanisa sei navo vose, zvichiumba yeimwe akadai chloride / bromide / iodide / yavaibvisa fluoride. Nokuti kuita maitiro vanofanira kutora moles maviri simbi, achiwedzera kwachiri imwe norwaivhi pakati fluoride. Zvinoguma yavaibvisa fluoride mune mari moles maviri. Izvi zvinogona kunyorwa sezvo mukana wokuti vanhu vanga: Na + F ₂ = 2NaF. Yavaibvisa fluoride, zvatakakutadzirai kushandiswa pakugadzira mushonga wemazino pamusoro mazino, uyewo detergents zvakasiyana-siyana hukawanika. Saizvozvowo, kana kuwedzera kuiisa chlorine iripo yavaibvisa chloride (kicheni munyu), yavaibvisa iodide, iro rinoshandiswa kugadzirwa nesimbi halide mwenje, yavaibvisa bromide, kushandiswa senzvimbo medicament nokuda netsinga, kushaya hope, chemaneka nezvimwe kusagadzikana tsinga.

Nevamwe nyore zvinhu

Uyewo kuwanikwa muri yavaibvisa maitiro pamwe phosphorus, Sarufa (sarufa), carbon (kabhoni). mhando iyi nemakemikari zvinogona kuitwa chete kune urongwa hunokosha muchimiro kupisa. Saka, pane chiri kuwedzera kuita. Inogona kushandiswa kuwana zvakadai zvinokuvadza sezvo yavaibvisa phosphide, yavaibvisa sulfide, yavaibvisa carbide.

Somuenzaniso, kuda ari simbi maatomu kusvika phosphorus maatomu. Kana tikatora moles vatatu simbi uye mumwe norwaivhi rechipiri zvinoriumba, uye ipapo kudziyisa navo, isu tiwane imwe nhuta pakati yavaibvisa phosphide. Izvi zvinogona kunyorwa seinotevera mukana wokuti vanhu vanga: 3Na + = Na ₃ P P. Uyezve, yavaibvisa anogona sei pamwe senitrogen uye rehydrogen. Muchiitiko chokutanga, munhu nitride nesimbi ichi, rechipiri - hydride. Sezvo mienzaniso nemakemikari mukana wokuti vanhu vanga kwakadaro: 6Na + N2 = 2Na ₃ N; 2Na + H2 = 2NaH. Nokuti kuita kudyidzana wokutanga kunoda magetsi zvinoerera, wechipiri - kumusoro tembiricha.

Zvinoitika pamwe acids

In nyore zvinhu Chemical yavaibvisa noruzhinji miromo. simbi uyu zvaanoita pamwe acids zvose. Somugumisiro kwemakemikari mukukurukurirana dzakadaro kuumbwa yavaibvisa munyu uye rehydrogen. Somuenzaniso, kicheni munyu achiumbwa uye rehydrogen, izvo runopwa ari maitiro simbi pamwe hydrochloric acid. Kuratidza maitiro ichi uchishandisa maitiro mukana wokuti vanhu vanga: Na + HCl = NaCl + H _2. mhando iyi nekuita inonzi makemikari kuzvitsinhanisa maitiro. Rayo kunhaka kunogonawo kuva munyu akadai phosphate, nitrate, nitrite, sulfate, sulfite, yavaibvisa carbonate.

Kudyidzana pamwe munyu

Yavaibvisa ikasakendenga pamwe munyu pamusoro nesimbi kunze potassium uye calcium yakawanda (vane yepamusoro reactivity kupfuura chinhu pasi kukurukurwa). Muchiitiko chino, sezvo ari yapfuura, kuti kuzvitsinhanisa kuita kunoitika. Maatomu ari simbi maatomu vari munzvimbo dzakawanda mishonga simba simbi. Saka nokusanganisa moles maviri yavaibvisa uye mumwe norwaivhi kuti magnesium nitrate kuwana yavaibvisa nitrate mune imwe mari moles maviri, uye magnesium akachena - mumwe mol. Kunyora maitiro mukana wokuti vanhu vanga zvinogona kudaro: 2Na + MG (NO _{3) 2} = 2NaNO ₃ + MG. The ichocho kunogona kuwanikwa uye yavaibvisa nezvimwe munyu. Uyewo nzira iyi kunogona kuwanikwa kubva simbi munyu ayo.

Chii chinoitika kana iwe wedzera mvura yavaibvisa

zvichida iyi ndiyo imwe pfungwa yakajairika zvinhu panyika. Uye vaiona resimbi inokwanisa mishonga sei nayo. Izvi nezvimiro kare kukurukurwa pamusoro caustic pasoda kana yavaibvisa hydroxide.

Kuitisa maitiro akadaro vanofanira kutora moles maviri yavaibvisa, wedzera mvura, zvakare, munguva imwe mari moles maviri, uye somugumisiro tinowana moles maviri hydroxide chete nhuta rehydrogen iyo oga sezvo gasi ane kunzwa zvakanaka.

Yavaibvisa uye rawo Utachiona

Zvatakurukura basa simbi kubva makemikari nemaonero, isu mberi kuti chii yavaibvisa chete utachiona maitiro. Ndiye mumwe anokosha chero zvinhu. Chokutanga, ndiye mumwe zvinoumba nemhuka muchitokisi. Pano, izvozvo anoita zvinokosha mabasa: pamwe potassium anoramba Kamudzira zvakawanda zvinobatanidzwa paumbwe uye kupararira pakati etsinga chido pakati masero ane inodiwa chingaita osmotic namakemikari pezvakaitwa (izvo kuda Somuenzaniso, nhengo itsvo masero). Uyezve, yavaibvisa ndiye anokonzera mvura-munyu pakuenzanisa masero. Uyewo, pasina ichi makemikari chaikosha haagoni kuva chokufambisa ropa shuga, saka zvakakodzera kuti kushanda kwouropi. Asi simbi iyi rinobatanidzwa nedanho marwadzo ose netsandanyama.

Izvi zvisaririra chicherwa chinodiwa kwete chete kune mhuka - yavaibvisa mumuviri chirimwa zvakare anoita zvinokosha mabasa: nayo paChikoro nedanho photosynthesis, kubatsira kutakura makabhohaidhiretsi, uyewo zvakakodzera kwemutemo Organic uye inorganic zvinhu kuburikidza membrane.

Zvakawandisa yavaibvisa uye kushaya

By rakawedzera zviri kupiwa namakemikari chinhu mumuviri zvinogona kukonzera kudyiwa munyu kwenguva yakareba. The zvingaratidza kuva nekumwisa yavaibvisa fivha, kuzvimba, kushatirwa, havachanyatsogoni itsvo chaitika. Mune chiitiko zviratidzo zvakadaro anofanira kubviswa zvokudya patafura munyu uye zvokudya zvakawanda zviri simbi (mazita kucharatidzwa pazasi), motsvaka zvokurapa pakarepo. The akaderedza yavaibvisa tigutsikane mumuviri uyewo kunotungamirira zvisingafadzi zviratidzo uye zvinetso zviri nhengo. Leach rinoita makemikari chaikosha kunogona chisingaperi kwokubatsira diuretics kana apo kushandiswa chimwiwa chete anatswa (kwakadonhera) mvura panguva vangadikitira uye kupera mvura mumuviri. Zviratidzo yokusava yavaibvisa vari nenyota, ganda yakaoma uye mucous membranes, kuda kurutsa uye kurutsa, murombo kudya, havachanyatsogoni kuziva uye lethargy, tachycardia, kwakakwana kumira itsvo chaitika.

Products umo yakawanda yavaibvisa

Kuti tidzivise kukwirira kana akanyanya yakaderera mumuviri vaiona makemikari Kufananidzira, zvinokosha kuziva chii zvokudya nayo zvikuru. Chokutanga, izvi tafura munyu akataura kumusoro. It unotora mana muzana yavaibvisa. Zvingavawo Gungwa roMunyu. Mukuwedzera, simbi iri soyabhinzi uye Sou mumuto. A yakawanda yavaibvisa kuchengetwa zvomugungwa. matope ichi, vakawanda mhando hove, kuti shrimp, octopus, gakanje nyama, mazai, uye dzimwe nekenza. The yavaibvisa tigutsikane mavari nokuti kuti zvinenge izvi zvinowanikwa mune munyu svikiro dzakakwirira Kuwanda munyu chainge chakagadzirwa nesimbi dzakasiyana-siyana zvinokosha kuti chakaipa nokushanda kwenhengo dzomuviri.

Kushandiswa simbi iyi uye vamwe ayo yeimwe

Kushandiswa yavaibvisa ari indasitiri anokwanisa kuita zvinhu zvizhinji kwazvo. Chokutanga, nefuma anoshandiswa makemikari indasitiri. Pano zvakafanira kugadzira zvinhu zvakadai hydroxide ari simbi, ayo fluoride, sulfates uye nitrates. Uyezve, rinoshandiswa sechiratidzo simba kuderedza mumiriri - nokuti voga kuti simbi yakachena kubva munyu zvavo. Pane chaiwo waishandiswa yavaibvisa kushandiswa mafomu dzakadaro. ehupfumi ayo wakaiswa pakati GOST 3273-75. Nezvokumutswa ichangobva kutaurwa simba kwomuviri pamusoro yavaibvisa chichiri kushandiswa simbi.

Uyewo, uyu makemikari maatomu akafanana anowana chikumbiro chacho famatsevticheskoy indasitiri apo zvinokonzerwa zvakakodzera kuwana bromide kwayo, izvo chikuru chezvinonhuwira sedatives zhinji uye antidepressants. Uyezve, yavaibvisa inogona kushandiswa iri zvaAtemisi akavanza marambi - izvi openya tsvuku matsime chiedza. Kwakadaro makemikari remubatanidzwa akadai yavaibvisa chlorate (NaClO _3), zvinoparadza vaduku zvirimwa, saka rinoshandiswa ayo kubviswa kubva njanji makwara kudzivisa zvapedzisira overgrowth. Yavaibvisa cyanide zvinowanzodavirwa kushandiswa bhizimisi kuwana ndarama. With izvozvo, simbi inotengwa kubva pamatombo.

Sezvo akagadzirira yavaibvisa

Nzira Inonyanya ndiwo maitiro simbi carbonate pamwe kabhoni. Nokuti ichi zvakafanira kuti vakuchidzire zvinhu izvi zviviri kuti tembiricha vanenge chiuru Celsius. Somugumisiro, ichi pave mbiri makemikari akadai yavaibvisa uye chadny gasi. In zvingaitwa nomumwe nhuta pakati yavaibvisa carbonate pamwe moles maviri kabhoni kuwana moles vaviri vakada simbi uye zvitatu moles ose carbon monoxide. Zvichitevera zvakaitwa mukana wokuti vanhu vanga anogona kunyorwa seizvi: NaCO ₃ + 2C 3Saka = 2Na +. Saizvozvowo, kushingaira makemikari chinhu inogona kuwanikwa kubva mamwe yeimwe.

Qualitative siyana

Kuvapo yavaibvisa +, uyewo mamwe cations kana anions inogona tsunga pachishandiswa chaiyo namakemikari manipulations. Qualitative pakupindurwa yavaibvisa Ion unopfuta - pakuparwa pamberi ayo murazvo iri chitsvuku mu tsvuku.

Apo unogona kusangana kushuma makemikari chinhu zvakasikwa

Chokutanga, sezvo yave akati, ndiyo imwe zvinoumba zvose mhuka uye chirimwa masero. Uyewo kuwanda kwayo mukuru yomugungwa. Uyezve, yavaibvisa kunobatanidzwa murwiyo vamwe zvicherwa. Izvi Somuenzaniso, sylvinite, payakavakirwa - NaCl • KCl, uyewo carnallite, vane nzira KCl • MgCl ₂ • 6 ₂ O. Chokutanga izvi ane inhomogeneous chivako pamwe rakatumbuka mavara zvikamu, orenji munogona ayo ruvara, pink, zvitema , tsvuku. chicherwa Izvi soluble chose mumvura. Carnallite, zvichienderana nenzvimbo inotungamirwa nouipi uye zvinogona kuva zvakasiyana coloring. Rinogona kuva tsvuku, yero, chena, chiedza zvitema uye yakajeka. Ane kujeka kubwinya, chiedza mwaranzi vari refracted mariri zvakasimba. zvicherwa mbiri idzi dzinoshandiswa sezvo mbishi zvokuvakisa kugadzirwa nesimbi, izvo zvinosanganisirwa sezvamunoita dzavo: yavaibvisa, potassium, magnesium.

Masayendisiti anodavira kuti simbi, izvo takawongorora munyaya ino, ndomumwe yakajairika zvakasikwa sezvo vakawanda chakapatsanurwa panyika nechepasi ndiyo maviri nehafu muzana.