Hebrew uye Yiddish - chii mutsauko? Hebrew uye Yiddish arufabheti

Kuna untrained nzeve Russian dzevanhu echiHebheru Yiddish - kuchinjaniswa, mumwe angati, kunyange anoreva zvakafanana. Asi, uye chii musiyano? Hebrew uye Yiddish - mitauro miviri inotaurwa nevaJudha, asi ivo vakasiyana mumwe uye zera uye mavambo, uye kushandisa mabhora, uye vamwe vakawanda. Nyaya iyi zvinotarisa huru kusiyana maviri kwomutauro hurongwa. Asi kutanga unofanira kupa mukuru rondedzero mitauro.

Hebrew mavambo

Chaizvo mumwe wemitauro ekare vanhu. Ndezvenguva oukuru boka. Panyaya yakatangira hapana nokubvumirana pakati dzakaitika. Vamwe vanoti kuti akanga akaparadzaniswa mutauro kumadokero Sub-bazi oukuru boka, izvo kunyoresa rechiUgarit, vaKenani chiAramaiki, uye vakava yakazvimirira muna XIII remakore BC The zita "oukuru" rinobva zita Shemu - ari wedzinza Noa yekare, uye umo kwave vanhu, kutaura mitauro-dzataurwa pamusoro apa. Asi iyi inongova pfungwa, nokuti pachena hwokuti izvi mitauro vaimbova chete, kwete. Mukupesana, maererano akachengetedzwa kare zvakanyorwa pazvivako, mitauro iyi vanoonekwa se RUBATSIRO RUNOTARISA uye zvakazara kuumbwa, kwete padariro pakukura.

Hebrew - mutauro wevanhu vokutanga?

Kana tikavimba matsvene echiHebheru, chiHebheru chekare pamusoro chimiro uye aifanira kutaura pachake Shemu, Noah uye baba vake, uye kunyange rokutanga munhu panyika - Adam. Sei? Nokuti kuvhiringidzika nendimi kwaiva chirango chokusateerera vagere Bhabhironi rekare, uye sezvo Shemu vana vake vaiva pakati vapanduki, zvinoreva kuti mutauro wavo haana achinja uye kuramba tiripo kusvikira wokutanga muJudha - Abraham.

Yiddish - mutauro asingagoni dundundu pazera kwakadaro, akazviratidza nekaupenyu achangobva.

The tanga akanyorwa zvinyorwa

Chokwadi, chiHebheru nokuti ayo kare, ave kuchinja. Somuenzaniso, chikamu cheBhaibheri, yainzi Testamende yakare, chakanyorwa kunyanya chimiro mutauro wechiHebheru munguva kubva XV kubudikidza V remakore BC Uye ndiwo gwaro mukuru kuti adzidze chepakutanga muchiHebheru. Akawana zviuru manyoro uye zvimedu, kuburikidza paunogona chamber okunatsiridza mukunyora tsamba.

Nemagwaro sezvo zvivako zvakafanana nguva zvishoma zvakanyorwa. Pakati pavo Gezersky karenda mwedzi uye tsananguro okurima basa (X remakore BC), muSamariya Zvaenga VIII remakore BC uye zvakafanana kubva Rakishi maringe VI remakore BC, uyewo reSiroami akanyorwa nguva vaHezekia.

Ungadzidzei magwaro aya dzakaitika pamusoro kupindirana kwemuvanzrira wezvirevo nemabviro maitiro uye zvivakamutauro nemamiriro mutauro nguva, ayo kukura panguva iyoyo. Zvinogonekawo kuti kuronda kuti kwaiva nhamba mashoko akakweretwa kubva weAkkadian, chiAramaiki uye Arabic, zvinosanganisirwawo mumutauro wechiHebheru.

Yiddish haadi kuzvirumbidza magwaro akadai yekare, sapamazuva emakore zvakanga hariko. Akazviratidza zvikuru paya.

Hebrew: asi pakuzadzisa

nguva yose iyi rechiHebheru rakashandiswa mutauro nemumuromo uye zvakanyorwa. Raiva mutauro chete yokukurukurirana nezuva.

Asi mamiriro ezvinhu akatanga kuchinja mune II remakore BC Hebrew akarega kuva ataura mutauro. Zvino rinoshandiswa chete kuti vanamate. Asi, pasinei ichi, akaramba achiri, kunyange zvazvo kwave kuchiita zvimwe zvachinja. Rinokosha ichi airidza vanyori Old Testament chinyorwa rinonzi kuti nokuzvibvunza MaMasorete.

Chokwadi chokuti mutauro wechiHebheru uriko anofadza chinoratidza: zvakanyorwa vechiHebheru mashoko nzvanyira mumwe chete uye mavhawero vari akaiswa kunyange apo chirongwa kuverenga. Asi pakupedzisira, kana Hebrew akava kubva mumhuri, uye, naizvozvovo, matauriro vechiJudha wakaridza zvishoma uye zvishoma, zvizvarwa itsva wakanganwa madudzirwo mamwe mashoko, nekuti ini chokwadi, chii zvakakodzera kuwedzera mavhawero. Uye MaMasorete izvi tega kwegadziriro mavhawero - nzvanyira zviratidzo inzwi ramashoko haana kurasa nokusingaperi. Ndiyo nzira rechiHebheru akakwanisa kurarama kusvikira nguva yedu. Kunyange zvazvo ari ataura anenge harimboshandiswi kusvikira pakutanga XX remakore. Raiva mutauro kunamata, mabhuku, nhau.

Achitarira mberi, tinogona kutaura kuti pakutanga rokupedzisira remakore sechinhu kwezuva nezuva zita rinoshandiswa Yiddish - mutauro European wevaJudha.

Asi kumutsidzirwa yeIsrael muna 1948, chiHebheru ndiwo mutauro unonyanya kushandiswa pazvinhu zvizhinji ehurumende. Paiva sangano inotsigira pakatanga Hebrew kunyika mabhora ose oupenyu. Asi chinangwa chikuru chaiva kudzokera MuchiHebheru iri rakataurwa mutauro. Uye chishamiso chakaitika. Language kuti akanga bookish muzana remakore rechi18, unonakidza zvakare mumigwagwa, muzvitoro, pane zvidzidzo kuchikoro.

Hebrew arufabheti

Sezvineiwo, shoko rechiHebheru tsamba yaiungana vakashanda sehwaro kunyora mitauro munyaya ino. Asi chii musiyano? Hebrew uye Yiddish ane fanana akagadzirwa tsamba. Modern chiperengo akanga wakaiswa pashure kuBhabhironi pakutapwa (VI remakore BC). Tsamba akawana sikweya kunyora. Pasi arufabheti pamwe mavhawero. Mavara zvakarongwa pamusoro European womuenzaniso - kubva kuruboshwe kuenda kurudyi. divi Right akaisa nzvanyira.

Uye Yiddish, uye nearufabheti yechiHebheru zvinosanganisira 22 tsamba kunzi nzvanyira, (nokuti tsamba idzi dzinomiririra chete emakonzonendi), haana kuzviparadzanisa tsamba kuti mavhawero. Asi nechiHebheru mavhawero dzimwe nguva akawedzera kuti nyore kuverenga, pamusoro ambotaurwa. Izvi kunyanya chokuita vana kana mabhuku echitendero. In Yiddish chete vocalizations kwete. Uyu ndiwo mumwe mukuru kusiyana paainyora tsamba. Heuno muenzaniso arufabheti muna Yiddish, apo tsamba vanosarudzirwa kubva kurudyi kuenda kuruboshwe.

Yiddish mavambo

mutauro Izvi zvinogona kunzi wechiduku zvichienzaniswa vavakidzani vayo. It yakatanga muna XX-XIV emakore muEastern Central Europe. Kwakavakirwa vakauya duramazwi High tumitauro German, uye pamusoro nguva - uye yazvino mutauro wokuGermany. Ingangoita cheshanu pamusoro mashoko ari - zvakafanana Hebrew, uye mumwe 15% mashoko zvaiva necheSalvic mavambo. Mumashoko nyore, Yiddish - icho amalgam oukuru, weGermany uye necheSalvic kwomutauro nehurongwa. Asi Yiddish arufabheti hapana chakasiyana Hebrew.

Mashoko akawanda midzi German, rinopawo akavaka kushandisa girama German. Mashoko Yiddish vachinzwisisa phonetically sezvo nendimi mutauro wokuGermany. Hazvishamisi, wokutanga Yiddish jargon vaiona, uye hazvifaniri kuonekwa sechinhu yoga mutauro, kana kunyange mutauro.

Yiddish kuwanda nharaunda

Iye, Chokwadi, hakusi sevanoshamira kuti waro mukwikwidzi - Hebrew. Yiddish vaJudha chete mukati Europe achiti. Mune dzimwe nyika haina kushandiswa.

Pasinei chokwadi kuti munyika dzokuEurope zviri kutaura vanhu vanopfuura mamiriyoni 11, pamutemo, mune zvimwe hwaakanga kuzivikanwa somunhu mutauro wakakwana chete pakutanga pamusoro XX remakore. Somuenzaniso, musi maoko Byelorussian SSR, rakanyorwa "Vashandi kunyika dzose, vanobatana!" Zvakanyorwa Belarusian, Russian, chiPolish uye Yiddish. Uyewo, ndiye, kwete chiHebheru yainzi mumwe wemitauro mukuru wokuUkraine SSR muna 1917.

Asi nokufamba kwenguva, muHebheru akamudzinga kubva kushandiswa nokuda zvimwe zvinhu. Chii chakaita kuti izvi? Chekutanga, pamutemo mutauro yaIsraeri yakazivisa muHebheru, wechipiri, vaJudha vakawanda vaitaura Yiddish, vakaurayiwa muHondo Yenyika II, panzvimbo rechitatu, ndiye Hebrew ndiwo mutauro wevaJudha vanogara Yakapikirwa.

misiyano

Saka, pana zvose zvataurwa pamusoro mitauro izvi zviviri, chii musiyano? Hebrew uye Yiddish mimwe dzinokosha kusiyana. Pano vari:

• Hebrew zviuru akawanda ekare kupfuura Yiddish.
• Hebrew zvinoreva chete kuti mitauro oukuru, uye nemhaka Yiddish, kunze oukuru, kunewo German, uye necheSalvic midzi.
• Rugwaro Yiddish zvakanyorwa pasina mavhawero.
• Hebrew zvakawanda zvakajairika.

Aboriginal venhau, ruzivo uye iye nevamwe mutauro anogona kutsanangura nani musiyano. Hebrew uye Yiddish vane zvakawanda zvakafanana, asi musiyano mukuru uri kunge asiri mashoko kana girama, uye kushandiswa zvinangwa. Ndizvo chirevo aivapo pakati vaJudha Europe makore 100 apfuura nezvazvo, "Mwari anoti Yiddish muupenyu hwezuva nezuva, uye nechiHebheru -. Musi woMugovera" Zvadaro, chiHebheru aiva mutauro chete zvinhu zvechitendero, uye zvose akataura Yiddish. Zvakanaka, zvino mamiriro ezvinhu akachinja muna chaizvo zvakasiyana.