Yemamongi hurongwa. Yemamongi mirairo Middle Ages

Nhoroondo chitendero rinotitaurira pamusoro vachiedza yomudzimu-siyana vanhu muzvizvarwa. Faith yagara shamwari murume, izvozvo agutsikane upenyu uye chakaita kwete chete kune mberi mudzimba asiwo kukunda zvenyika. Vanhu vave kuzivikanwa - pasocial munhu, uye naizvozvo kazhinji tsvakai wakadaro vanhu uye kusika mubatanidzwa, izvo zvaizoita kuti anorenda kutamira kubaya. Muenzaniso vemunharaunda yakadaro ndiyo yemamongi mirairo, raisanganisira hama kutenda chete, zvakajairika kunzwisisa sei kuzadzisa zvibvumirano zvevapi vamazano muupenyu.

Egyptian hermits

Monasticism yakatanga kwete Europe, zvinotora kwayakatangira yakakura mumarenje yeEgipita. Pano muna IV remakore hermits vakatsvaka kutaura pakunamata nevatambi vari yatisingaonekwi kubva nyika pamwe nehavi maturo. Kuwana nzvimbo pakati vanhu, vakapinda mugwenga, kurarama pakachena mhepo kana mumatongo zvimwe zvivako. Kazhinji, vakanga vakabatana nevateveri. Pamwe chete vakashanda, aparidzwe, akanyengetera.

Monks munyika vaiva vashandi mabasa ounyanzvi hwokugadzira siyana, uye mumwe nomumwe akauya chinhu chakasiyana munharaunda. Mugore 328 Pahomiy Veliky, aimbova musoja, akasarudza kuronga upenyu hama uye nheyo yemamongi, umo mabasa nokudzorwa usingaperi. Nokukurumidza takatanga kuonekwa shamwari zvakafanana mune dzimwe nzvimbo.

The chiedza nezivo

Muna 375 AD Vasiliy Veliky akaronga yokutanga guru nzanga yemamongi. Kubvira ipapo, nhoroondo chitendero atanga iyerere nenzira yakasiyana divi: hama pamwe kwete akanyengetera uye chete vakadzidza mitemo zvemweya, asi vave vachidzidza nyika, kunzwisisa zvakasikwa, zvinhu ouzivi upenyu. Nokuedza zvemamongi kuburikidza erima makore Ages uchenjeri kare uye kuziva vanhu, kwete kurasika kare.

Kuverenga uye kuvandudzika zvesayenzi munda basa iri novices uye wemamongi pana Monte Cassino, yakavambwa Benedict pamusoro Nursia, runoonekwa baba monasticism muWestern Europe.

Benedictine

530 pagore anoonekwa musi apo wokutanga yemamongi murayiro. Benedict aizivikanwa vazviomesere ake, uye kumativi rakakurumidza vakaumba boka revateveri. Vaiva pakati vokutanga Benedictine mamongi sezvo rakatumidzwa vachikudza mutungamiri wavo.

Life uye basa hama chaiitirwa maererano bumbiro, yakagadzirirwa Benedict pakati Nursia. Monks havagoni kuchinja nzvimbo yebasa, neImba chero pfuma uye zvachose vaiva pasi abbot. Mirayiro ushandiswe minamato kanomwe pazuva, chinopfuurira remaoko, inopedziswa nemashoko maawa zororo. Charter inorondedzera zvokudya uye minyengetero, chirango nokuda mhosva, zvakakodzera achiverenga bhuku.

Sechivako wemamongi

Zvadaro, mirairo Ages vakawanda vechitendero dzakavakwa pachishandiswa ari Benedictine usingaperi. Kwakachengetedzwa uye zvemukati akanyatsorongwa. Musoro abbot akasarudzwa pakati mamongi uye bhishopu aizviti. Akava mumiririri upenyu wemamongi munyika, vaitungamirira hama rubatsiro vabatsiri anoverengeka. The Benedictines zvave zvakazara uye nokuzvininipisa kuteerera abbot.

Vagari wemamongi vakapesana mapoka gumi, dzakanga rinotungamirirwa deans. Abbot asati (mutevedzeri) kuti akuteerere zvaidiwa mutemo, asi zvakakosha sarudzo pashure musangano hama dzose pamwe chete.

inotungamirwa

The Benedictines havana chete kuva mubatsiri weChechi munyika itsva kuvhangera avanhu. Kutaura zvazviri, ndiye kuonga kwavari kuti ikozvino tava kuziva zviri zvizhinji ekare uye zvinyorwa. The mamongi vaiita rewriting mabhuku, ndichengetedze Zvivako kufunga kwouzivi vekare.

Zvakanga fanira dzidzo vanamakore nomwe. Kuwanda zvinhu zvaisanganisira mumhanzi, nezvenyeredzi, svomhu, zvinotaurwa nevezvematongerwe uye girama. Benedictine akaponesa Europe kubva inokuvadza pokudzora fuza tsika. Huge mumaraibhurari pamusoro dzemamongi, zvakadzika mapurani tsika, ruzivo mune zvokurima zvakabatsira kuponesa nebudiriro pachine pamwero.

Decline uye Revival

Paitonga Karla Velikogo ane kuti nguva apo Benedictine yemamongi kuti akanga asiri nguva dzakanakisisa. The Emperor vakauya nezvegumi kuChechi, vakarayira kuti dzemamongi imwe nhamba varwi vakanga vakapa simba mabhishopi eumambo nharaunda vanhuwo zvavo pamusoro pavo. Convents kuva yemwoyo uye vanomiririra titbit nerimwe, nhomba kuwedzera kwavo.

Vamiririri rwepanyama simba vakakwanisa kuwana vanhu vechitendero. Mabhishopi achaita kutepfenyurwa Kesari, zvakawanda achinyatsotaurira munhau yenyika. Abbots dzemamongi itsva chete pamutemo aidaro zvekunamata, kunakidzwa zvibereko mipiro uye kutengeserana. Pfungwa zvenyika aita kuti upenyu sangano kuti kumutsidzirwa pakunamata, vakawira pakugadzirwa mirairo matsva ezvitendero zvikuru. mubatanidzwa centre panguva X remakore rakava yemamongi Cluny.

Klyuniytsy uye Cistercians

Abbot Bernon chipo kubva yavatezvara ari Duke pakati Aquitania, muna Upper Burgundy. Pano, mu Cluny, wakateya yemamongi itsva, asununguka masimba nomwanakomana ukama. Yemamongi mirairo Ages rwakaona mutsva kuwedzera. Klyuniytsy akanyengetera ose pevamwe, kurarama sezvakarairwa, yakatanga pachishandiswa urongwa ose Benedictines, asi zvikuru yakaoma mune zvomufambiro uye zuva nezuva.

Muzana XI remakore ane Cistercian yemamongi murayiro, iye ndokuutora mutemo kutevera mutemo, ayo Rigidity mwoyo vateveri vakawanda. Kuwanda mamongi dzikawanda kwazvo nokuda simba uye runako mumwe vatungamiriri Order, Bernard pakati Clairvaux.

A zhinji kwazvo

Muna XI-XIII emakore mirairo Catholic Church idzva rechitendero akaonekwa vazhinji. Mumwe nemumwe wavo chinhu anozivikanwa munhau. Camaldolese nomukurumbira avo muchinyatsongwarira bumbiro: havana kupfeka shangu, akachingamidza kuzvipira flagellation, havadyi nyama, kunyange vakanga vachirwara. Carthusians uyewo chtivshie mitemo yakasimba vaizivikanwa se mutsa wehondo, vaiona vakanaka zvezvinhu zvinokosha ushumiri hwake. Chimwe chikuru zvinopa mari kwavari waiva kutengeswa doro "Chartreuse", iyo yakatanga pachavo Cartesians resipi.

mupiro wake kuti mirairo wechitendero muMiddle Ages vakaita nevakadzi. Kumusoro dzemamongi, kusanganisira vanhu, hama Fontevraud akamira Abbess. Vakanga vaionekwa namestnitsami Mhandara Mariya. Mumwe chinosiyanisa pfungwa yacho bumbiro yaiva mhiko kunyarara. Beguines - the Order, iine chete vakadzi - nekusiyana, akanga mutemo. Abbess akasarudzwa pakati vateveri uye zvose mabasa kutungamirirwa rudo njanji. Beguines aigona siya Kurongeka uye kuroorwa.

Chivalric-yemamongi mirairo

Panguva muHondo vakatanga kubuda itsva pfungwa youshamwari. Kukunda Palestinian nyika yakanga pasi kudanwa yeRoma Church kusunungura nzvimbo kubva mumaoko Muslim yechiKristu dzvene. Munyika vokumabvazuva akatungamirira vakawanda vechinamato. Vaifanira kudzivirirwa mundima muvengi. Ndiyo yaiva mhaka uto kurongeka.

Nhengo sangano idzva iri paruoko rumwe, akapa mhiko zvitatu upenyu hwechitendero: urombo, kuteerera uye continence. Kune vamwe - ivo vaipfeka dzokurwa, nguva dzose aiva naye munondo, uye akatora rutivi rutsigiro rwemauto sezvinodiwa.

Knightly dzechitendero mirairo vane mamiriro katatu: hwakanga vafundisi (Priest), hama-masoja uye vamwe vashandi. Musoro Order - GM - akasarudzwa kuti upenyu, candidacy hwake akatendeka naPapa, uyo aiva simba guru pamusoro mubatanidzwa. Chapter pamwe Chapter pakati Priors nguva akaunganidzawo (general gungano, apo zvisarudzo zvinokosha aifarirwa mitemo Order).

By mumongi pakunamata kuti neshamwari aibata Templars Inogadzirwa nemasiridzi anobuda mumiti (hospitallers) Teutonic murayiro, platypus. All vaiva vechikamu zviitiko zvenhau, vane kukosha haagoni dzakanaka. NevaIslam avo rubatsiro yekudyidzana kukanganiswa pave Europe, uye pasi rose. Zita dzvene basa yorusununguko kunowanwa muchinjikwa, dzakanga vasonanidza pana Knights nguvo. Mumwe dzechitendero kuti akashandisa ruvara uye chimiro wokushandura chimiro uye chitarisiko zvakasiyana nevamwe.

kuwa simba

At pakutanga XIII remakore chechi akamanikidzwa kubata vanoverengeka dzakatsveyama makuru yakamuka. Vafundisi vakarasikirwa unoriumba kutendeseka, vanoparadzira mashoko akataura nezvokukosha kuvandudza kana ubvise Ecclesiastical hurongwa, somunhu zvisingakoshi rukoko pakati pomunhu Mwari, mhosva huru upfumi kusimbiswa mumaoko vashumiri. Mukupindura, paiva Raibvunzurudza, zvakagadzirirwa kudzorera kuremekedza vanhu Church. Zvisinei, munhu kunobatsira zvikuru basa zvinhu izvi vakaita mendicant mirairo yechitendero, achiva chinodiwa basa rakakwana Kuramba chepfuma.

Frantsisk Assizsky

Muna 1207, akatanga kutora chimiro Franciscans. musoro wayo, Frantsisk Assizsky, akaona musimboti webasa iri mharidzo uye renunciation. Akanga achipikisa pakuvambwa machechi uye dzimba dzemamongi, uye vateveri vake vakasangana kamwe pagore panzvimbo yakatarwa. All vamwe mamongi akaparidzira vanhu. Zvisinei, muna 1219 vachiri akanga akakwidziridzwa Franciscan yemamongi panguva kuomerera Papa.

Frantsisk Assizsky aizivikanwa mutsa wake, kukwanisa kuva nyore uye pamwe zvizere kuzvitsaurira. rudo rwake nokuda enhetembo tarenda. Makore somusande maviri chete pashure porufu rwake, iye akawana vazhinji vateveri akararamazve kuremekedza Catholic Church. Panguva dzakasiyana pamusoro Franciscan kurongeka matavi akaumbwa: sezvakarayirwa capuchin, Terzian, Maminitsi, ivo Observants.

Dominic de Guzmán

On yemamongi kubatana neChechi akavimba munyaya pakurwisa vanyengeri. Mumwe nheyo Raibvunzurudza aiva Order of Republic, yakavambwa muna 1205. Rakava muvambi Dominik De Guzmán, imwe rwechisikirwo murwi pamusoro vanyengeri, verenga austerity uye urombo.

Order of Republic mumwe zvinangwa zvayo chikuru akasarudza refu pamwero kudzidziswa vaparidzi. Nokuti sangano ezvinhu kudzidza kwakakodzera vakanga ndagadzikana kunyange pakutanga kudzika mitemo varwere urombo hama dzichigara kutsvakatsvaka akapoteredza maguta. Republic saka havana vanosungirwa kushanda panyama vose nguva yavo, saka vakatsaurira dzidzo uye munamato.

Panguva kamwe zvakare pakutanga XVI remakore Church mu dambudziko. Kuzvipira wevafundisi kusvika muumbozha uye uipi kunoderedza simba. Reformation kubudirira akamanikidzira vafundisi kutsvaka nzira itsva yokukudza kudzoka zvekare. Saka Theatines hurongwa, uye ipapo Society Jesu rakaumbwa. Yemamongi kushamwaridzana akatsvaka kudzokera nevatambi ari Ages mirairo, asi nguva akatora zvaita. Kunyange zvazvo vakawanda Order iripo nhasi, kubva aimbova ukuru duku kuti vasara.