Zvinotsanangurwa-zvinoratidzwa mumabhuku

Seimwe yemhando yehudhi, mabhuku ane maitiro ezvakagadzirwa nemaitiro anobva pane zvingaita mutauro uye kutaura. Zvinowanzonzi izwi rokuti "nzira dzokufananidzira mumabhuku". Basa rekureva izvi nderokutaura zvinonzwisisika zvakaratidzwa uye kuratidza zvinoreva, chimiro chebasa chebasa racho, uyewo kuumba mamwe mafungiro.

Nzira uye nhamba

Zvinotsanangura-maonero ekutaura mumitauro yakasiyana-siyana uye mifananidzo yekutaura. Izwi rokuti "nzira" muchiGiriki rinoreva "kuchinja", ndiko kuti, iri rimwe rinoreva kana shoko rinoshandiswa nenzira yekufananidzira. Munyori anoshandisa nzira iyi semifananidzo yakajeka mumabhuku kuitira mifananidzo yakawanda. Epithets, metaphors, personifications, hyperboles nezvimwe zvigadzirwa zvemhizha zvakabatana nemigwagwa. Mifananidzo yekutaura ihurukuro, kukurudzira manzwiro emanzwiro ebasa racho. Antithesis, epiphary, inversion nezvimwe zvizhinji zvinoshandiswa zvinoreva mumabhuku ane chokuita nekugamuchirwa kwemagariro pasi pezita rose re "chimiro chekutaura." Iye zvino funga nezvazvo zvakajeka.

Epithets

Nzira inonyanya kukosha yekunyora ndeyekushandiswa kwepithets, iyo inofananidzira, inowanzofananidzira, mazwi anotsanangura chinhu chinotsanangurwa nenzira yepikicha. Tichasangana nemapithets mumitambo ("mutambo unoremekedzwa", "kune pfuma zhinji yegoridhe" mumutambo "Sadko") uye mubhuku remabasa ("akangwarira uye matsi" rwiyo rwechibereko chakawa mumutauro weMandelstam). Iyo inonyanya kurondedzera epithet, inowedzera mupfungwa uye yakajeka mufananidzo wakagadzirwa nemuiti wezwi.

Mifananidzo

Izwi rokuti "mifananidzo" rakauya kwatiri kubva mumutauro wechiGiriki, sezvinoitwa maitiro akawanda evanhu. Iro rinoreva "chirevo chekufananidzira". Kana munyori achifananidza donhwe remvura kuenda kune zviyo zvemadhamoni, uye bhute repepuru rinopisa kumoto, saka ibvunzo rekufananidzira.

Metonymy

Inofadza zvikuru nzira dzemutauro - metonymy. Mukushandura kubva muchiGiriki - kunyorera zvakare. Muchiitiko ichi, zita rechimwe chinhu chinotamirwa kune rimwe, uye chifananidzo chitsva chinoberekwa. Iro kurota kukuru kwakazadziswa naPetro Mukuru pamusoro pemiti yose iyo icha "kushanyira isu" kubva kuPushkin "Bronze Horseman" - uyu muenzaniso we metonymy. Izwi rokuti "mireza" rinotsiva munyaya ino pfungwa dze "nyika, nyika". Metonymy inoshandiswa nyore nyore mune zvemashoko uye muhurukuro yokutaurirana: "White House", somuenzaniso, harisi zita rechivako, asi chevagari varo. Apo patinoti "wakapfuura mazino," tinoreva kuti dino rezino rakanyangarika.

Synecdoche mukushandura - chiyero. Izvi zvinorevawo kutenderera kwezvinoreva, asi chete nehuwandu hwechiratidzo: "muGermany akaenderera mberi" (zvinoreva kutonga kweGermany), "shiri haina kubhururuka pano, chikara hachiuye pano" (zvirokwazvo, yezvikara zvakawanda neshiri).

Oxymoron

Izvo zvinoreva zvinyorwa mumabhuku zvinosanganisira oxymoron. Chimiro chechimiro, icho chinogona kuve chikafu chekunyora, iko kusanganiswa kwekusagamuchirwa, mune shanduro chaiyo izwi iri rechiGiriki rinonzwika se "benzi-benzi". Mienzaniso ye oxymoron ndiyo mazita emabhuku akakurumbira "Hot Snow", "Virgin Soil Upturned" kana "Living Corpse."

Kufananidza uye kuverenga

Kazhinji, senzira inotsanangurwa, kufananidzwa kunoshandiswa (kushandiswa kwekuda kwezvivakwa zvakafanana zvakafanana mumiganhu yakatarisana nemitsara) uye kuparadzanisa (kupatsanurwa kwemutsara mumashoko akasiyana). Muenzaniso wepakutanga unowanika mubhuku raSoromoni: "Nguva yekunyunyutira, nenguva yokudha." Muenzaniso wechipiri:

• "Ndiri kuenda. Uye iwe unoenda. Tiri munzira uye newe.
  Ndichazviwana. Iwe-iwe haugoni kuwana. Kana iwe ukatevera. "

Inversion

Chii chinyorwa chinoreva mumitauro yekuveza inogona kusanganazve? Inversion. Izwi iri rakabva shoko rechiLatini uye rinoshandura se "permutation, inverting." Mune mabhuku, inversion inoreva kubvumirwa kwemashoko kana zvikamu zvemurairo kubva kunewo munhu wose kuti adzorere chirongwa. Izvi zvinoitwa kuita kuti chirevo chionekwe sechinyanya kukosha, chichivhunduka kana kuti chine mavara: "Kushivirira kwevanhu vedu!", "Nguva yeupenga, yakaiswa."

Hyperbola. Litota. Irony

Zvinotsanangurwa zvinoratidzwa mumabhuku zvinowo zvakare, tsota, irony. Yokutanga neyechipiri ndeyeboka rekuwedzeredza-pasi pasi. Hyperbole inogona kunzi tsanangudzo yegamba Mikula Selyaninovich, uyo ane ruoko rumwe "akamanikidza" ivhu negorosi, iyo iyo yose "team team" yeVolgo Svyatoslavovich yaisagona kufamba. Litota, kune rumwe rutivi, inoita kuti chifananidzo chacho chinyadzisa zvishoma apo imbwa duku inonzi "haisati iri duku". Icho chinonyangadza, icho chinonyatsonzwika mukushandura se "kunyengera", chinonzi kudana chinhu kwete izvo zvinoratidzika. Icho chinhu chinonyengedza chisingaoneki, umo icho chirevo chaicho chiri chakavanzika pasi peshoko rinopesana. Semuenzaniso, pano chirevo chisingadikanwi kumunhu akasungwa mumutauro: "Iwe uripi, Cicero, haugoni kubatanidza mazwi maviri here?" Icho chinoshamisa chechikumbiro chiripo pakuti Cicero aiva mumiririri ane njere.

Kuzvienzanisa nekuenzanisa

Parairi nzira dzinoenzanisa uye munhu. Izvi zvinoreva mifananidzo muzvinyorwa zvinogadzira zvinyorwa zvakakosha zvinokwezva tsika dzekushambadzira kwemuverengi. Kuenzanisa ndiyo nzira inowanzoshandiswa kana inyanzvi inoputika yezvitsvuku zvechando iri pedyo negirazi yewindo inofananidzwa, somuenzaniso, nejecha remeno inobhururuka ichienda kune chiedza (B. Pasternak). Kana, sezvakaitwa naJoseph Brodsky, hove iri mudenga inodzvova "seyena miviri." Apo kusarudza zvinhu zvisiri izvo zvipenyu zvinowana chido chemuti "mupenyu" zvinhu. Iyi ndiyo "kufema kwepani," kubva "iyo jekete yeganda inodziya," Yevtushenko kana kuti "klenenochek" kubva kuna Yesenin, uyo "anonwisa" "ruvara rutsvuku" rwemuti mukuru pane zvaakakura. Uye yeuka Pasternakovskuyu blizzard, iyo "inonyora" pairazi rewindo "miviri nemiseve"!

Pun. Gradation. Antithesis

Pakati pevanhu vanofananidzira, tinogona kureva imwe pun, maitiro, kushandiswa.

P pun, izwi rechiFrench-rinoreva, rinoreva kurova kwemazwi ezvinyorwa zvakasiyana zvezwi. Semuenzaniso, mune anecdote: "Ndakabata uta uye ndakaenda kune akavharirwa muchitoro chePipino."

Kupedza zvidzidzo kune mamiriro evanhu vanowirirana kuti vasimbise kana kuderedza simba ravo rekunetseka: vakapinda, vakaona, vakatora.

Antithesis inoratidzika zvakasiyana-siyana, sekuPushkin's "Little Tragedies", apo anotsanangura tafura yakanga ichangobva kudya, uye ikozvino pane bhokisi pairi. Kugamuchirwa kwepikisa kunotsigira zvakashata zvinoreva chirevo chezvinyorwa.

Heano maitiro makuru ekuona ayo tenzi anoshandisa kupa vaverengi vake nyika inonakidza, yakajeka uye yakajeka yezwi.