Zvokuimba ouinjiniya muUkraine: kuti bhizimisi uye zviri kuitika

Mechanical engineering engineering yeUkraine inowanzotaridzirwa seyo anotungamirira bazi uye dzimba dzehupfumi. Pano pane huwandu hwemabhizimisi makuru ezvimotokari nemotokari, magetsi, simba rekugadzira simba, mauto-industrial complex nedzimwe nzvimbo.

Nhoroondo yebhizimusi

Nhoroondo yekugadzirwa kwemichina muUkraine muzana remakore rechina rekutanga. Kubudirira kwemari yakawanda yemari muDonbass uye kukura kwemasallurgy kunoda kushandiswa kwezvigadzirwa zvemagetsi, zvishandiso, uye zvigadzirwa zvesimbi. Kune zvekurima, zvigadzirwa zvakanyanyisa uye zvigadzirwa zvemaitiro zvaidiwa zvakare.

Imwe fekitari yekutanga yemichina yekurima yakavhurwa muna 1840 muMlievo. Dzapropetrovsk, iyo plant Hughes muDonetsk, iyo plant Dneprovsky muKamensk (zvino yava Dneprodzerzhinsk), mahofisi ekuvakisa mapurisa eKharkov uye Lugansk. Pamberi pekuvandudzwa, chikwata cheUkraine mubato rose rekugadzirwa kwemabhizimisi eMambo weRussia raiva 25%.

Inyanzvi yemichina yeUkraine yakawana mweya mutsva pamwe nekuuya kweSoviet power. Nharaunda yacho yakaisa mari yakawanda mukugadzira mabhizimusi makuru. Kunyanya, iyo Kharkov Turbine Plant (1929), Kharkov Tractor Plant (1930), Dnepropetrovsk Electric Locomotive Plant (1934), Kiev Armored Plant (1935), etc. Pashure pehondo, matavi e-high-tech engineering: rocket- Motokari, mauto, nzara injiniya, kugadzira zvigadzirwa uye vamwe.

General Characteristics

Izvo zvakaratidzika kutarisa kwekugadzirwa kwemashizha muUkraine inotaura nezvekuparara kukuru uye kugadziriswa kwemamiriro ose ehurumende. Mukurwisana kwemashure ekuputsa kushamwaridzana neRussia (kamwe chete muvakidzani mukuru) uye kuwedzera mikana yekutsvaga kuEurope, mabhizimusi makuru anotarisana nematambudziko maviri nekutengeserana kwezvakagadzirwa zvemidziyo uye mamwe mararamiro ekusiyana-siyana kwekugadzirwa mune ramangwana.

Kumubvunzo wokuti "Tsanangura maitiro emabhizimisi ekugadzirwa kwemichina muUkraine" pane mhinduro chaiyo. Chivako chekugadzira makomani yeUkraine chinosanganisira zvinopfuura makumi maviri emabhizimisi anokosha, 58 sub-sector. Zvechokwadi, mhando dzose dziripo dze mechanical engineering dzinomiririrwa munyika. Maererano nehupfumi hwemashoko, mabhizimusi 11 267 akanyoreswa muchigadziro, 146 mairi makuru, 1 834 - mashizha, uye 9 287 - maduku. Chimiro chacho chinoshandisa vanenge 1.5 mamiriyoni evashandi.

Kugadzirisa kuverenga kuongorora

Maererano neHurumende Statistics Komiti, kuwanda kwekugadzirwa kwemichina yekuvaka mashizha muna 2011-2013 kunopesana nemamiriro ose emhizha inotevera (ona tafura):

Maererano nehuwandu, kunyange kusati kwaitika dambudziko muna 2014, kwaive nekuderera kwekugadzirwa kwemabhizimisi kubva 10 kusvika ku8,7%. Kana tikafananidza mhizha yeinjiniya yeUkraine uye nyika, zvino nehuwandu hwezvigadzirwa zvinotengeswa (muzana zvine chokuita neyo yose inoshandiswa), zviratidzo zvinowanzosiyana-ichi chiyero chiduku zvikuru kudarika munyika dzakabudirira. Izvi zvinoratidzira kukura kwechisimba kwekugadzirisa mashizha.

Kuongorora kwekutengeswa uye kutengeswa kwenyika

Mumakore achangobva kupfuura, kutengeswa kwezvinhu zvekugadzirwa kwemajiniya zvakanyanya kuwira kunyika dzeCIS, kunyanya kuRussia Federation neKazakhstan. Kuderedza kwekuita kwekutsvaga kwekutsvaga kwekutsvaga mumakona makuru ekutengesa kwakaita kuti kuderedzwa kwekutengeswa kwebhizimusi.

Maererano neHarare Statistics Committee yeUkraine, muna 2011-2013 republic yakatumirwa kune dzimwe nyika zvinopfuura hafu yezvakabuda. Kunyange zvakadaro, kuwedzera kwekutsvaga kwekuda kwezvigadzirwa zveUkraine mabhizimusi mumusika wepasi rose uye kutengeserana kwekutengeswa kwemaitiro emagetsi ekugadzira nyika muna 2015 kwakatsiviwa nekutsvaga kwemabhizimisi.

Mishonga yemichina yekugadzira muUkraine inotengeswa nevamwe vanhu vari kunze kwenyika (2014):

• Injini nemapumpu (mari yose inosvika - $ 3 biliyoni).
• Zvombo zvemagetsi ($ 2.7 billion).
• Chitima chekutakura ($ 0.8 biliyoni).
• Mugwagwa wekutakura ($ 0.3 biliyoni).
• Kutakura kwemhepo ($ 0.2 biliyoni).
• Kugadzirwa kwechigadzirwa ($ 0.2 billion).
• Ngarava ($ 0.1 biliyoni).

Inzvimbo ye mechanic engineering engineering muUkraine

Nenzira, zvizhinji zvemabhizimusi emabhizimusi zviri munharaunda nechekumabvazuva kwenyika. Vanotsvaga kumaguta ane chiuru chemamiriyoni ega uye Donbas industrial industry. Makirasi makuru ekugadzira mashizha ndiwo Kiev, Dnepropetrovsk uye Kharkov.

Iyo inyanzvi yemichina yekugadzira michero (Ukraine):

• Rocket uye nzvimbo nemakambani emakwikwi: Kiev (Antonov), Zaporozhye (Motor Sich), Dnepropetrovsk (Yuzhmash).
• Imotokari yemabhizimisi: Zaporozhye (ZAZ, IVECO-Motor Sich), Kremenchug (KraZ), Cherkassy (Bogdan), Lutsk (Luzi), Kiev (UkrAvto).
• Kutakura engineering: Kharkov (Malyshev KhZTM, Ordzhonikidze KhTPZ).
• Kuvakwa kwekuvaka: Nikolaev ("Ocean", Ima inonzi yainzi 61 Communard), Kherson (KhSD).
• Simba guru: Mariupol (Azovmash), Kramatorsk (Novokramatorsk Machine Building Plant), Donetsk (NPK Gornyi Mashiny), Sumy (Frunze Research and Production Association), Kharkov (Electrotyazhmash, Turboatom), Kiev (Bolshevik ), Dnepropetrovsk (Dneprotyazhmash).
• Kutakura motokari: Dneprodzerzhinsk (Dneprovagonmash), Kremenchug (Krukovka Makateti), Lugansk (Luganskteplovoz).
• Kugadzira magetsi uye kugadzira zviridzwa: Zaporozhye (Zaporozhtransformator), Odessa (Telekart-Pribor).
• Misha midziyo: Donetsk ("NORD").
• Basa resimbi: Kharkov (HARP).

Automotive industry

Zvigadzirwa zvemagetsi eUkraine zvine tsika yakawanda. Makambani emakambani anobudisa huwandu hwakakwana hwezvigadzirwa zvehondo uye zvevanhu. Inobatanidza zvakasiyana-siyana masangano anobatanidzwa mukugadzirwa, kugadzirwa uye kutengesa kwemotokari, motokari motokari uye makori, mabhazi, vatengesi, motokari, mopeds, midziyo yakakosha, zvipfeko zvitsva uye zvikamu.

Maererano nemafungiro ekugadzirwa kwemabhizimisi emotokari, ra2015 yaive yakarongerwa kubudisa kusvika mazana emotokari mazana mashanu, kusvika kune makumi maviri nemakumi matatu emabhazi, mabhasi 20 000. Mukuita, chikamu chebhizimusi mukugadzirwa kwemabhizimisi mumakore achangopfuura chete 0,8-0,6% chete, uye mukusikwa kwenyika yakawanda yemiti yakasikwa - inopfuura 0,4-0,3%. Imotokari yemagetsi yeUkraine inoratidzika seyikusimudzirwa, uye mupiro wayo kuhupfumi hwenyika hauna basa. Chimiro chinoshandisa kudarika 0.1% yevashandi vose munyika.

Mune chikamu che "motokari" pane kunyanya hurukuro-hurukuro yezvikwata zvekunze zvepakati pekirasi (C, B) ine nhamba yakaderera yekuwana nzvimbo uye kuwedzerwa kwekuwedzera kune munharaunda yeUkraine. Pakati pese, mumakambani eUkraine yemhizha inoshandisa mabhizimisi anenge zana, iyo huru pane iyo:

• ZAZ CJSC.
• KrASZ LLC.
• CJSC "Eurocar".
• Corporation Bogdan.

Simba guru reUkraine

Ichi ndicho chimwe chezvinhu zvakasimudzika zviri mumativi enyika, izvo zvinoratidzwa nenhamba zhinji yemabhizimisi, kuvapo kwe "simba" engineering uye yechikoro chechikoro, tsika dzekugadzirwa. Mishonga inotengwa nyore nyore kune dzimwe nyika, kumativi ose kumabvazuva nekumadokero. Kugadzira: vafambisi, vatoroji, makanda, zvipembenene, vatengesi, vanozvigadzirisa, vachigadzira, kugadzira, kugadzira, magwagwa emigwagwa, mapikisi, zvikwata zvekugadzira, kusarudza, kugadzira, kushandiswa, kusanganiswa kwevhu, ores, matombo, mamwe emaminera.

Aviation industry

Imhizha ine masangano anopfuura makumi matanhatu, inotora chikamu chevashandi vese vashandi veunyanzvi. Chikonzero chacho chakaumbwa nemabhizimisi mashanu makuru. Izvo zvingave zvekambani yekufambisa mhepo inoita kuti zvikwanise kuwedzera huwandu hwekugadzirwa nekugadzirwa kwemichina yemagetsi, zvikurukuru:

• Nharaunda dzekufamba uye dzekutakura ndege;
• Injini dzezvikwata uye zvikwata;
• Pasi-redhiyo-magetsi emagetsi, anotarirwa kushandiswa kweterevhizheni yekukurukurirana, kufamba nekuona zvirongwa;
• Helicopter uye ndege dze ndege duku, kunyanya ndege dzisina kukodzera.

Kubudirira kunoitika kunosanganisira:

• Ndege "An" yekuchinja kwakasiyana-siyana.
• Kugadzira ndege dzezvikwata.
• Helicopters.

Dzimwe makambani

Mashini-chivako kuvaka inovimbisa kusimbiswa kwemabazi ose engayenzi, tsika yavo yekugadzira uye kufambira mberi kwekambaniki. Machine-tool plants (automatic lathes nemichina yakadzika-automatic, diamond-boring machines) iri muKharkov, Lviv, Kiev, Berdichev, Odessa, Cherkassy, Dnepropetrovsk. The heavy machine-tool plant in Kramatorsk (automatic lines).

Kugadzirwa kwechigadzirwa kunotamba basa rinokosha mukusimudzira kufambira mberi kwesayenzi nekwenyanzvi. Iyo inotungamirira mabhizimisi ekugadzirwa kwemagetsi emagetsi munyika ino ndiwo masangano ekugadzira Masimba muSeverodonetsk uye Elektronmash muKiev. Pane mashizha akawanda emagetsi uye mamwe mashizha anobudiswa muKiev, Kharkov, Ivano-Frankivsk, Lviv, Sumy, Cherkassy, Zhitomir, Lutsk.

Mishonga yekurima yeUkraine inopa varimi vane zvigadziriro zvakakodzera. Makambani emakambani aya ari munzvimbo dzekushandiswa kwemiti yakagadzirwa. Matrekta ane simba anogadzirwa neKharkov Tractor Plant. Kirovograd chomera "Krasnaya Zvezda" inobereka mbeu. Nyuchi dzinokonzerwa nekugadzirwa kwezvinyuchi dziri kuDnepropetrovsk uye Ternopil, kusanganisa vatori muKherson (Slavutich) neAlexandriya (Lan), zvivako zvekukohwa zviyo muKherson, mishonga yekuchera muOdessa, Kiev, Berdyansk, uye Slavyansk. Mechanical engineering yezvipfuwo nekugadzirwa kwefodya inowanikwa muUman, Novograd-Volynsk, Nezhin, Kolomyya, Belaya Tserkov.

Kuvaka zvivako muUkraine kunongowanikwa mugungwa guru (Black, Azov Sea) uye rwizi (Dnieper) ports. Nhumbi dzechikepe dzinovakwa muNikolaev uye Kherson, rwizi nemidziyo yegungwa inovakwa muKiev. Kugadzira ngarava kunoshanda muOdessa, Mariupol.

Kutenga unyanzvi hutori hunobudisa zvivako uye ngoro. Nzvimbo dzekuvaka zvivakwa zvinonzi Lugansk, Kharkov (main diesel locomotives), Dnepropetrovsk; Gari kuvaka - Stakhanov, Dneprodzerzhinsk, Kremenchug. Matanho emotokari anogadzirwa muMariupol. Mumaguta makuru ekutakura, zvivako zvekugadzirisa zvivako zvinoshanda.

Mechanical engineering inogadziriswa muEurope

Nyanzvi dzinofanotaura kuti chii chingava chivako chekuUkraine mukubatanidzwa neEurope. Kusayina kweChinhu Chibvumirano Chakati pakati peUkraine neEuropean Union inopa kuti kuve nyore kwekufamba kwezvinhu zvinotenderera pakati penyika, kubva panaJanuary 1, 2016. Uye kubva munaEpril 2014, kushandiswa kwekubatana kwemaunilateral inoshandiswa kweUkraine neUnited States yakatoita kuti kuwedzerwa kwekutengeswa kwemishonga yemagetsi uye kuderedzwa kwekusaenzana kwemaitiro ekutengeserana kunze kwenyika neEurope munyika mukugadzirwa kwemichina.

Maererano nehuwandu hwemashoko eHurumende Statistics Committee yeUkraine, mugore ra2014 engineering engineering yakagadzira 18.3% yezvokutengeserana uye 23.8% yezvokutengeswa kwezvinhu, uye yehafu yekutanga ye 2015, pamwe chete, 11.7% uye 20.8%. Muna 2015, mamiriro acho akaenderera mberi kuderedza kuwanikwa kwebhizimusi. Panguva imwecheteyo, chikamu cheEU muhuwandu hwehuwandu hwekutengeswa kwemichina yakakwira kubva pa30.4 (2014) kusvika ku 43.4% (hafu yekutanga ye 2015).

Nhamba uye maitiro

Kuda kwekugadzirwa kwemichina muUkraine kunoratidza kuti haisi mashizha ose akashandura kune zvitsva zvoupfumi. Pamisika yevatorwa, boilers, makemikari, magetsi, magetsi enyukireya zvinonyanya kudiwa. Nhengo yavo yose mumatongerwo emakambani ekutengeserana kune dzimwe nyika EU ndeye 40%. Pakati pevashandi vakakurumbira (2014):

• Hungary (yemadhora $ 270.6).
• Germany ($ 239.8 mamiriyoni).
• Poland ($ 207.9).
• Czechia ($ 80 mamiriyoni).

Matarisiro

KuUkraine, iyo mishonga yakagadzirwa zvakakwana, ichiri kunoda zvigadzirwa zvepamusoro-soro, mishonga uye zvikamu zvekunze kwenyika. Kune kuwedzera kwekutengeswa kwemotokari, matareta, vatori vezviyo, dzimba dzemidziyo, heavy engineering products. Iyo yakawanda yakawanda yezvigadzirwa zvinotengeswa kubva:

• Germany (inokwana madhora 577.9 mamiriyoni).
• Poland ($ 255.1 mamiriyoni).
• Italy ($ 160.9 mamiriyoni).
• Czechia ($ 116.8 mamiriyoni).
• France ($ 101.4 mamiriyoni).

Kudzidzira kunoratidza kuti kusayina kweChishanu Chibvumirano kunopa mamwe mazano kune ngozi. Kuwedzera kumwe kubudirira zvakananga kunobva pakukurumidza kushandiswa kwemichina yemakinini yeUkraine kubva munyaya yezvengozi kusvika pamusoro wemikana.

Ngozi

A chinokosha chipingamupinyi kuwedzera vhoriyamu uye kuvandudza chimiro yakawiriranwa wezvokutengeserana turnover ari ouinjiniya indasitiri ndiye Kuwanikwa michina zvipingamupinyi kuti kuchinjanisa pakati kuUkraine uye dzimwe vadyidzani. Ngozi chokuita mukana haasaruri kurasikirwa nomumwe muchina maindasitiri, kunyanya kushanda Russian pamusika uye michina mirayiro yavo. Vanonyanya vakanga yepamusorosoro maindasitiri: mu avhiyesheni, kudzivirira maindasitiri, shipbuilding, nzvimbo kudziongorora.

Industrial emakambani, zvigadzirwa izvo yepamusorosoro akawedzera kukosha, tinofanira kukudziridza mano sei nokukurumidza kuti kuchinja zvokunze kwezvakatipoteredza, kusika zvinhu, netarisiro mutengi zvinodiwa. Izvi zvinogona kuita kuti achinje mubhizimisi womuenzaniso, yezwi muitiro womuenzaniso utariri zvinetso. Nokuti vakawanda makambani vanoonekwa ne kusanduka muenzaniso kuti anosanganisa huru pezvakaitwa: chigadzirwa lifecycle zvakanaka, itsva chigadzirwa kukura, mutengi ukama zvakanaka, rokutengesa uye kuti utariri pamwe kutsigira kwendangariro. Chero zvazvingava, Ukraine Engineering kuchinja. Chii vachava - nguva vachakuudza.