A Nhoroondo pfupi wemagariro evanhu kubva kare nanhasi

History wemagariro evanhu - sayenzi wemagariro evanhu sezvo bazi ruzivo, muitiro waro kukura uye inotungamirwa. On nzira pakukura evanhu kwave kuchiita zvikuru nouchapupu kuchinja nyaya tsvakurudzo, uye nzira. Kana isu kutaura kwakadaro nyaya sezvo nhoroondo nezvemagariro evanhu, zvakafanira kuti kuiganhura vachiita mbiri yenguva: kuvapo nezvesayenzi uye kwesayenzi (ano).

History wemagariro evanhu - nguva pre-nezvesayenzi

Antique kumwedzi. Zvinetso munzanga kare, anenge mubasa nevazivi vechiGiriki. Zvibereko zvemifungo yavo, vachava nenzira Quick "yakanaka nzanga", mufananidzo pamusoro yakanaka murume. Panyaya kuziva yezvakaita Nzanga chikuru vazivi yacho nguva vasingabvumirani nazvo. Somuenzaniso, Aristotle akatenda vanhu dzinongoitika uye zvakasikwa mugumisiro emunhu, uye Plato, nekusiyana - rakagadzirwa nevanhu inotungamirwa.

Middle Ages. The chikuru Pfungwa panguva zvakanzi vaidavira kuti munhu ari mugari wenyika - ino, vakaronga maererano naMwari nokutungamirira. Maererano pfungwa iyi, nyika chete, vanhu vose - hama, uye vose zvakaenzana chivi. Nokuti nguva iyi mafungiro kunoratidzwa Kutadza nomumwe uye kutadza kwake nokuzviuraya-kururamisa yepakutanga pasina kwaMwari.

Renaissance. Iyi ndiyo nguva yakawanikwa, kwete chete jogirafi asiwo mitemo munzanga. Muna 14-16 emakore, pane vanofunga kuti utopian yokutanga (pakuva - pfungwa iri kuchipesana chaicho muupenyu ezvinhu), British Thomas More, Francis Bacon, kuti Spaniard T. Campanella nevamwe. In nyaya yake, utopias ivo kupendwa prototypes ane "ramangwana rakajeka" nokuti vanhu vose.

New nguva. Mukukunda nguva nesayenzi mberi uye nokukurumidza zvoupfumi uye uwandu hwevanhu kukura kwakaita kuti chidzoke idzva dzidziso. Saka, mumiririri Kujekerwa Hobbes muzana remakore rechi17 yagadzirwa pfungwa "evanhu chibvumirano" kuti kupembedza zvemupiro Mvumo simba uye nguva yokutanga akadana shoma umambo. Locke akafunga dzidziso yezvisikwa yevanhu vakaenzana, izvo akazova hwaro yazvino Declaration of Human Rights.

History wemagariro evanhu - kubva pakutanga pfungwa yesayenzi kuti mazuva edu

1842 - gore pakusika positivist uzivi. Muvambi dzidziso iyi Comte uyewo kuonekwa rokutanga nezvemagariro avanhu, sezvazvakaita mumwe kutanga tatsanangura hwaro nesayenzi. Saka, iye zvinganaka kushandisa Sociological tsvakurudzo nzira pakuongorora, kuenzaniswa pachisara uye kuedza, atsunga chinhu uye chinangwa pakudzidza. Akatanga waitsanangura kare aunganidzwa ruzivo, akaumba hwaro evanhu nesayenzi. Imwe dzepamusorosoro evanhu anonziwo Herbert Spencer, kutsanangura zvizere pfungwa Kushanduka nzanga hweunhu. Mumwe matavi dzidziso ake akava magariro yaDarwin, iyo gare gare yakatanga kuva dzinza-anthropological chikoro uye munzanga chimurenga Sumner, maererano iyo kukura nzanga dzinongoitika uye chikamu nzira kusimudzira vanhu kwemarudzi mutemo-anodzorwa.

Pakati pezana remakore rechi19, Marx pfungwa mukirasi tichirwisa kusaruramisira yambokurukurwa, dzidziso socio-zvoupfumi idzodzo, maererano iyo huru kupikisana munzanga zviri private pfuma, kuparadzwa aizorega kuti kunyangarika nemakirasi. A Weber panguva imwe chete pave dzidziso yake weupirikiri evanhu.

L. Gumplowicz pakupera kwezana remakore rechi19 akaisa mberi yokuti chinhu kudzidza wemagariro evanhu ndiko kudzidza evanhu mapoka avo mukukurukurirana. Maererano nemabasa ake, mumwe munzanga boka achikwikwidza pamwe imwe kodzero kurarama uye Absorção de Água kunyanya vakagoverana kupfuma. Pakutanga rokupedzisira remakore aizivikanwa dzidziso elites Pareto.

Muzana remakore rechi20 pfungwa itsva vakawanda vakava (behaviorism, yokufananidzira interactionism, phenomenological evanhu, dzidziso chinokosha kwetunhu) uye zvikoro kwesayenzi, yakakurumbira zvikuru pakati pavo vakanga Chikagkaya, weColombia uye muFrankfurt.

Nhoroondo Russian evanhu nenzira dzakawanda rakafanana European mumwe. Nheyo dzakanga vakaradzikwa pre-echimurenga Russia, nemhaka pfungwa Slavophiles uye dzokumadokero. Zvadaro, mushure 1917 Russian evanhu aiva pasi zvachose pfungwa achitarisirwa uye vakava zvikuru maererano Marx kuti evanhu. Chete mangwanani 90-ies yeRussian Sociological sayenzi atanga tifadzwe kuWestern nevafungi uye masayendisiti kurambe kuchikura.

Nhasi, nhoroondo wemagariro evanhu richikura nounhu hutsva uye zvokufungidzira.