Inotungamirwa, Secondary dzidzo uye zvikoro
Acid: mienzaniso tafura. ehupfumi kuti acids
Acids - ava makemikari izvo vanokwanisa kupa chinhu electrically mhosva Ion (nokuo- nga) sehydrogen, uye kubvuma mbiri vzaimodeystvuschih Erekitironi, nokudaro wezvamatongerwe covalent chisungo.
Munyaya ino tichakurukura inokosha acid, iyo inodzidziswa yechipiri makirasi zvikoro chesekondari, uyewo kudzidza zvakawanda zvinonakidza zvine chokuita acids siyana. Pfuurira.
Acids: Types
In kemesitiri pane yakawanda zvakasiyana siyana acids, vane ehupfumi yakasiyana chaizvo. MaKemisiti kusiyanisa iine acid kugutsikana zvinosanganisira okisijeni, pamusoro volatility, solubility mumvura, simba, kudzikama, kuva mukirasi Organic kana inorganic makemikari. Munyaya ino tichakurukura patafura kuti anouya yakakurumbira acid. Tafura kunogona kukubatsira kuyeuka zita asidhi wayo namakemikari fomura.
| mushonga fomura | Zita asidhi |
| H 2 S | rehydrogen sulfide |
| H 2 SO 4 | sulfuric |
| HNO 3 | nitric |
| HNO 2 | nitrous |
| Zvakanaka hf | hydrofluoric |
| HCl | munyu |
| H 3 PO 4 | Phosphorous |
| H 2 CO 3 | marasha |
Saka, zvose zviri pachena zvinoonekwa. tafura iyi inoratidza anozivikanwa mu makemikari indasitiri acid. The tafura chichabatsira zvikuru nokukurumidza kuyeuka mazita uye Masvomhu.
hydrosulfuric asidhi
H 2 S - rehydrogen sulfide ndiyo acid. peculiarity Its iri pakuti uyewo ane gasi. Rehydrogen sulfide ndiyo rastovoryaetsya dzakaipa kwazvo mvura, uyewo nekutaurirana ne simbi zhinji kwazvo. Rehydrogen sulfide asidhi ndohwaJehovha boka "asidhi simba", mienzaniso izvo tichakurukura munyaya ino.
H 2 S ane zvishoma chinonhuwira kuravira, uye kunzwa chaizvo kwakanaka mazai akaora. Zvakasikwa, anogona kuwanikwa dzinongoitika kana kuputika gasi, uye anosunungurwa apo puroteni putrefaction.
Properties acids vari siyana chaizvo, kunyange kana asidhi hunokosha pazvinhu indasitiri, zvinogona maturo kwazvo utano hwevanhu. asidhi Izvi chepfu zvikuru murume. By inhalation ane shoma rehydrogen sulfide munhu anondimutsa nomusoro kunotanga kwazvo svoto uye dzungu. Kana munhu anofema yakawanda H 2 S, zvinogona kutungamirira nezvipusha, pakoma, kana kunyange kamwe rufu.
sulfuric asidhi
H 2 SO 4 - ndiwo simba sulfuric acid, izvo vana kwakamboitwa kemisitiri makirasi kunyange rechi8 kirasi. Chemical acids akadai sulfuric acid, muri oxidants simba chaizvo. H 2 SO 4 mabasa ave oxidant nokuti simbi zhinji kwazvo, uye dzinokosha oxides.
H 2 SO 4 uchikurukura ganda kana zvipfeko kunokonzera nemakemikari kutsva, asi hazvisi sezvo chepfu sezvo rehydrogen sulfide.
nitric asidhi
Munyika yedu, zvinokosha simba acid. Mienzaniso acids akadai: HCl, H 2 SO 4, HBr, HNO 3. HNO 3 - anozivikanwa vose nitric acid. Rave kushandiswa chaizvo bhizimisi uye mune zvokurima. Rinoshandiswa nokuda kwezvifananidzo zvaAtemisi fetiraiza siyana, zvishongo, kudhinda mapikicha, iri kugadzirwa mishonga madhayi, uyewo mupomerwi indasitiri.
Kwakadaro makemikari asidhi akadai nitric acid, zvinokuvadza chaizvo kune muviri. HNO 3 majoko vakasiya maronda, kukonzera rikwanise kuzvimba uye kufema turakiti bundu.
nitrous asidhi
Nitrous asidhi iri kazhinji kuvhiringidzwa senitrogen, asi musiyano pakati pavo. Chokwadi kuti nitrous asidhi iri ndoda senitrogen, izvozvo zvakasiyana zvachose zvivako uye migumisiro pamusoro womunhu.
HNO 2 rave kushandiswa chaizvo makemikari indasitiri.
hydrofluoric asidhi
Hydrofluoric asidhi (kana rehydrogen fluoride) - mhinduro kubva H 2 O C Zvakanaka hf. iine acid amide - Zvakanaka hf. Hydrofluoric asidhi iri inoshandiswa zvikuru muna aruminiyamu indasitiri. It ichiputswa silicates, etched nesilicon, silicate girazi.
Rehydrogen fluoride zvinokuvadza chaizvo kune muviri womunhu, zvichienderana wevasungwa zvinodhaka kunogona kuva nyore. Pashure kuonana ganda, pakutanga hapana shanduko, asi pashure maminitsi mashoma, unogona kuwana marwadzo uye nemakemikari kutsva. Hydrofluoric asidhi zvinokuvadza chaizvo zvakatipoteredza.
hydrochloric asidhi
HCl - ndiko rehydrogen chloride, ane simba acid. Rehydrogen chloride asidhi anoramba ehupfumi weboka racho akasimba. Ari iine acid chimiro akajeka uye Hauoneki, uye nokuipisa noutsi hwemvura mumhepo. Rehydrogen chloride zvinowanzodavirwa kushandiswa simbi uye zvokudya Mazinga.
asidhi ichi chinoita kutsva, asi kunyanya ngozi ziso rake kuonana.
phosphoric asidhi
Phosphoric asidhi (H 3 PO 4) - iri kwayo simba asidhi ehupfumi. Asi kunyange simba acids inogona ehupfumi simba. Somuenzaniso, H 3 PO 4 zvinoshandiswa indasitiri nokuda rutapudzo resimbi ngura. Uyezve, forsfornaya (kana phosphoric) asidhi zvinowanzodavirwa kushandiswa mune zvokurima - chinoitwa munhu siyana fetiraiza.
Properties acids akafanana chaizvo - substantially mumwe nomumwe wavo zvinokuvadza chaizvo kune muviri womunhu, H 3 PO 4 hapana anosara. Somuenzaniso, asidhi iyi kunokonzera kwazvo kutsva, ropa mumhuno, uyewo makariita mazino.
carbonic asidhi
H 2 CO 3 - simba acid. Zvinonzi yaunganidzwa Kuparadzwa CO 2 (carbon dioxide inobvisa) mu H 2 O (mvura). Carbonic asidhi inoshandiswa biology uye nemakemikari omuviri.
Density pamusoro acids siyana
iine acid arambe achirema inoita basa rinokosha mune yokungotaura uye anobatsira muzvikamu kemisitiri. Nemhaka zivo arambe achirema anogona kuona wevasungwa imwe acid, akaverenga kugadzirisa matambudziko namakemikari uye kuwedzera kodzero huwandu asidhi kuita kuita. Density chero asidhi zvinosiyana zvichienderana wevasungwa. Somuenzaniso, chikuru wevasungwa ari kubva muzana, kunokonzera arambe achirema.
Mukuru ehupfumi pamusoro acids
Absolutely zvose zvinovava zvinhu zvacho (i.e., ine zvakawanda zvinhu periodic table), saka hazvo kusanganisira ayo sezvamunoita H (rehydrogen). Next, isu funga makemikari ehupfumi ose acids, zviri zvakafanana:
- All oxygenated asidhi (ndiro aripo payakavakirwa O) yakaumbwa mumakore manyowa mvura, uye ane acidic oxide. Saka A anoxic yaora kupinda nyore zvinhu (semuenzaniso, 2HF uchiora kupinda F 2 uye H 2).
- Acid-oxidants vakaitei pamwe simbi zvose pakati nesimbi basa (avo chete riri kurutivi rworuboshwe H).
- Kushamwaridzana munyu siyana, asi avo kuti akaumbwa zvikuru simba acid.
The ehupfumi pamusoro acids mumuviri akasiyana zvikuru kubva mumwe. Pashure pezvose, vanogona kuva kwakanaka, kwete kuva nayo, asi kuva mu-siyana anoti pamusoro aggregation: emura, gaseous kana kunyange hwakasimba. Zvinofadza chaizvo kudzidza yakasimba acid. Mienzaniso acids dzakadaro: C 2 H 2 0 4 uye H 3 BO 3.
ubindikiti
Concentration ndiwo akawanda izvo kunotema ari quantitative Zvinoumba chero mhinduro. Somuenzaniso, mishonga Kazhinji zvakakosha kuziva asidhi zvakadini mune sanganisa H 2 SO 4 wakachena sulfuric acid. Nokuti chinangwa ichi havaisi shoma sanganisa asidhi ari beaker, ndikamuyerera uye arambe achirema kutsunga yevasungwa tafura. iine acid wevasungwa kusanyatsotsanangurwa interconnected pamwe arambe achirema kutsunga kontsetratsii kazhinji vasangana kukarukureta mabasa apo zvakakodzera kuona chikamu yakaisvonaka asidhi iri mhinduro.
Kupatsanura maererano nokuwanda asidhi H maatomu avo nemakemikari payakavakirwa
Chimwe chezvinhu dzakakurumbira classifications ndiyo kuparadzana acids, monobasic, dibasic uye, naizvozvovo, tribasic acids. Mienzaniso monobasic acids: HNO 3 (nitric acid), HCl (hydrochloric), Zvakanaka hf (hydrofluoric) uye vamwe. acids aya anonzi monobasic, sezvo akafanana wavo mumwe chete atomu H. Kune acids zhinji, zvachose zvisingaiti kurangarira chimwe nechimwe. Hatifaniri chete kurangarira kuti asidhi ndiye Classified uye uwandu H maatomu ari maumbirwo yavo. Anotsanangurwa yakafanana uye diacids. Mienzaniso: H 2 SO 4 (sulfuric acid), H 2 S (rehydrogen sulfide), H 2 CO 3 (marasha) uye vamwe. Tribasic: H 3 PO 4 (phosphoric acid).
Huru kupatsanura acids
Chimwe chezvinhu dzakakurumbira classifications pakati acids ndiko kuti zviparadzanise muvira oxygenated uye okisijeni-free. Sei rangarira, asingazivi makemikari yokuita nefuma ndechokuti okisijeni tubhokisi asidhi?
Tose rehydrogen acids zviri murwiyo hakusi chinhu chinokosha pamusoro O - okisijeni, asi pane chikamu H. Naizvozvo, zita ravo nguva dzose anonzi shoko "rehydrogen". HCl - iri hydrochloric acid, mumwe H 2 S - rehydrogen sulfide.
Asiwo mazita kislosoderzhaschih acids vanogona kunyora nzira. Somuenzaniso, kana nhamba O maatomu ari acho - 4 kana 3 Zvino nguva dzose awedzera kuti zita suffix -n- uye kuzviuraya -aya-:
- H 2 SO 4 - sulfuric asidhi (nhamba kwemaatomu - 4);
- H 2 Sio 3 - nesilicon (nhamba kwemaatomu - 3).
Kana zvinhu zviri okisijeni maatomu asingasviki matatu, kana vatatu, musoro -ist- suffix rinoshandiswa:
- HNO 2 - nitrous;
- H 2 SO 3 - sulfurous.
Common ehupfumi
acids All vane yakashapa kuravira, uye kazhinji vachitova esimbi. Asi pane dzimwe nzvimbo yakafanana, yatiri funga ikozvino.
Pane zvinhu anonzi zviratidzo. The zviratidzi kushandura ruvara, kana kuti ruvara anoramba, asi anochinja Hue kwayo. Izvi zvinoitika panguva apo LEDs vari zvimwe zvinhu zvakadai acid.
Muenzaniso mumwe ruvara kuchinja dzingava akadaro yaizivikanwa zhinji chigadzirwa zvakadai tii, uye cucumber acid. Kana kukanda the ndimu tii ipapo zvishoma nezvishoma akatanga kurerutsa chaizvo. Izvi imhaka ndechokuti ndimu rine cucumber acid.
Pane mimwe mienzaniso. Litmus, iyo anotendeuka tsvuku kwazvakarerekera svikiro ane ruvara ruvara, achiwedzera hydrochloric acid.
In zvakaitwa acids pamwe simbi iri electromotive dzaitevedzana kuti rehydrogen gasi matema vari dzinounzwa - H. Zvisinei, kana chubhu akaiswa ane iine acid simbi iri makakatanwa pashure musara H, ipapo hapana maitiro inovapo, gasi mhindumupindu achava. Somuenzaniso, mhangura, sirivha, mekuri, Platinum uye nendarama sei pamwe acids havasi.
Munyaya ino, isu akatarira yakakurumbira zvemakemikari acids, uyewo chavainyanya zvinhu uye kusiyana.
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