Adrianople nyika. Pakuguma Adrianople Peace Treaty

Relations pakati Russia uye hweOttoman Empire ose kare vaiva chaizvo kunzwisisa, uye kazhinji enyika kuzvipokanidza vakanga vakatsunga muhondo. Kazhinji, pfungwa akaiswa nokuda kwemamiriro zvibvumirano kurwisana kwemauto. Zvinyorwa izvi dzinowanzopiwa vakatsunga njodzi yose pemarudzi vaigara pamusoro miganhu umambo maviri. Pakati pavo pane uye Adrianople runyararo chibvumirano.

Background (makore 18)

Adrianople First runyararo pakati Russia uye hweOttoman Empire akanga wakasainwa musi 13 June 1713. Maererano gwaro rino, hweOttoman Empire muduku Azov uye yakabatana nhare nzvimbo Aurelie rwizi. Panyaya iyi, mhedziso chibvumirano muna 1713 kwainzi nedzenyu kubudirira Russian wehurumende, sezvo akwanise kutamburira ukuru pamahombekombe rwezasi-kumabvazuva reBaltic. Papera makore manomwe Constantinople pakati yenyika mbiri yakasainwa "Rugare isingaperi," uye gare gare zana, zviitiko kuti kumanikidzwa vamiriri kusangana zvakare muguta Adrianople.

Zvakatanga nepfungwa yokuti muna October 1827 hurumende hweOttoman Empire (Port) akavhara Bosphorus nokuda Russian Navy. Izvi zvakanga asatenderwe Akkerman Gungano remarudzi akawanda. Turkish zviremera wakarurama zviito zvavo nokutaura kuti Nicholas I kutsigira vaGiriki vachirwira rusununguko. Sultan Mahmud II aiziva nokudaro afunge rechiuto kurwisana, saka, akarayira nhare wakakombwa Danube uye akatamira guru kuna Adrianople (Edirne). The guta akapinda munhoroondo vanhu kwemazana emakore akawanda asati zviitiko zvinorondedzerwa. Pashure pezvose, pamusoro nzira maro mune 4th remakore AD, paiva Hondo Adrianople, izvo yakaguma kukundwa hweRoma uye chakaratidza kutanga vakawanda vaitamira kumavirira zvagadzirirwa.

Russian-Turkish War (1828-1829)

Nicholas ndaisagona kubatsira asi kupindura utsinye anoita zvengarava. April 14, 1828 yokuRussia Empire yaratidza pachena kurwa Turkey. Mukati memazuva gumi 6 Infantry Corps Fedora Geysmara akasvika Moldova, uye musi waMay 27 vakatanga kuyambuka Danube, panguva iyo vakapinda mambo pachake.

Gare gare mauto eRussia rakakombwa uye Varna. In kufanana hondo idzi dzakarwiwa munyika Anapa uye Asian Turkey. Zvikurukuru, June 23, 1828 yakatorwa Kars, uye mushure kunonoka diki chokuita yatanga denda, rawa kana aisa pasina nemishonga Akhalkalaki, Akhaltsikhe, Atshur, Ardahan, waPotifari uye Bajazet.

Anenge zvose mauto Russian akasangana noushamwari, sezvo vakawanda Vagari kumatunhu apo kurwisana zvaiitika, vaiva vaGiriki, vaBulgaria, vokuSerbia, vokuArmenia, Georgians, Romanians uye vamiririri nemamwe marudzi, vaizviti vaKristu. Kwemazana emakore, vakanga aionekwa sevagari wechipiri-kirasi uye vakanga vachitarisira kuti kusunungurwa hweOttoman joko.

Tichiverenga nokutsigirwa veko Greek uye Bulgarian vanhu, August 7, 1829, uto Russian, zvinosanganisira vose 25 000 vanhu vakauya kuna Adrianople. mukuru ravarwi akanga asingatarisiri pakadaro, uye mapfumo guta, uye pashure penguva yakati dzakawira uyewo Erzurum. Pakarepo pashure paizvozvo, mune bhidha Atingaita Dibich yakasvika mumiririri Sultan vaine pfungwa kugumisa chibvumirano inozivikanwa Chibvumirano Adrianople.

hondo Chirongwa

Pasinei nokuti pfungwa kugumisa Adrananopolsky nyika vakauya kubva Turkey, Porta akaedza nzira dzose kuti sungisa Nhaurirano, vachitarisira anyengetedze Britain uye Austria kumutsigira. mutemo uyu akamborara vamwe kubudirira, sezvo Pasha Mustafa, akaramba kubatanidzwa mune hondo, akasarudza kuti riwanikwe ayo Turkish murayiro zviuru makumi mana mauto Albanian. Apedza Sofia uye vakasarudza kutamira mberi. Zvisinei Dibich akaramba musoro wake uye vakati Turkish nhume kana Adrianople rugare hauna akagumisa kusvikira September 1 nayo uchatanga pamwero mukuru kurwisa Constantinople. Sultan akatyiswa zvichibvira yakakombwa guru, uye akatuma kumuzinda eRussia Germany Ambassador aine chikumbiro atange gadziriro kusaina esungano iri kumira utsinye.

Pakuguma Adrianople

September 2, 1829 mune rimwe bhidha kuwana Dibich beshdefterdar (papfuma muchengeti) Mehmet Sadik Efendi, uye Chief Military Mutongi hweTurkey Abdul Kadir Bey. Vakapiwa basa ne Porte kusaina chibvumirano pakati Adrianople. Pachinzvimbo Nicholas I, gwaro racho vanopupurirwa kubudikidza zvikamu zviri Count A. F. Orlova, uye kwenguva pfupi mutariri wavana Principalities F. P. Palena.

Chibvumirano Adrianople (1829): zvirimo

Gwaro ine 16 nyaya. Maererano navo:

1. Turkey kudzoka nenharaunda dzaro dzose European kubatikana muhondo 1828-1829, kunze muromo Danube, pamwe zviwi. Muduku sezvo Kars, Akhaltsikhe uye Akhalkalaki.

2. Russian Empire akagamuchira yose kumabvazuva kwemhenderekedzo kweGungwa Dema, kubva pamuromo Kuban River kuti nechiteshi St. Nicholas. To yake tsvina nhare Anapa, waPotifari, Sudzhuk mutsvina yadzo, uyewo muguta Akhalkalaki uye Akhaltsikhe.

3. hweTurkey pamutemo vakaziva yezwi Russian Imereti, Kartli-Kakheti umambo, Guria uye Samegrelo, uye kune Iran Erivan uye Nakhichevan khanates.

4. Turkey akapikira haana kupindira ndima kuburikidza Bosporus uye Dardanelles Russian uye nezvikepe zvavatengesi dzavatorwa.

5. Nyaya yeRussian pakusava vakapiwa kodzero kuchinjanisa yose munharaunda hweOttoman Empire, saka vakanga vasina chepasi kuti zviremera zvemo.

6. Turkey ave nemakore rimwe nehafu kubhadhara indemnity (mamiriyoni 1,5 Dutch ducats).

7. Mukuwedzera, chibvumirano raiva zvinodiwa pamutemo uye kuzvionera yeSerbia, uyewo Moldavian uye Wallachian zvemisoro.

8. Turkey rave zvasiya chero kuedza kuwana convening ane musangano iri kodzero hurumende Greek.

ukoshi

Adrianople nyika yakanga zvikuru nokuda kukura kweGungwa Dema kutengeserana. Uyezve, iye apedza accession kuna Russian Empire of mundima eCaucasus. Ake zvikuru basa iri kudzorerwa rusununguko Greece, kunyange zvazvo zvinodiwa ichi haisi pamutemo waiti ari mamiriro enyika chibvumirano pakati Adrianople muna 1829 gore.