Ancient China: kuvamba. Chinonyanya ekare uye zvinokosha Chinese zvigadzirwa

In wanhasi zvakaoma kuwana zvigadzirwa haana kugadzirwa China. Anenge zvose tinoshandisa, kuita China. Pano uye ari kushanda isingadhuri zvikuru kupfuura mune dzimwe nyika, uye vanhu vanogona kukwira yatovapo, chii hapana munhu asina kuita. Yakanakisisa uye dzakakurumbira zvikuru matoyi vava wokuChina, itsva midziyo neimba, zvakare, akaberekwa muna China. Muchidimbu, kunyange pakadzika kare, hurumende yaizivikanwa chete nokuda kwayo hwokugadzira uye dzimwe nokubudirira. Zvakawanwa uye zvigadzirwa kubva China yekare akava hwaro kugadzirwa ano uye akava kumumvuri vakawanda inozivikanwa nhasi, zvinhu wose.

porcelain nhaka

Products kubva China zvikuru akaonga pose. Vane kumba ndiro dzakadaro - zvinoreva kuratidza vamwe venyu vakabuditsa kuravira. Zvinhu zvakadai vanoongwa nokuda kwavo unmatched unhu uye zvinoshamisa runako. Akashandurwa kubva pashoko wePezhiya "porcelain" rinoreva "Mambo". Uye ndizvozvo. Muzana XIII remakore mu European porcelain kubva China chinhu incredible ukoshi. Munhu aipfuura mumatura zvavo zvakachengetwa mimwe zvedongo Chinese uri, yakaitwa nenzira furemu yendarama. Zvino vagari Iran uye India vave nechokwadi kuti China iri rusununguko zvemashiripiti zvinogona: kana zvokudya akaverevedza muchetura, zvinoita vachachinja ruvara rwayo. Saka, yakakurumbira zvikuru kuvamba, yakaitwa China yekare, zvinokwanisika zvokufungidzira, China.

Mumireniyamu yechipiri BC. e. (Tang kumwedzi) rinowanikwa Ceramics, riri wenhoroondo uye unyanzvi ukoshi. Papera chinguva yakatanga protofarfor vasina hunhu yakachenesesa uye pachena. Asi Chinese vanotenda izvi zvinhu porcelain wechokwadi, asi vatsoropodzi Western dombo guru anokukonzera.

Ancient China (nokugadzirwa kwakaitwa mumwe mukuru inoti akaita uye achiri kukonzera yakawanda mubereko) akapa nyika chaiyo matte chena porcelain. Pakutanga VII remakore, vaumbi kubva China akadzidza sei kubereka porcelain gobvu nokuda nokusanganisa kaolin, feldspar uye silica. Paitonga Rwiyo youmambo ikoko maruva kuti Chinese ceramic kugadzirwa.

Chimiro simbi

Atova IV remakore. BC. e. muna China zvazikamwa dare simbi michina. Panguva imwe chete iyoyo, kana kuti zvichida akanga adarika, Chinese vakatanga kushandisa marasha, iyo akagovera yakakwirira tembiricha ave mafuta. Iri mamiriro ichi, sezvo China yekare (kuita uye zvigadzirwa vanorondedzerwa nyaya yedu), zvinotevera nzira hwokubereka nguruve simbi yakazokudziridzwa: mu utsotso muhari, yakaita nenyere, ukapisa murwi vakashanduka simbi mhangura. Sami kugona obkladyvali marasha uye vakaripisa. Michina iyi nechokwadi tisina nesarufa.

Kandira simbi inoshandiswa kugadzira mapanga, chezero, mapadza kuti mapadza, namasanhu nezvimwe zvokushandisa. Izvi zvinhu hazvina vasade, uye anogadzira zvinhu zvokutambisa. Nokuda kwayo simbi simbi michina, wokuChina chakakandirwa nezvaenga uye makate zvikuru matete masvingo.

Kwakadzama, kwakadzama

Vagumirwe, kufanana China yekare, nokubudirira uye zvigadzirwa izvo zvikuru kushandiswa nanhasi, yagadzirwa nzira yakadzika kuchera. Zvino muzana remakore rokutanga BC. Kwira ane nzira zvaiita kuti vanochera mumakomba muvhu, kudzama iyo yakasvika rimwe nehafu chiuru mamita. Drilling rigs, anoshandiswa nhasi, kushanda papfungwa akafanana afunga pamusoro Chinese vekare. Asi mumazuva iwayo neshongwe hwokuchengetedza huchashandiswa rinosvika 60 metres kureba. Vashandi pakati nharaunda zvakafanira kuti mudziyo ritungamirirwe ukapisa murwi mabwe yakabvooka. Nhasi, nokuti chinangwa ichi mutungamiriri sepombi anoshandiswa.

Zvadaro, achishandisa tambo yakagadzirwa hemp uye yemishenjere kubereka zvivako, tenzi dzose kusimudza uye kudzikisa boora simbi. Izvi zvakaitwa kuitira kure kusvikira wasvika zvaida udzamu, iro riri paiva negasi. Ake akazotevera kushandiswa sezvo huni kugadzirwa munyu.

Kuchamhembe kana kuti mabvazuva

Vanogona refu mazita chakatangwa China yekare. Compass ndewe nezvenyu munguva rokutanga vavo vashanu. Kubvira kare, Chinese vanoziva kuvapo magineti. In Article III. BC. e. vagari Middle Kingdom, yakasvika pakuzivikanwa kuti anogona kukwezva simbi. Sezvo mangwanani uye vaiziva kuti mashoko aya anogona kuratidza izvo divi vari zasi uye rwokumusoro. Anofungidzirwa, panguva iyoyo yakanga yagadzirwa uye wokutanga nekambasi. Zvisinei, ipapo akatarisa akafanana rinobva chipunu kuti Vakakurukura warwo akabatana uye akaisa pakati mudziyo, akafanana chemwenje yamatanda kana mhangura. A panoparadzana mutsetse uri midziyo zvinoreva divi chiedza. Chipunu aigara akanongedza kumaodzanyemba. zano kwakadaro yainzi "chipunu, izvo anodzora nyika."

In XI remakore pachinzvimbo vakatanga kushandisa Chinese magineti magnetized simbi kana simbi. Panguva ino, mukurumbira chaizvo uye aiva mvura nekambasi. China Ancient, nokugadzirwa zvechokwadi akasiyana uye zvinoshamisa, - ezvinhu apo akadaro zano rinoshandiswa sezvinotevera: In mudziyo nemvura yakanga chichiburutswa tsono simbi magnetized. Rakanga kuitwa muchimiro hove uye kunosvika masendimita matanhatu pakureba. Nhamba musoro hunotaura chete kumaodzanyemba. Nokufamba kwenguva, hove akakundwa okunatsiridza uye wava tsono nekambasi munhuwo.

stirrups

Horse-akatasva vanhu vakatanga kuita kare. Kwenguva yakareba vachifamba bhiza pasina footrest. The stirrups havana iyoyo kana nevaBhabhironi kana vaMedhia, kana vaGiriki kana mamwe marudzi ekare. Kana uchityaira zvakasimba vanhu vaifanira kuomerera bhiza racho mangwanani, kuti arege kuwa. Asi zvikuru zvigadzirwa of China yekare havana kupfeka kudaro repamusoro rokuremekedza, kana zvirokwazvo hazvina kukodzera. In remakore III Chinese tega kudzivisa kuzvuzvungudza kwakadaro. Panguva iyoyo, ivo vaionekwa kusimba unyanzvi metallurgists, uye saka rekukuputsirai ane stirrups vakatanga kushandisa simbi uye nendarira. Zvinosuruvarisa, kwete vakachengetedzwa zita munhu tega ichi chinhu. Asi muna China vakadzidza akakanda stirrups nesimbi, uye ivo vaiva vakakwana chimiro.

Kana pasina pepa

Ancient China, nokugadzirwa iyo kuremekedza, akazarura kwenguva itsva kukura bhuku. The Chinese akakwanisa kugadzira pepa kudhindwa. Chinonyanya hieroglyphic mumagwaro ekare ndeyemunguva 3200 gore, hunhu BC. e. Munguva matanhatu Dynasties mu China yakavhurwa lithography. First rwezuva akagogodza pabwe, uye ipapo akaita pfungwa papepa. Muzana VIII remakore BC, pane ibwe vakatanga kushandisa mapepa. Saka pakanga achiita zvokutemera uye Chipuranga.

Maererano nengano, ivo vakatanga bepa vakava cai Lun - muranda yamambo revakadzi. Akararama panguva Eastern Han hwedzinza. Historical mabhuku vanoti bepa kuita cai akashandisa nemakwati miti, mambure hove uye mamvemve ose. Izvi pano ndiyo kusikwa yatumira anoratidzwa kuna Kesari. Sezvo bepa chakasimbiswa kwazvo muupenyu vanhu uye rava chinhu chinokosha chokufunga ivepo.

Chinese sirika

Kwemazana emakore akawanda, nyika dzokuMadokero aiziva China sekamwana sirika mugadziri. In zvakapfuuridza kare, vagari hweKudenga Empire vapiwe zvakavanzika rokuita zvinhu izvi zvinoshamisa. Si Lin, mambo mukadzi Huang Di, akadzidzisa vasikana Chinese anokura silkworms, sirika kubudiswa uye kurukiswa pamusoro nezvitsvuku vakawana nyaya.

The yakakurumbira kuvamba

A ndandanda vanoda "zvakagadzirwa kubva China vagari Ancient" kwaizova kukwana pasina kutaurwa ane pfuma yakadaro, kufanana gunpowder. Kunyange okutanga emakore AD masayendisiti kubva China akadzidza kuwana musanganiswa sarufa nitrate, izvo pamwe marasha ndiyo hwaro makemikari yokuita upfu. Ichi chakawanikwa zvishoma chibhende. Uye zvose nokuti Chinese vakanga vachiedza kuwana fuma iyo zvaibvira kuita kusafa. Asi, vakaita akasika chinhu rinobvisa upenyu.

Gunpowder yaishandiswa actuate maoko uye mudzimba zvinangwa. Eya, hondo iri pachena, asi chii upenyu norugare? Chii unoshandiswa yamarudzi yakadaro ngozi? Zvakaratidza kuti kana yatanga yakaitika kana kuti chirwere (denda), gunpowder airidza basa rimwe disinfectant. Upfu akaitira dzakasiyana-siyana nemaronda uye Maronda ari mumuviri. Naiyewo aivhima nezvipembenene.

zvakawanda zvakagadzirwa A shoma

Ancient China (kuvamba pamusoro apa) uye Anozvirumbidza zvakawanda zvimwe mawindo. Somuenzaniso, zviri vagari kuMiddle Kingdom vakanga yagadzirwa mafayawekisi, pasina iro nhasi hazvirevi kupfuura chimwe chiitiko chikuru. Seismoscope kutanga akaonekwa China yekare. Kudiwa nevakawanda gourmets tii vakadzidza sei kukura uye kubika munyika. Zvino kwakaonekwa chimwe crossbow, zvokuimba yokurinda, bhiza joko, simbi gejo uye vazhinji zvimwe zvinhu.