The Song imba iri China: History, Culture

Medieval Chinese Song imba yakatanga mugore 960, kana mukuru wavarindi Zhao Kuanin vakabvuta chigaro choumambo muumambo Pashure Zhou. Yaiva nyika duku, iyo yakabuda uye aripo ari kumbobvira-kuzviuraya hondo uye nenyonganyonga. Zvishoma nezvishoma kubatanidza yose China.

End enyika kusabatana

The yemakore 907-960., Akagumisa kutanga Sung, runoonekwa munhoroondo China Dynasties mashanu uye Gumi Kingdoms nguva. Enyika kusabatana nguva ndiwo mugumisiro rokuwedzera uye kwakaderera aimbova hurumende centralized (Tang youmambo), uye nokuda murimi mudiki hondo refu. The chikuru muupenyu iyi kwaiva nehondo. It vachambokanganwa uye kushandura hurumende, pamusana kuti emakore mashoma, nyika yaisagona kudzokera upenyu rehurumende. Independent mapoka nezvombo vaiva dzematunhu machinda, dzemamongi nemisha. Complete vanatenzi ari mumatunhu vakava jiedushi (magavhuna uto).

Muzana X remakore China aifanira kutarisana itsva zvokunze kutyisidzira - kubatana wedzinza Khitan nechisimba kuchamhembe-rokumabvazuva munharaunda yacho. madzinza izvi Mongolian vakawana kuwedzera dzokumaruwa mirairo vakagara pamatanho ose ehurumende yokutarisirwa. Mutungamiri Khitan Abaoji muna 916 gore akazivisa pakagadzwa vayo hwacho, rinonzi Liao. muvakidzani New inotyisa vakatanga kugara kupindira muhondo yourudzi China vake. In pakati X remakore Khitan utsinye kuongororwa kuti 16 kuchamhembe maruwa pamusoro munharaunda ano China kumatunhu Shanxi uye Hebei uye kazhinji kutambudzika kumaodzanyemba enyika.

Zviri izvi zvemukati uye zvimwewo kutyisidzira rava kurwa Young Song imba. Umbwa yake Kuanin Zhao akagamuchira choumambo zita Taizu. Akaita guta rake guru Kaifeng uye akatanga kusika munhu dzibatane China. Kunyange zvazvo ake chigaro historiography anowanzonzi Song, Song izwi akataurawo yose nguva uye umambo hwaiva mumakore 960-1279. Uye chigaro (mhuri) Kuaninya aizivikanwawo nezita rake zita Zhao rokutanga.

centralization

Kwete kuva pamusoro pakachengeteka ichimirira kare, kuti Song youmambo kubva pamazuva ayo kuvapo mangwanani, vakanamatira mutemo centralization nesimba. Chokutanga yose vaifanira kupedza simba kwavatungamiriri vakuru vehondo. Kuanin Zhao chabvisa muchiuto maruwa, nokudaro nokunyima vemauto magavhuna jiedushi kukanganisa pasi. In zvinhu izvi hazvina kugumira ipapo.

Muna 963, The Imperial dare tidzokere mauto zvose dzakabatana dziri munyika. Palace Guard, izvo kazhinji akanga aronga the, varasikirwa zvikuru kwayo rusununguko, uye mabasa ayo aiitwa. Chinese Song hwedzinza rinotarisa pakutonga, achizviona somunhu kugadzikana anotsigira hurumende. Faithful yemo vakuru pakutanga vakatumirwa kunyange ematunhu kure zvikuru uye maguta. Asi nengozi muchiuto vakuru vakarasikirwa kodzero dzavo kudzora vanhu.

The Song imba mu China vakabata isati yamboitwa administrative kuchinja. The nyika yakakamurwa kuva matunhu matsva, raiumbwa maruwa, mumadhipatimendi vemauto, maguta uye zvokutengeserana mahofisi. The duku administrative chikwata aiva County. dunhu ose aitungamirirwa mana anokosha vakuru. Mumwe aiva mutariri zvekufamba, wechipiri - zviyo kuchengetwa uye kudiridza, uye wechitatu - nokuti mitero, wechina - nokuti zvehondo.

Song chigaro yakasiyana pakuti simba iri kuramba kushandiswa tsika kutapurirana vakuru itsva basa chechitima. Izvi zvakaitwa kuitira kuti appointees vasina inopiwa pachavo nesimba zvakawandisa mupurovhinzi yake uye kugona kuronga conspiracies.

Hondo vavakidzani

Kunyange muno Song hwedzinza yakawana Kudzikamiswa kuti dzakawanda nzvimbo yayo akasiya zvakawanda anodikamwa. Khitan akaramba kuti vavatore nengozi yose China. Hondo pamwe muArabhu havana akabatsira vavezve vakarasika panguva kusabatana kuchamhembe enyika. Muna 1004 iri Song hwedzinza chinoguma kidanskoy umambo Liao chibvumirano pasi zvakanga yasimbiswa Pamuganhu miviri inoti. Countries kuzivikanwa so "hanzvadzi." Panguva iyoyowo, China aifanira kubhadhara wepagore chibharo $ 100,000 lyanov sirivha uye 200 zviuru sirika maronda. Muna 1042 mumwe chibvumirano chitsva akapedzisa. mutero saizi kwakawedzera anenge kaviri.

Pakati XI remakore Song imba mu China aifanira muvengi itsva. On yaro muganhu wezasi-kumavirira ehurumende akasimuka Western Xia. umambo ichi akasika Tibetan vanhu Tanguts. Muna 1040-1044 gg. pakati Western Xia uye Song Empire zvakanga ari kurwa. Ndokuguma kuti Tanguts kwechinguva vakaziva ayo muranda nzvimbo kurutivi China.

Jurchen kubvuta uye zvaibiwa kwakaenderera pamusoro Kaifeng

Gadzira yemarudzi Chiyero hwakavhiringidzwa mukuvamba XII remakore. Zvino kwakaonekwa muManchuria State Tungus Jurchen rudzi. Muna 1115 zvakanzi akazivisa rezvitendero Jin. The Chinese vari kutarisira kudzokera kuchamhembe mumatunhu, ivo vakapinda kubatana vavakidzani itsva, rinotungamirirwa pamusoro Liao. Khitan vakakundwa. Muna 1125 hurumende Liao vakaurawa. The Chinese madzokera chikamu hwokumusoro enyika, asi ikozvino vaifanira kubhadhara mutero kuna Jurchen.

madzinza New vanotyisa kuchamhembe haana kurega Liao. Muna 1127 vakatora pamusoro guru Song Kaifeng. Emperor Chinese ainzi Qin-tsung pamwe dzakawanda nemhuri yake akabatwa. Mauto vakamutora kuchamhembe yake yaakaberekerwa muManchuria. Vezvenhau tenda kuwa Kaifeng njodzi rakafanana ari pamwero pamwe wehomwe Rome nokuda Vandals ari V remakore. The guru akaiswa kuna zhenje ramangwana uye vasingagoni vadzosere yaimbova kubwinya rimwe remaguta makurusa kwete chete muna China asiwo munyika yose.

Of kodzero mhuri kutiza hasha vatorwa chete mukoma pachigaro Emperor Zhao Gou. Akanga asiri muguta nokuda dzinouraya zuva. Zhao Gou akatamira kumaodzanyemba enyika. Ikoko, akanga zvakaziviswa sezvo mambo mutsva. Yakava guta guru Lin'an (ano Hangzhou). Somugumisiro nechisimba vatorwa dzinza roumambo Southern Song akatadza kudzora hafu China (zvose kuchamhembe enyika ayo), nokuti akagamuchira chivakashure "South". Saka, 1127 yaiva pakachinja munhoroondo yose China.

Southern Song kumwedzi

Apo Northern Song hwedzinza ari kare (960-1127 gg.) Imperial simba aifanira vanounganidzira masimba ose iripo varambe kutonga kanenge munyika kumaodzanyemba. The kundorwa Empire of China Jin yakatora makore 15. Muna 1134 kumusoro vakavimbika mauto vakamira Song hwedzinza rwevanhu Yue Fei unyanzvi. Munyika yanhasi China, riri kuonekwa chimwe chezvinhu zvinokosha Ages yenyika magamba.

Yue Fei Mauto akakwanisa kumisa kufambira mberi kukunda muvengi. Zvisinei, pakazosvika nguva Imperial Court akaumba yesimba boka namachinda vakatsvaka kugumisa chibvumirano rugare nokukurumidza. Mauto akanga atendeuka, uye Yue Fei akaurayiwa. Muna 1141 MuRwiyo uye Jin akapedzisa chibvumirano razova zvichida kupfuura wakashata zvose Chinese kare. Jurchen akatamira nyika yose kuchamhembe rwizi Huaishui. Sung mambo akakumbira muranda chokuita Jin mutongi. Chinese vakatanga kubhadhara wepagore chibharo $ 250,000 lyanov.

Jin, Western Xia uye Liao zvakasikwa muArabhu. Kunyange zvakadaro, hurumende aiva zvokutora chikamu China, zvishoma nezvishoma vakawira pasi pamasimba ose Chinese tsika uye tsika. Izvi zvakanga kunyanya ichokwadi zvematongerwo midziyo. Saka, kunyange zvazvo Southern Song youmambo, paitonga iyo kwakaitika muna 1127-1269 gg., Wakarasikirwa guru chikamu Holdings dzavo, nokuti vakakwanisa kuramba Nhongonya mukuru Oriental budiriro, kupona pashure dzakawanda yaingopambwa vavatorwa.

kurima

hondo dzakawanda ndikaiparadza China. Zvikurukuru kwakakanganisa mapurovhinzi kuchamhembe uye nechepakati. Southern Region, vasara pasi kudzorwa Sung youmambo, akaramba ari arikunze makakatanwa uye saka vakapona. Achiedza kudzoreredza upfumi munyika, kuti Chinese hurumende akapedza chikamu chinokosha pfuma yayo kwerunyararo uye kukura kurima.

Madzimambo akashandisa chinyakare zvishandiso iyoyo akaramba kudiridza, varimi akaita mutero incentives vakapiwa kuti vashandise vakasiya nyika. Kuvandudzwa nzira kurimwa, kuwedzerwa acreage. Kunyange pakupera X remakore, muna China paiva disintegration aimbova nyika-kushandisa hurongwa, iyo yakavakirwa Holdings. Kuwedzera kwenhamba duku private dzezvivanze.

upenyu guta

Nokuti upfumi China ari X-XIII emakore. Yakanga manyorerwo kwakapararira kukura mumaguta. Ivo vakaita kuwedzera basa rinokosha muupenyu hwevanhu. Raiva guta-nhare, administrative nzvimbo, zviteshi, chiteshi, zvokutengeserana uye handicraft nzvimbo. At pakutanga Sung haana chete guta guru Kaifeng, asiwo Changsha. All akakura kupfuura guta iroro kumaodzanyemba-kumabvazuva nyika: Fuzhou, Yangzhou, Suzhou, Tszyanlin. Rimwe nhare idzi (Hangzhou) rakava guta guru Southern Song. isina kumboitika mufananidzo Ages Europe - Kunyange ipapo, ari kupfuura maguta Chinese vanopfuura mamiriyoni 1 vanhu vakanga.

Urbanization aipfeka quantitative kwete chete asiwo Qualitative. Cities inopiwa pachavo pamwe huru Posad kunze kwemasvingo. vatengesi navapfuri vesimbi vaigara munzvimbo idzi. The kukosha zvokurima nokuda muupenyu vemo Chinese iri zvishoma nezvishoma kuparara. Vaimbova kwaigara Akanyatsovharwa kunyangarika. Asi, vakavaka nzvimbo zhinji (vakadaidzwa "Xiang") chokuita mumwe neboka nevakawanda richikurukura mumigwagwa uye alleys.

Crafts uye shava

Pamwe chete shanduka ounyanzvi nyanzvi dzokugadzira wakaburuka kukura zvavo mu China. Tang imba, Song nemamwe anoti ari yaitonga chakatsaurwa wandei pfungwa kukura simbi. In yokutanga yezana XI remakore mu China wakaonekwa zvimbambaira zvitsva zvinopfuura 70. Hafu yavo vari chezvipo, hafu - oga varidzi.

The Indasitiri yakatanga kushandiswa chemubhotoro, marasha, uye kunyange makemikari. utsanzi ake (boilers simbi) mumimwe maindasitiri inokosha - munyu kugadzirwa. Varuki vaishanda esiriki, vakatanga kubudisa mhando micheka yakasiyana. Paiva okudhindira makuru. Vakashandisa mubayiro basa, kunyange zvazvo ukama pakati mushandi uye mushandirwi vairamba waakaita uye yemadzitateguru.

Inochinja mukurima zvakatungamirira kuti guta racho kutengeserana kubva yakamanikana yechinangwa tsaru. Vasati kuti, iye akashanda chete nezvido ehurumende uye nhete rukoko pamusoro vepamusoro. Zvino vatengesi guta vakatanga kutengesa zvigadzirwa zvavo uye vagari zvavo. Dzakabudirira nevatengi upfumi. Kwaiva migwagwa uye pamisika, kushandisa kutengeswa zvimwe zvinhu. Chero tengeserana kunonyorwa, akapa yakawanda purofiti kuti hurumende muchivigiro.

Song hwedzinza mari yakawanikwa nevanochera munyika dzakasiyana-siyana East. Zvakawanikwa izvi zvinoratidza kuti vari X-XIII emakore. Rakanga dzakabudirira uye kwokunze Inter-remunharaunda kutengeserana. Chinese zvinhu yaitengeswa Liao, Western Xia, Japan uye dzimwe India. The karavhani yenzira kazhinji kuva anoramba nedzenyu urongwa pakati masimba. In zvishanu zvengarava kupfuura China aiva chaiwo mugungwa wezvokutengeserana Management (ivo waidzora kwokunze mugungwa dzaishandiswa nevanhu).

Paaiva Ages China pakarongwa akasiyana kusunungurwa Mari munyika vachiri kwete zvakakwana. Saka, pakutanga XI remakore, hurumende dzakanga dzatangwa Banknotes. Bank macheki zvinozova zvakajairika, kunyange yakavakidzana Jin. Pakazopera XI remakore, simba South China akatanga kunyanya kushungurudzwa ichi chokushandisa. Uchiteverwa inofanira kuderedza kuti bhangi manotsi.

Zvavo vairemekedzwa uye machinda

Zvii zvachinja sechivako munzanga vakauya nawo Song youmambo? Photographically kuchinja izvi anoratidza yenhau, yaMakoronike nguva. Ivo kunyora chokwadi kuti X - XIII emakore. muna China paiva basa kuchinja kuwa vakakwirira. Pakusarudza murwiyo yawo zvakatipoteredza uye machinda, vatongi vakatanga kutsiva vamiririri vanokudzwa mhuri dziri zvishoma vanozivikanwa vashandi. Asi kunyange nzvimbo machinda uye simba, havana anyangarika. Uyezve, simba hama dzakawanda yakaramba raitonga hwedzinza.

Yakanga panguva Song China anenge apinda "yendarama zera" ari muboka revatungamiriri. Power zvakanyatsorongwa kuwedzerwa nokusimbisa neropafadzo yacho. Social erevheta, panopinda Chinese vanhuwo vakawira kuhondo pakati muboka revatungamiriri, aiva kuongorora hurongwa. Pane mumwe, supplementing ari muboka revatungamiriri, iyo interlayer. Ndivo vaiva vanhu vakagamuchira yemhando madhigirii (vanoremekedzwa vezvikwata). In ichi Svikiro nokuwa anobva kumusoro dzebhizimisi uye zvokutengeserana, uyewo diki uye nomutoo nyika varidzi. Bvunzo vasiri chete akawedzera kirasi raizotonga bureaucrats, asi akaitawo kuti achinditsigira yakavimbika Imperial hurongwa. Sezvo nguva dzakaratidza, yakasimba mamiriro kubva mukati Song hwedzinza chakaparadzwa nokuda nechitarisiko vavengi, haasi avo feuds nemagakava evanhu.

tsika nemagariro

Medieval China munguva Song hwedzinza vaisiyana upenyu mupfumi tsika. Muzana X remakore mu China zvava rakakurumbira Genre wenhetembo tzu. Authors akadai Su Shi uye Xin Qiji, akasiya chaizvo rwiyo rwacho. Munguva inotevera remakore paiva Genre xiaoshuo nyaya. Akava akakurumbira pakati vomumaguta, wakanyorwa mabasa ari retelling mumigwagwa nyaya. Panguva iyo kwaiva Kuparadzana rakataurwa mutauro kubva kunyora. Vachitaura kuva akafanana ano. Nechekare paitonga Rwiyo youmambo iri China yakagoverwa kuna yemitambo. In rwezasi, rainzi yuanben, uye kuchamhembe - wenyan.

Ropafadzo uye kuvhenekerwa vomunyika akapindwa muropa calligraphy uye kupenda. Izvi dzinovhurika kufarira okutanga kuzvikoro. Pakupera X remakore muna Nanjing Academy of Painting ikoko. Akabva hwakatamisirwa kuna Kaifeng, uye pashure pokuparadzwa kwaro - muna Hangzhou. Mudare madzimambo aivapo Museum, waiva kupfuura mifananidzo uye dzimwe zvinoratidza Ages kupenda zviuru zvitanhatu. Zvakawanda muunganidzwa ichi akarasika panguva nechisimba Jurchen. In kupenda, chinonyanya mukurumbira kweshoko vaiva shiri, maruva, uye lyrical nharaunda. Kunotangwa muchina wokudhinda, izvo zvakaita kuti kuvandudzika kwebhuku zvinyorwa.

hondo dzakawanda uye vavakidzani utsinye yekudyidzana uchiumba mifananidzo nhaka iyo akasiya Song imba. Culture uye mafungiro chavagari zvichienzaniswa yapfuura eras zvachinja chaizvo. Kana, panguva Tang youmambo, nheyo chero mabasa ounyanzvi kubva kupenda kuti mabhuku akanga kubudirana pachena uye rufaro, apo imba youmambo hunhu aya yakatsiviwa zvomunguva yakapfuura nokuda yakanyarara kare. Vashandi Cultural vava kuwedzera Kusimbisa zvakasikwa uye nyika murume womukati. Art vachida ushamwari hwepedyo. Paiva kurambwa wokunzwa runako uye kushongedzwa. Akazviratidza akanaka Kupfupika uye nyore. Panguva iyoyo nokuda panowanikwa zvokudhinda zvikuru okusika yakaitawo chirongwa democratization.

The chidzoke of eMongolia

Hazvinei vaimbova vavengi sei nengozi kana vaiva Song hwedzinza kwakaguma kuburikidza hapana mhosva pamusoro Jurchen uye Tangut, asi nokuda eMongolia. Nechisimba kunze idzva China akatanga muna 1209. Pausiku Genghis Khan yakabatana kuti vazhinji vomunyika yake uye akavapa mutsva chinangwa chinzvimbo - kukunda nyika. The mudungwe eMongolia akatanga chete achienda China.

Muna 1215, vanhu vemahombekombe vakatora Beijing, vachikuvadza dambudziko rekutanga kune simba reJurchen. IJin Empire yakambotambura nekutapukira kwemukati uye kudzvinyirirwa kwenyika kwevakawanda vayo. Chii chakaitwa neRwiyo Rwenyika mumamiriro ezvinhu? Kuziva kwenguva pfupi kubudirira kwemaMongol kwakanga kwakakwana kuti vanzwisise kuti muvengi uyu akaipisisa zvikuru kupfuura ose akare. Kunyange zvakadaro, vaChina vaitarisira kuti vabatsirwe muhupenyu hwevanhu vakaderera mukurwisana nevavakidzani vavo. Iyi nheyo yekushamwaridzana kwenguva pfupi yakaunza migumisiro muchikamu chechipiri chekupinda kwevaMongolia.

Muna 1227, mauto akazopedzisira atora Western Xia. Muna 1233, vakayambuka rwizi rukuru rweJune uye vakakomba Kaifeng. Hurumende yeJin yakakwanisa kubuda muZeizhou. Zvisinei, guta iri rakaparara mushure meKafeng. Mauto eChina aibatsira maMongolia kutora Caizhou. Rwiyo Rwenyika rwaiva netariro yekushamwaridzana noushamwari nevaMongolia, vachivavimbisa kushamwaridzana kwavo kuvimbika pahondo, asi zviratidzo zvoumambo hwacho hazvina kuita kuti vahedheni vaonekwe. Muna 1235 kupindirwa kwevatorwa nguva dzose kwakatanga kune dzimwe nyika dzekumambo hwekumaodzanyemba.

Kuwa kwemambo

Muma 1240s, mutungamiri wemapoka akaomesera zvishoma. Izvi zvakaitika nekuda kwekuti panguva iyo maMongol akaenda kuWest Western Campaign, panguva iyo Golden Horde yakasikwa uye yakapoteredzwa nemutero kuna Rus. Apo mhirizhonga yeEurope yakapera, vanhu vemahombekombe zvakare vakawedzera kuwedzera kumiganhu yavo yekumavirira. Muna 1257, kupindira kweVietnam kwakatanga, uye mugore rinotevera 1258 - mune yeRwiyo.

Pakupedzisira kuputika kweChinese kushorwa kwakakundwa makore makumi maviri gare gare. Nekuwa kwemaodzanyemba maodzanyemba muChitdong muna 1279, nhoroondo yeRwiyo rwamambo rwakabviswa. Mambo aiva ipapo mukomana ane makore manomwe Zhao Bin. Akaponeswa nevadzidzisi vake, akadzikira muRwizi rweSijiang mushure mokukundwa kokupedzisira kwezvikepe zveChinese. MuMiddle Kingdom yakatanga nguva yeMongolia kutonga. Yakaramba ichienda kusvika muna 1368, uye munhoroondo yekuyeuka yandakayeuka saiye Yuan nguva.