Vera Figner: Biography uye zvinofadza zvinhu zvoupenyu

Nyaya Russian Revolution, oddly zvakakwana, rakaenderana nokukurumidza feminization nevakadzi. More uye zvakawanda Vasikana rechi19 - kwezana remakore rechi20 vakaramba basa mudzimai uye amai uye mukusanzwisisa kushingaira kurwisa, kwete chete nokuda kodzero dzavo, asiwo zvavo kwekodzero dzevanhu. Mumwe chakajeka nhengo echimurenga kufamba mu kwezana remakore rakanga Figner kuti aipinda chitendero munhoroondo kwegadziriro munhu ushingiwo kuedza musi Emperor Alexander II.

mavambo

Figner anozivikanwa revolutionist Vera, sezvo iri kazhinji vodilos iri nascent echimurenga kufamba, akanga vanokudzwa mavambo. In autobiography yake, iye akanyora muMoscow muna 1926, apo akanga zvikuru nechokwadi echimurenga, iye akataura kuti Aleksandr Aleksandrovich Figner, sekuru yemadzibaba ake, aiva weimba huru pamusoro Livonia (vemazuva Baltic). Muna 1828, apo pachinzvimbo chevatatu refutenendi, akanzi kwamachinda iri Kazan province.

Varidzi vaivawo iri rwaamai divi. Sekuru Vera Nikolaevna, Hristofor Petrovich Kupriyanov, kubva huru varidzi, akashanda se County mutongi. Aiva nyika ari County uye Tetyushinskom Ufa province. Asi kubva pfuma yake vaiva mumisha 400 chete Hristoforovka zvegumi, iyo akaenda mai vayo. Baba Nikolay Aleksandrovich Figner, muna 1847 iye pamudyandigere pamwe chinzvimbo mukuru.

udiki

Vera Figner pacharo akaberekwa muna 1852 muKazan province. Mhuri aiva nevana vashanu: hanzvadzi Ridhiya, Eugenia, uye Olga, hama Nicholas uye naPetro. Kuyeuka vabereki vake, ramangwana gandanga akanyora kuti vakanga vakasiyana zvachose muna nevakwegura, unhu asi panguva imwe chete nesimba uye simba kwake, pasingaverengwi incredible basa. Unhu izvi, iye anoti, wakanamatidzwa imwe nzira kana imwe vana vose, mumwe nomumwe izvo imhaka utsinye kurerwa zvimwe akaita avasakadza kare.

Vera Figner, Biography chinorondedzerwa zvakadzama mubhuku rake "The chisimbiso basa", akanyora kuti kwake muduku haina kuzivikanwa unhu mucheche, uye pakanga pasina ukama pakati pevabereki nevana. The Kudzidziswa kwaibva nedzidziso kurangwa, vakaroverera Spartan tsika. Uyezve, hama dzave, uye koporo kurangwa. shamwari yepedyo vana chete rakanga mukoti yavo yekare Natalia Makarievna. Asi Vera Figner anoti mhuri ndambobata kupopotedzana, hapana mhiko mashoko inzwiwe, "uye hazvina nhema." Nokuda basa mhuri yababa vake vaigara mumusha uye kunyimwa magungano mumadhorobha upenyu, uye naizvozvo, anoti Vera, "hatina kuziva unyengeri chero kana guhwa uye Njodzi".

youth

Somugumisiro kana pasinei, asi vana mhuri akauya, sezvo vachiti, kuvanhu: Peter akava rakakura mugodhi injiniya, Nikolai - inozivikanwa dhanzi muimbi. Asi hanzvadzi, vose vatatu aizvipira echimurenga hondo.

Uye Figner Vera Nikolaevna, Biography pfupi iri hunomirirwa ongororo yedu, uyewo akazvipira chimurenga yakajeka.

Childhood yakapera apo musikana akanga akabatwa mu Kazan Rodionovskaya Institute for Noble rweVasikana. Education kwakavakirwa dzechitendero dzidziso, izvo Vera akaramba hanya, kuenda zvakadzika kusatendera. The Kudzidziswa kwemakore matanhatu, umo musikana akaenda kumba dzemazororo mana chete nguva.

Ndapedza Vera Figner akadzokera kumusha kumusha. Sezvo iye akanyora murenje vakaenda chete Sekuru Peter Kupriyanov, uyo aiziva pfungwa Chernyshevsky, Dobrolyubov uye Pisarev, uyewo dzidziso utilitarianism, yaiva yakazara uye nemusikana wechidiki. Direct kunyatsoziva miduku yokuruwa, akanga asina upenyu chaihwo uye chokwadi, zviri akakodzera Handimupinduri, ndokupfuura izvozvo, izvo kumufambira kuziva wavo upenyu uye vanhu.

zvekunze simba

The kuziva wokutanga mabhuku chakakura Figner aiva nemakore 13 apo sekuru vake Kupriyanov kubvumidzwa kutora naye akatanga imwe magazini wegore pakunamata "Russian shoko." Zvisinei, ndakaverenga pane mabasa kuva kwakabatsira musikana. The institute kuverenga rakarambidzwa, uye bhuku kuti akapa amai vaiva mabhuku uye kukanganiswa zvakawanda utere pane rezvedzidzo kukura. Serious venhau asingaiti kuwira mumaoko ake kusvikira imwe nguva.

Kuororwa akaita paari yokufungidzira "Mumwe murwi," Spielhagen. Oddly zvakakwana, asi bhuku zvinokosha pachavo Vera Figner vakapemberera vhangeri. Pasinei kuzvipira kusatendera, akadzidza kubva mubhuku roupenyu nhungamiro muperekedzi zvose hwake. Zvikurukuru, zvakazara uye pakuzvichengetedza zvakare akasarudzwa chinangwa. Nekrasov kuti detembo "Sasha", izvo akadzidzisa kwete kuparadzanisa shoko kubva nyaya, akapedza paumbwe hwaro kwouzivi munhu echimurenga ramangwana.

muchato

Chido zvingabatsira vafare zvikuru mukuru nhamba yevanhu zvine musoro zvakaita kuti chido chokudzidza kubva Aesculapius. Vakasarudza kudzidza mushonga muSwitzerland. Asi kuziva chinangwa ichi chaiva chete muna 1870, pashure akaroorwa wechiduku dzendege Alekseya Viktorovicha Filippova. Kunzwa zuva rimwe, sei nokubvunzurudzwa of fungira uye akaona chakashata ichi, akanyengetedza murume wake kuti kurega basa iri uende naye kuzopiwa vanachiremba dhigirii muna University of Zurich.

Pavakasvika mhiri Figner Vera Nikolaevna akasangana kokutanga uye akapinda pfungwa gutsaruzhinji, ari Tauriranai uye nevanhu kufamba. Kusarudza mugovanisi tishandurwe yakatanga mug of kushanya "Fritzsche" muna Zurich, uko iye akasangana French Socialist Cabet, Saint-Simon, Fourier, Lui Blanom, Proudhon. Sezvo iye akacherechedza, sarudza kurutivi chimurenga izvozvo akafuridzira haana kudaro tiine yeruramisiro, se "utsinye nokuda kirasi mutongo kudzvinyirira echimurenga kufamba."

Kudzokera Russia

Muna 1875 akasvika Russia, "Fritsch" nhengo dzeboka kuti kusimudzira mugovanisi pfungwa pakati vanoshanda kirasi, vakasungwa. Paakaudzwa runhare kubva shamwari dzake kuti vadzokorore echimurenga kukurukurirana kuRussia, Vera Figner - Biography muchidimbu anobata manzwiro ake uye kusava nechokwadi pamusoro mamakisi ichi - akamanikidzwa kusiya kurovedzwa yunivhesiti uye kudzokera kumusha. Mubvunzo zvakanzi chokuita chokwadi kuti kupotsera chinhu pakati, asi nguva dzose aifunga izvozvo woumbwende. MuRussia, uchiri vakapfuura bvunzo kuti Man playing. Pashure pemakore mashanu muchato, iye akarambana nomurume wake, uyo dzisinganamati naye chido chimurenga, uye akaenda St. Petersburg.

Pakazosvika makore 70s remakore rechi19 vakatanga kuumba mutsva echimurenga muzinda ane chirongwa dzikapupurira hachisi echimurenga romanticism, asiwo chiito. Kunyanya, kurwa chaiye pamwe nehurumende. Zvadaro kekutanga takataura pamusoro pokushandiswa Dynamite muhondo.

Muna 1878 akaridza pena pamusoro echimurenga uyo akachinja mirayiridzo kufamba iyi Russia yokutanga. In St. Petersburg meya Trepov vanogumurwa Vera Zasulich. Zvakanga kutsiva nokuda koporo kurangwa, izvo akatambura enyika musungwa nokuda chinhu chisina kubviswa pamberi chivharo Vakuru. Pashure paizvozvo, zvose pamusoro nyika dzave kutsiva nokutya.

Kusikwa "Narodnaya Volya"

Vera Figner kunyange zvakananga muboka kufamba "Nyika uye Freedom" Zvisinei kuti yakanga yakabatana pfungwa uye pachake zvionera denderedzwa "separatists" zvavo. Aiitawo reCongress iri sangano iri Voronezh. Zvisinei, sezvo iye akanyora, panguva reCongress kusvika chii haana kubvumirana nazvo. Nzwisisa vakabika pasi kuti mberi echimurenga dzidzo muruwa uye panguva imwecheteyo kundorwa hurumende. The Bhizimisi-kure, senguva dzose, zvakakonzera kuti sangano yakakamurwa. Avo zvakafanira kuti vanoshingaira kurwisa hurumende uye akaona basa rake vachipidigura autocracy, vakabatana Party "Narodnaya Volya". Vera Figner akapinda Executive Committee yayo.

Nhengo dzebato vatsva chaizvo zvakasimba. nhengo dzakawanda sangano makagadzira Dynamite, uye vamwe zvakagadzira zano vauraye Emperor Alexander II. Vera Figner, Photo unotiudza pamusoro yakanaka uye musikana yakasimba, asi kwete gandanga, ave achishingaira munyaya kugadzirira kurwiswa muna Odessa muna 1880 uye muna St. Petersburg muna 1881. Pakutanga, kutaurawo haana aronga, asi, sezvo iye akanyora, "misodzi yangu kurigamuchira mamwe masoja ake," uye iye akatora chikamu kurwisa yake yokutanga nemagandanga.

The rufu nechiyero

All of sangano vakawira mumaoko kuferefeta muna 1883. Kutenda wakaitirwa munhare 20 mwedzi nevamwe zvakakwana. Ipapo akanga aedza uye akatongerwa rufu, izvo kwakatsiviwa ne nokusingaperi rakaoma. In Schlusselburg aipedza makore makumi maviri. Muna 1904, akatumirwa Ngirozi Huru, ipapo mu Kazan province. Pashure kuchinjwa kuna Nizhny Novgorod, aibvumirwa kusiya Russia, uye muna 1906 akaenda kubata tsinga kunze.

Kumba, akadzokera chete muna 1915, akasarudzwa kuti Constituent Assembly , pashure kune February Revolution. Asi kuti October Revolution haana kutora, uye nhengo Communist Party haana kuva. Muna 1932, gore rake masere rokuzvarwa, yakabudiswa mabasa kunyatsonyudzwa nomwe mavhoriyamu, rwakazokura rayo guru opus - the yokufungidzira "rakanamwa basa" yeRussian echimurenga kufamba.