Annealing simbi somunhu mhando nokupisa kurapwa. simbi michina

The kusikwa zvinhu zvitsva uye kudzora zvivako zvavo - unyanzvi zvigadzirwa zvesimbi. Mumwe zvokushandisa ayo ari kurapwa kupisa. azvaiitwa kuti zvibvire kushandura hunhu uye, naizvozvovo, kukura kwebasa kushandiswa alloys. Annealing kuti simbi - chiito kwakapararira kuti kubvisa mukugadzira kuremara mu zvigadzirwa, ichiwedzera simba ravo uye rakavimbika.

Process mabasa aro dzakasiyana

annealing akavhiyiwa anoteererwa kuti:

• Optimization intracrystalline mamiriro, ari arayira pamusoro alloying zvinhu;
• kuderedza dzakawanda zvinetso uye kururama nokuda nokukurumidza rwokugadzira tembiricha akasiyana;
• kuwedzera pliability anoramba kuti tevera machine.

Classical oparesheni anonzi "annealing izere", asi pane zvinoverengeka zvakasiyana ayo, zvichienderana nechido zvivako uye zvechadenga mabasa: kukwana, pasi diffusion (homogenization), isothermal, recrystallization, normalizing. All akafanana pfungwa, asi modes hwendarira kupisa kurapwa yakasiyana.

Heat kurapwa kwakavakirwa chati

transformations All vari simbi indasitiri, izvo kwakavakirwa nyama yemhuka tembiricha zvakajeka dzinoenderana dhayagiramu resimbi-kabhoni alloys. Zviri chinooneka yokuziva microstructure kuti kabhoni steels kana kukandira simbi, uyewo pfungwa tishandurwe zvivako zvavo zvatariswa pasi pokudzora kudziyisa kana kutonhora.

Metal zvemichina inodzora girafu ichi mhando dzose annealing kabhoni steels. For kukwana, pasi uye recrystallization "kutanga" mutsetse tembiricha tsika ndiye PSK, kureva yayo inokosha _Ac1. Full annealing uye normalizing simbi chafariz nezvatinovavarira GSE mutsetse diagram, ayo inokosha uye Ac ₃ Ac _m. Also kuronga zvakajeka hwakagara kubatana nzira inotaurwa kupisa kurapwa pamwe mashoko pamusoro kabhoni tigutsikane uye mukana zvakakodzera ayo inochengetrwa chaiwo chiwanikwa.

azere annealing

Zvinhu: castings uye forgings kuti aifarira-eutectoid chiwanikwa, sezvamakaropafadzwa simbi nziyo vanofanira muzadze kabhoni iri mari kusvika 0,8%.

chinangwa:

• kunonyanyisa yachinja microstructure iri zvichizoita chakakandirwa uye inopisa kumanikidzwa actuation nonuniform zvinonyadzisa ferrite-pearlite chivako mune homogeneous yakaisvonaka-grained;
• dzikira kwoukukutu uye kuwedzera ductility nokuda tevera machine.

Technology. Annealing simbi panguva tembiricha pamusoro inokosha 30-50˚S _Ac3. Paaizosvika zvakafanorongwa chafariz ehupfumi ari simbi kuvatsigira pane ichi pamwero kwenguva yakati, kunoita kuti kupedza zvakakodzera zvose transformations yacho. pearlite Large uye ferrite tsanga tinoshandurirwa austenite zvachose. The rakatevera Danho - the anononoka kutonhora muchoto, umo muitiro kusiyaniswa zvakare kubva austenite ferrite uye pearlite ane tsanga yakanaka uye homogeneous marongerwo.

Full annealing simbi anobvisa kwazvo dzakawanda kuremara, zvisinei, ane yakareba chaizvo uye simba unoparadza.

nyoro annealing

Zvinhu: hypoeutectoid simbi, non-chakakomba zvinorwisana hadzina kufambiswa zvakanaka.

Chinangwa saizi rutapudzo uye zvigadziriswe pakati pearlite tsanga, pasina kuchinja ferrite substrate.

Technology. Muchidziisa simbi kuti tembiricha anodonhera pakakoromoka pakati dzinonetsa pfungwa _Ac1 uye _Ac3. Nokufumura blanks muchoto pamwe akatsiga zvatariswa hwezvekukurukurirana nekuzadzisa zvakakodzera kwendangariro. Kutonhora rinoitwa zvishoma nezvishoma, pamwe romoto. Panguva goho kupa zvakafanana yakanaka-grained pearlitic-ferritic marongerwo. With yakadaro chafariz simba iri dzikwanise yakaisvonaka pearlite, ari ferrite sekiristaro anoramba kuzochinja, uye unogona chete kushandurwa zvayakaita, uyewo ukuye.

Soft annealing hwendarira inoita yokufudza womukati mamiriro uye zvivako zviri nyore zvinhu, zviri zvishoma simba nyanyisa.

A pasi annealing (recrystallization)

Zvinhu: zvose mhando anokungurutsirwa kabhoni simbi, chiwanikwa simbi ine kabhoni kugutsikana pakati 0,65% (semuenzaniso, bhora akatakura), uye varara mativi akagadzirwa nonferrous nesimbi kuti murege zvine refu dzakawanda kuremara, asi zvinoda asiri simba kururamiswa.

chinangwa:

• Kubviswa yomunyika zvinetso uye kugozha achiomesa kushanda nokuda zvose kuchitonhora uye kuchipisa deformation;
• kubviswa akaipa Migumisiro gogonera kutonhora welded zvivako, vakawedzera ductility uye simba mapfundo;
• homogenizing ari microstructure vasiri ferrous simbi;
• lamellar pearlite spheroidization - zvichiriita granular fomu.

Technology.

Heating zvikamu anobudiswa musi 50-100˚S pazasi _Ac1 inokosha. Nokupesvedzera migumisiro izvi zvinopedzwa zviduku zvinorwisana kuchinja. Yose muitiro zvinotora maawa anenge 1-1.5. Inotorwa ukoshi tembiricha anoda kubatsira vamwe zvinhu:

1. Carbon simbi uye mhangura alloys - 600-700˚S.
2. Nickel alloys - 800-1200˚S.
3. Aluminum alloys - 300-450˚S.

Kutonhora rinoitwa mumhepo. Martensitic uye bainitic steels zvesimbi zvemichina inopa zita yakasiyana iyi muitiro - refu zororo. Zviri nyore oornag nzira kuvandudza zvivako zvikamu uye ezvirevo.

Homogenization (diffusion annealing)

Facilities: guru Kudzingwa zvigadzirwa, zvikurukuru kukanda Stainless simbi.

Chinangwa: dzakafanana kugovera alloying zvinhu maatomu ari sekristaro yekamuri uye rose Vhoriyamu vara somugumisiro yakakwirira tembiricha diffusion; kunyoroveswa ari preform mamiriro, achidzikisa ayo pokuoma asati auraya nekutambira muitiro kushandiswa.

Technology. Muchidziisa acho kubereka dzakakwirira tembiricha 1000-1200˚S. Kugadzikana chafariz unhu zvinofanira kuchengetwa kwenguva refu - maawa anenge 10-15, zvichienderana nokukura uye kunzwisisa kwakaita kukandira mamiriro. kunonoka kutonhora inotevedzera okuguma mumatanho ose marefu-tembiricha zvavaifunga.

Nguva, asi zvikuru inoshanda basa equalization pamusoro microstructure makuru hurongwa.

isothermal annealing

Zvinhu: kabhoni simbi yairema rinopfungaira, nyaya dzendarama yakapambadzirwa uye mukuru-chiwanikwa.

Chinangwa: Kuti uvandudze microstructure, kubviswa yomunyika urema munguva shoma nguva.

Technology. Metal pakutanga nenharo kusvikira zvakakwana annealing kutonhora uye akachengeta nguva inodiwa yokuti kuchinja yaivapo zvivako austenite. Next zvishoma nezvishoma dzaserera nokunyudzwa mu munyu unopfuta. By kuwana kupisa 50-100˚S kuti pasi _Ac1 pfungwa anoiswa muvira kuti tirambe izvozvo. ichi pamwero panguva zvakakodzera kuti zvakakwana kuchinja austenite kuti pearlite uye cementite. Kwokupedzisira kutonhora rinoitwa mumhepo.

Nzira unobvumidza kuti vabudirire zvaida ehupfumi dzendarama yakapambadzirwa simbi workpieces, apo rinoponesa nguva sezvo ichienzaniswa zvizere annealing.

normalization

Zvinhu: castings, forgings uye munyoro, ane svikiro low-yakapambadzirwa simbi.

Chinangwa: Kuti streamline womukati mamiriro, zvichipa achida zvakaoma uye simba, kuvandudzika pamusoro womukati mamiriro pamberi Zvakazoitwa nzendo kupisa kurapwa uye machine.

Technology. Steel neshungu kuti tembiricha kuti vari zvishoma pamusoro GSE mutsetse dzaro dzinonetsa pfungwa, uye akaramba haachandidi mumhepo. Saka, mwero anopedza pezvakaitwa kunowedzera. Zvisinei, vachishandisa nzira iyi kuti vabudirire ndaisagona vakagadzikana maumbirwo chete panyaya apo simbi nziyo rinorondedzerwa kabhoni iri mari isina anopfuura 0,4%. With kuwedzera uwandu kabhoni pane kuwedzera pokuoma. The chete simbi pashure normalization ine mukuru pokuoma pamwe noruvara dzinongoda zviyo diki. Nzira inogona yekudyidzana kuwedzera pakakuvara nemishonga uye ductility alloys okurwadzisa kugadzira.

Possible kuremara annealing

Munguva aurayiwe kupisa kurapwa kwacho zvakafanira kuomerera zvakafanorongwa modes tembiricha kudziyisa uye kutonhora. Kana zvaipesana urema siyana zvingaitika zvinodiwa.

1. Oxidation pamusoro pemvura rukoko uye paumbwe akamboona. Panguva mashandiro yakaumbwa nesimbi yakanyungudutswa ikasakendenga pamwe mhepo okisijeni, zvinoita kuti paumbwe pamwero pamusoro workpiece pamusoro. Subject kuti kucheneswa nomuviri nzira kana nokushandisa chinokosha namakemikari reagents.
2. kabhoni kurukutika. Uyewo richiwanika somugumisiro kushanda okisijeni iri inopisa simbi. Kuderedza uwandu kabhoni iri pamusoro rukoko kunoderedza zvayo zvemaziso uye kwesayenzi zvivako. Kuitira kudzivirira azvaiitwa, annealing simbi zvinofanira kuitwa muna kufanana mazano mevira mukati unodzivirira gasi ane huru basa - kudzivirira kubata chiwanikwa pamwe oxygen.
3. Overheating. Zviri migumisiro mazhinji kukwegura mu sechoto panguva pamatunhu tembiricha. Results zvakawanda zviyo kukura, kuunganidza asiri yunifomu zvinonyadzisa zviyo mamiriro, zvakawedzera fragility. Kaviri kururamiswa nokuita chimwe ose annealing zvakakwana.
4. Akapisa. Kunoitika somugumisiro impermissibly yakakwirira kudziyisa kukosha uye shutter nokukurumidza, inotungamirira kuparadzwa kusungwa pakati zvimwe zviyo zvachose kukuvadzisa simbi yose marongerwo uye haisi pasi kurangwa.

Kuti adzivise malfunctions zvakakosha mukanyatsochengeta kutevera kupisa pakurapa dambudziko, vane unyanzvi uye mukanyatsochengeta kudzora muitiro.

Annealing simbi microstructure kumusoro-rova motokari mabikirwo zvikamu chipi kunzwisisa, uye Zvakanyanya Kunaka Panguva Yepamuviri nziyo uye munyika chivako sezvo inodiwa Zvakazoitwa nzendo chafariz zvinofurira, machine nekuisa chivako kushanda.