Aripiko chikuru teresikopu munyika?

Kubva kumhanya-mhanya uye mwenje yebudiriro, muna isingagarwi murenje uye nenhongonya gomo vari rakaisvonaka zvaRafa, aiva anopenya anogara rinotungamirirwa denga rizere nenyeredzi. Vamwe vanomira kwemakumi emakore, apo vamwe chete kuona nyeredzi kokutanga. Nhasi tinowona apo 10 guru materesikopu munyika uzivanewo nomumwe wavo voga.

10. Large nhatu dzokutanga Survey Telescope (LSST)

The teresikopu riri kumusoro Chilean makomo Gray-Pachon pagungano kukwira pamusoro 2682 M pamusoro pegungwa. Maererano mhando kwazvinoita Manyiminya reflectors. The dhayamita chezvinhu girazi iri 8.4 m. Chiedza yokutanga The (rinoreva kushandiswa wokutanga teresikopu pamusoro achida) LSST kuona muna 2020 gore. A zvakazara kushandisa muchina inotanga 2022. Pasinei nokuti teresikopu riri kunze US, kuvakwa kwayo inotsigirwa vokuAmerica. Mumwe wavo aiva Bill Gates, uyo paakapiwa mamiriyoni 10 emadhora. In zvachose, chirongwa achaita mari mamiriyoni 400.

Home teresikopu basa - kutora mifananidzo denga usiku ose nousiku shoma. Kuti aite izvi, ari mudziyo ane kamera kuti 3.2 gigapixel. LSST ane guru kuona angled - 3.5 inegumi. Moon uye Sun, somuenzaniso, muchimiro idzo dzinogona kufunga kuti pasi kugara dhigirii hafu chete. mikana yakadaro nokuda anoyevedza dhayamita pamusoro teresikopu wayo akasiyana nepurani. Chokwadi ndechokuti pano pachinzvimbo zvatinosiita maviri-nezvionioni vaishandisa matatu. Haisi guru teresikopu munyika, asi anogona kuva mumwe kupfuura zvibereko.

Zvinangwa esayenzi chirongwa: a kutsvaka tichingoda rima nyaya; Kuyera Gwara Way; Detective mutsva uye kuputika supernew; club zvinhu duku zuva nenyika dzinotenderera pariri (asteroids uye comets), zvikuru avo vari pedyo napedyo paNyika.

9. Southern African Telescope Large (munyu)

muchina uyu ndiyo Manyiminya reflector. It riri muna South African Republic, pamusoro pechikomo, mune Semi-mugwenga nharaunda pedyo kugarwa pamusoro Sutherland. Telescope kukwirira ndiyo 1798 M The dhayamita huru girazi -. 11 / 9.8 m.

Haisi guru teresikopu munyika, asi kupfuura kumaodzanyemba hemisphere. Kuvaka chikwata ngozi mamiriyoni 36 emadhora pamusoro. Chetatu kwavari pachena hurumende South African. Mari yasara zvaizoparadzirwa pakati Germany, Great Britain, Poland, United States, uye New Zealand.

Wokutanga munyu chokugadza Snapshot kwakaitika muna 2005, anenge pakarepo pashure pakuguma basa rokuvaka. Kana Manyiminya materesikopu, magadzirirwo ayo rakanyatsojeka itsva. Zvisinei, zvinonzi nevakawanda kupararira pakati Newest vamiririri guru materesikopu. Main girazi 91 rinoumbwa hexagonal okunze, imwe neimwe ine dhayamita 1 mita. Kuti vawane zvimwe zvinangwa uye kuwedzera maonero ako nezvionioni zvose zvinogona kuchinjwa angled.

Munyu rakagadzirirwa spectrometric uye kutarisana Kuongorora mwaranzi chaibwinya nehwendefa zvinhu kuti vari kubva pameso materesikopu kuchamhembe hemisphere. Telescope vashandi vanocherechedza quasars, kure uye pedyo mapoka enyeredzi, uyewo arambe ari shanduka nyeredzi.

It ane zvakafanana teresikopu mu America - Hobby-Eberly Telescope. Zvinonzi munzvimbo Mafuro Texas, uye akapotsa zvakakura kugadzirwa kuti kugadzwa munyu.

8. Keck I uye II

Two Keck materesikopu chokuita negadziriro, iyo pave mufananidzo chete. Ivo riri kuHawaii Mauna Kea. The kukwira iri mamita 4145. Maererano uyewo vari Manyiminya reflectors zvaimirirwa materesikopu.

Keck Observatory riri muna chimwe chezvinhu zvakanaka (semaonero anoita astroclimate) nzvimbo Panyika. Izvi zvinoreva kuti kukanganiswa yacho mumhepo nokuongororwa riri shoma. Naizvozvo Keck Observatory aiva mumwe zvakanakisisa munhau. Uye pasinei nokuti kupfuura teresikopu munyika haasi pano.

Main nezvionioni materesikopu Keck chose zvakafanana. Ivo, kufanana teresikopu munyu, panofanira kuva iine Mobile zvinhu. Pano vari 36 nechimwe namano. Maumbirwe girazi vari Hexagon. The Observatory anogona kucherechedza kudenga Manyiminya uye michini. Keck achiitisa zvakawanda zvinokosha tsvakurudzo. Uyezve, zviri nhasi vaiona imwe yakanakisisa pasi anotsanangura materesikopu kutsvaga nemapuraneti extrasolar.

7. Great Canary Telescope (GTC)

Tikaramba kupindura mubvunzo kupi ndicho chikamu chikuru teresikopu munyika. Panguva ino, kuziva kwakaunza nesu Spain, ivo Canary Islands, zvakawanda chaizvo pachitsuwa La Palma, uko GTC teresikopu. Kugadzirwa kukwira pamusoro 2267 M dhayamita chepuraimari girazi - .. 10.4 M Uyu Manyiminya reflector. Kuvakwa teresikopu yakapera muna 2009. Opening akashanyira Juan Carlos I - Mambo Spain. Chirongwa arasikirwe vanenge mamiriyoni 130 euros. 90% uwandu dzinounzwa nehurumende Spain. The yasara 10% vakanga paizwi weMexico University of Florida.

The teresikopu anogona kuchengeta azere nyeredzi iri Manyiminya uye nepakati michini yokuzadzisa. Nemhaka zvokushandisa uye Osiris CanariCam anogona kuitisa polarimetric, spectrophotometric uye koronograficheskie kudzidza yepasi pose zvinhu.

6. Observatory "Arecibo"

Kusiyana yapfuura, Observatory iri radioreflektorom. The dhayamita chezvinhu girazi (kutarisirwa!) 304.8 mamita. Ko chishamiso ichi ruzivo muPuerto Rico pagungano kukwira pamusoro mamita 497 pamusoro pegungwa. Uye kuti haasi guru teresikopu munyika. Zita mutungamiriri, uchadzidza pazasi.

Giant teresikopu kupfuura kamwe akasangana firimu kamera izvo. Rangarirai kwokupedzisira hondo pakati James Bond uye mhandu yake firimu "Golden Eye"? Saka akaenda ikoko. The teresikopu kwave mudzidziso mune renyaya kufirimu Karla Sagana "Contact" uye dzimwe mafirimu akawanda. The redhiyo teresikopu rave anoratidzwa video game. Kunyanya, Rogue Transmission Map matoyi Battlefield 4. kurwisana kwemauto nekutenderera mamiriro, chose kutevedzera Arecibo.

Nokuti zvaifungwa kuti Arecibo nguva refu - chikuru teresikopu munyika. Photos of vaRafa ichi vanofanira kunge akaona ose mugari Nyika yechipiri. Inotarisira zvikuru kujairika: bwendefa guru saizi, akaisa dzinongoitika sinkholes, akafukidza aruminiyamu uye vakapoteredzwa batana musango. Pamusoro ndiro riri yakaturikwa Mobile irradiator, iyo inoitwa musi 18 netambo. Ivowo, vari akatasva vatatu neshongwe dzakakwirira yakaiswa pamwe kumicheto kwamahwendefa. With miganhu izvi "Arecibo" anogona kubata-siyana (wavelength - kubva 3 masendimita 1 m) kuti remagetsi mwaranzi.

The redhiyo teresikopu akaiswa kushanda kare 60s. Wakazviratidza zveBhaibheri zvakawanda, mumwe yaiva paakavapa Nobel Prize. Pakunopera 90 kuti Observatory aiva mumwe kiyi zvishandiso chacho kunotsvaka omuchadenga.

5. A guru vakarongedza muna Atacama Desert (Ezvo)

Ndiyo nguva yokuongorora kupfuura zvinodhura aripo pasi anotsanangura materesikopu. Iri redhiyo interferometer, riri mu ari Atacama Desert (Chile) panzvimbo kukwira pamusoro 5058 M pamusoro pegungwa. The interferometer ine 66 redhiyo materesikopu vane dhayamita pamusoro mamita 12 kana 7. Chirongwa arasikirwe mabhiriyoni 1,4 emadhora. Ake nemari America, Japan, Canada, Taiwan, Europe uye Chile.

Ezvo chakagadzirirwa kudzidza millimeter uye submillimeter mafungu. Nokuti midziyo ino mhando ndiyo yakanaka gomo yakaoma ekunze. Materesikopu Vakaiswa kunzvimbo zvishoma nezvishoma. Yokutanga redhiyo kanyanga kwakatangwa muna 2008, uye vokupedzisira rimwe - muna 2013. The chinangwa chikuru esayenzi interferometer - kudzidza shanduka pakati pezvakasikwa, kunyanya, kuzvarwa uye shanduka enyeredzi.

4. Magelanov hofori teresikopu (GMT)

Zasi-kumadokero, murenje chete Ezvo, pane imwe kukwira pamusoro 2516 M pamusoro pegungwa, akavaka teresikopu ine dhayamita pamusoro 25.4 mamita GMT. By mhando kwazvinoita Manyiminya reflectors. Ichi Joint chirongwa America uye Australia.

Huru girazi kuchasanganisira imwe nechepakati uye matanhatu dzakapoteredza curved zvikamu. Kuwedzera reflector, kuti teresikopu iri vakapakata adaptive optics mukirasi idzva, izvo zvinoita kuti vabudirire risingamboshandisi azvipire mumhepo kusarurama. Somugumisiro, mifananidzo 10 nguva yakawanda chaizvo kupfuura pamwe chete nzvimbo teresikopu "Hubble".

The dzesayenzi zvitarisirwa GMT: kutsvaga nemapuraneti extrasolar; kudzidza akatisiyira, Galactic uye mapuraneti shanduka; kudzidza makomba vatema uye zvakawanda. pamusoro pakuvaka teresikopu mabasa rinofanira kupedzwa 2020.

Matatu Meter Telescope (TMT). Chirongwa ichi chiri parameters ayo uye zvinangwa zvakafanana materesikopu uye Keck GMT. Ngazvidyirwe iri Hawaiian Mauna Kea, panguva imwe kukwira pamusoro 4050 M pamusoro pegungwa. The dhayamita huru Girazi teresikopu ndiyo 30 mamita. Mugore Manyiminya reflector akashandisa TMT girazi akakamurwa kuva muzvizhinji kuti hexagonal zvikamu. zvichienzaniswa Keck Unit saizi chete katatu kupfuura. Kuvaka teresikopu harisati vakatanga nokuda matambudziko veko yaitonga. Chokwadi kuti gomo Mauna Kea idzvene kuna Native Hawaiians. The purojekiti mutengo iri $ 1,3 billion. The mubhizimisi Achatora chikamu kunyanya India uye China.

3. 50 mita idenderedzwa teresikopu (FAST)

Hezvinoi, chikuru teresikopu munyika. September 25, 2016 mu China kwakatangwa Observatory (FAST), rakagadzirirwa muchadenga ubanguranyika nokutsvakurudza mairi zviratidzo dzomuchadenga. The dhayamita of mudziyo zvakangofanana 500 metres, saka akagamuchira mamiriro "guru teresikopu munyika." China akatanga kuvaka imwe Observatory muna 2011. Chirongwa arasikirwe nyika US $ 180 miriyoni. Zviremera Local kunyange akavimbisa kuti yakatamiswawo vanhu vanenge 10 zviuru vanogara 5-? km mapazi akapoteredza teresikopu, kusika yakanaka ezvinhu kuti kuongorora.

Saka, "Arecibo" Hazvichaiti chikuru teresikopu munyika. China akatora musoro muPuerto Rico.

2. Square kiromita Array (SKA)

Kana chirongwa redhiyo interferometer vapedza zvinobudirira, kuti SKA Observatory achava ka50 kupfuura vachikwanisa makurusa yaivapo materesikopu. With tunonzwa zvavo zvichava kufukidza imwe nharaunda dzinenge 1 mativi kiromita. Maererano sechivako afanane teresikopu Ezvo chirongwa, asi kukura zviri zvikuru kudarika kune Chilean chirimwa. To musi, pane nezvezviitiko zviviri: kuvakwa materesikopu vane 30 tunonzwa ari M 200 uye kuvakwa 150 90-mita materesikopu. Chero zvazvingava, masayendisiti pamuviri ari Observatory achava kunonoka pamusoro 3,000? Km.

SKA chichange iri zvakananga munyika mbiri - South Africa uye Australia. The purojekiti achaita mari inenge $ 2 mabhiriyoni. Verengai yakakamurwa pakati munyika 10. Pakazosvika 2020, basa racho riri yaizotongwa kupera.

1. An zvikuru guru European teresikopu (E-ELT)

Muna 2025, renguva simba Manyiminya teresikopu vachasunungurwa, izvo zvichaita kupfuura kukura TMT nokuda zvakawanda 10 metres uye uchava iri Chile panguva wegomo Cerro Armazones, panguva imwe kukwira pamusoro 3060 m. Huchava kupfuura Manyiminya teresikopu munyika.

Its chikuru vanenge 40-mita girazi kuchasanganisira dzinenge 800 uchifamba zvikamu, nehafu mita mu dhayamita neimwe. With miganhu izvi uye ano adaptive optics, E-ELT vachakwanisa kuwana mapuraneti Earth-zvakadai, uye kudzidza Zvinoumba atmospheres dzavo.

The pakukura kuratidza teresikopu munyika kuchaitawo kudzidza kwauchaita mapuraneti inotungamirwa uye dzimwe nyaya dzinokosha. Mari yaidiwa kuvaka anenge mabhiriyoni 1 euros.

Kudeuka nzvimbo teresikopu munyika

Space materesikopu hadzina kudiwa kukura kwakadaro nyika, sezvo nokuda kwokushayiwa simba zvomumhepo, vanogona kuratidza migumisiro yakanaka. Saka, iyi nyaya, zviri nani kuti "chinonyanya simba," uye kwete "chikuru" teresikopu munyika. "Hubble" - chinhambwe teresikopu nomukurumbira munyika. dhayamita wayo anenge maviri nehafu mamita. Panyaya iyi, chisarudzo chacho ari mudziyo kune gumi nevaviri nguva kupfuura dai Panyika.

In nzvimbo "Hubble" muna 2018 anouya kupfuura simba teresikopu, "Dzheyms Vebb". dhayamita racho 6,5 m, uye girazi zvichange riine anoverengeka zvikamu. Akaisa, pamusoro pfungwa iri havaoni, "Dzheyms Vebb" vachava Lagrange pfungwa L2, tichinoona mumvuri Wepasi.

mhedziso

Nhasi isu takasangana ane gumi zvikuru chinzvimbo materesikopu munyika. Zvino kuti unoziva chii kuitira nzvimbo ubanguranyika uye yepamusorosoro hofori anogona kugadzira, uyewo sei mari yakawanda iri kupedzerwa kuvakwa materesikopu izvi.