Asia-Pacific: musika kukura, pamwe

Pacific ndiye musika munyika, uye kwadzo ndiko kure aneta. Uyezve, maererano Zvaifungidzirwa ari nyanzvi chikuru mune ramangwana mugove nharaunda iyi pamisika nyika chete kukura. Ngatizive muudzame chii nharaunda Asia-Pacific. Yoga vanogara tarisiro uye for kwayo kukura.

Mundima nharaunda

Chokutanga, tsvaka chii Asia-Pacific mudunhu miganhu nemashoko. Setsika, nyika kuti vanobatanidzwa munharaunda iyi vari kuonekwa mamiriro, riri pamhenderekedzo nePacific Ocean, uyewo Mongolia uye Laos.

The yose Asia-Pacific nharaunda unogona kukamurwa 4 maruwa, izvo dzinoenderana dzimwe nyika, apo States dzarwo; North America, South America, Asia uye Oceanic. Uyewo, Asian nharaunda iri huviri Sub-nharaunda: nayo North Asia uye kuSoutheast Asia.

In vokuNorth America nharaunda rinosanganisira zvinotevera nyika: Canada, USA, Mexico, Guatemala, Honduras, El Salvador, Nicaragua, Costa Pica, Panama.

Pakazosvika South American nharaunda ehurumende vari: Colombia, Ecuador, Peru uye Chile.

The North Asian subregion zvinosanganisira nyika: China (China), Mongolia, Japan, Korea, Republic of Korea, kuti Republic of China (Taiwan), Russia. The Asia-Pacific nharaunda, ndiko boka iri yepasisa zvikuru nzvimbo, uye vane dzinokwana chemhando vemo.

Mune subdistrict South-East Asia inosanganisira zvinotevera nyika: Cambodia, Indonesia, Philippines, Malaysia, Laos, Brunei, Thailand. Nyanzvi dzakawanda pano anosanganisira Myanmar uye Nepal. Uyezve, dzimwe nguva, India anoshumirawo somutariri nyika nhengo iri Asia-Pacific nharaunda, asi kufunga kuti nyaya kwebasa rinofanira India munzvimbo nenyanzvi ichiri zvisinganyanyi kuitika, uye kuti nyika isina kuwana Pacific Ocean, isu hatingazvirumbidzi funga izvozvo sezvo nyaya Apr.

The Oceanic Nharaunda rinosanganisira anoverengeka Oceania rinoti, zvakawanda zvacho zvikuru diki. Pakati zvikuru nyika, zvose miganhu uye zvoupfumi mashoko, nharaunda iyi inofanira dzinounzwa kuna Australia, New Zealand uye Papua - New Guinea. Maduku rinoti: Fiji, Solomon Islands, Palau, Nauru, Federation of Micronesia, Vanuatu, Marshall Islands, Tuvalu, Kiribati, Cook Islands, Tonga, Samoa. Also zvaisanganisira zvakawanda nemataundi nendima, akadai Guam, muTokelau French Polynesia, uye vamwe.

History of nharaunda

Kuti uwane chaizvo kunzwisisa chii nharaunda Pacific, zvinokosha yakawanda yokunyatsoongorora nhoroondo dzaro.

Mukuru wehurumende inotungamirwa munzvimbo anogona kunzi China. Iye chakakodzera vaiona mumwe cradles yebudiriro panyika. Wokutanga Hurumende idzodzo hapana zvakawanda III chemakore BC. e. Izvi zvinoita yekare mamiriro China (Asia Pacific), dzakadai seEgipita Mesopotamia - the dzomunyika dzakawanda kare kuMiddle East.

Gare gare, paiva inoti muSoutheast Asia (remasangano pavo - hwacho Khmer Empire), kuJapan uye Korea. China akava ndima successively alternated umambo siyana, uye zvetsika uye zvoupfumi muzinda mudunhu. Kunyange pashure paumbwe guru Eurasian umambo kuna eMongolia iri XIII remakore, yakabatana nyika kondinendi kubva kuRussia nePacific Ocean (chaizvoizvo, kumadokero chikamu ATR ano), guta rayo chikuru Genghis Khan akaita Khanbalik (zvino Beijing), uye akadzidza Chinese tsika uye tsika.

Russia wokutanga akauya Pacific kumhenderekedzo iri XVII remakore. Kubvira ipapo zvinodiwa nehurumende zvakabatana chaizvo având. Nechekare Nerchinsk Treaty akanga yakasainwa muna 1689 - wokutanga yorugwaro pakati Russia uye China, izvo zvinoratidzwa akasiyana zvikamu zviri kukanganiswa nyika idzi mudunhu. Kwemazana anotevera emakore, Russian Empire akawedzera ayo zvoupenyu pesvedzero kuFar East, izvo zvinoita kuti kuzodana ano Russian Federation isiyo chikamu Asia-Pacific nharaunda.

Public dzidzo kumadokero kwemhenderekedzo yeAmerica, iyo, ndezvokuti, ndiyo rokumabvazuva chikamu Asia-Pacific nharaunda, dzakabuda papfuura kupfuura Asia. Peruvian dzidzo "umambo" kuna Cusco, umo mune XV remakore paiva yakakurumbira Imperiya Inkov, ndohwavo 1197 BC. Aztec umambo muMexico kwakaitika kunyange paya.

Asi dzakasiyana-siyana munharaunda huru, ava kunzi Apr nokuda nguva, izvo isu ambotaurwa, vakaparadzirwa, uye vagari kumadokero kwemhenderekedzo nePacific Ocean asingazivi chinhu pamusoro pavagere kumabvazuva kwemhenderekedzo, ndiEzekieri. In chete Unit Asia-Pacific nharaunda zvishoma nezvishoma vakatanga kutendeuka chete pashure mukuru nenzvimbo zvakawanwa XV-XVII emakore. Ndipo apo Columbus yakawanikwa America, uye Magellan akafamba munyika. Chokwadi, kusangana hwenyika pakutanga mumatanho zvakanga kunonoka kumhanya, asi zvisinei atova XVI remakore, Philippines waibatanidzwa Spanish Viceroyalty New Spain rayo pakati muMexico.

Muna 1846, pashure kuchinjwa United Kingdom Oregon, nyika Pacific wava mumwe kukurumidza kuwedzera rinoti iyoyo - United States. Mushure annexation muCalifornia, United States paupamhi kuzosunungura kuna Pacific Ocean uye nokukurumidza akava aitungamirira simba munharaunda mumakore maviri, kunyanya kukanganisa upfumi hwayo uye pamisika. Yakanga pashure pakuwedzera United States kumavirira kumhenderekedzo iri XIX remakore, nharaunda yePacific akatanga kuwana zvinoitwa kubatana zvoupfumi.

Asi zvakawanda kana zvishoma pedyo enyika uye zvoupfumi ano Maumbirwe Asia-Pacific vawana chete pashure yaitonga partition ari XIX remakore, hondo mbiri dzenyika uye chirongwa decolonization. MuHondo Yenyika II, kubva Empire kweJapan, kwakavakirwa kubatana Nazi Germany, vakaedza nehondo kuitira hukuru chinzvimbo munharaunda, asi vakakundwa sungano mauto.

modernity

Pashure peHondo Yenyika II, sezvo dzimwe nyika, nyika Asia-Pacific chaizvoizvo huviri misasa enyika: yeGutsaruzhinji muenzaniso kukura uye capitalist. In wokutanga kwomusasa, vatungamiriri vaiva Soviet Union uye China (kunyange zvazvo akanga Pfungwa kusawirirana pakati penyika mbiri), ari wechipiri, dzaitongwa US. vaiva Canada, Australia, Japan, uye US Uyezve, kupfuura mari dzakabudirira of Asia-Pacific munharaunda capitalist kwomusasa. Mushure mechinguva zvakava pachena kuti, pasinei vazhinji nezvikanganiso, ari capitalist (vokumadokero) muenzaniso zvoupfumi akagadza pacharo somunhu akabudirira.

Kunyange akakundwa pashure Second World War, Japan akasarudza muenzaniso Western okukura, achibatsirwa United States, munguva pfupi hwamazuva nguva yava imwe yenzvimbo zvoupfumi dzakabudirira, kwete chete munzvimbo asiwo nyika takawanda. Fani iyi wakanzi "eJapan upfumi chishamiso." Mukupera 80-ies hwenyika venyika ino kunyange akatyisidzira kubuda pamusoro munyika tichitarisa GDP, asi izvi hazvina kuitika nokuda zvoupfumi.

Uyezve, sezvo 60-ies ose XX remakore, simba chaizvo upfumi waivako akaratidza "Four Asian Tigers." Saka tinoti zvinotevera nyika: Republic of Korea (South Korea), Singapore, Taiwan uye Hong Kong. pamwero wavo okukura ari kunyange kupfuura mwero dzimwe nyika Western Europe. Good kukura rate akaratidzawo kuPhilippines uye Thailand. Asi mugovanisi nyika, zvikurukuru, Vietnam, Mongolia, Laos, Cambodia uye upfumi North Korea kuti akakura zvikuru kuipa.

Pashure pokuwa kweSoviet Union muna 1991, zvematongerwo enyika mamiriro ezvinhu munharaunda hwachinja. Kubva wakachena mugovanisi zvoupfumi akaramba kunyange nyika dzakadai China, izvo, zvisinei, rinongova okupedzisira kubvumirwa mune ramangwana kuti ave mumwe vatungamiri upfumi hwenyika. Zvisinei, kuchinja kwakadaro, havana kubudirira, uye paiva neimwe mugovanisi nyika kuti vanobatanidzwa mune Asia-Pacific nharaunda. Policy rave padivi yokuVietnam. Ikoko, pasinei akaramba ushe Marxist dzematongerwe, sapamazuva China, ne pamusika upfumi dzakanga dzatangwa. Cambodia vakawanda vakaramba mugovanisi dzidziso.

Pashure pokuwa USSR, Russia chakarasikirwa achitungamirira nzvimbo yaro mudunhu, zvose zveupfumi uye vari enyika nemashoko, asi kubva pakutanga 2000, kuratidza chinokosha zvoupfumi kukura, kwakakundikana kudzokera vakarasika.

Chinokosha kukanganisa upfumi mudunhu anokonzerwa Asian mari dambudziko makore 1997-1998. "Four Asian Tigers" vakatambura zvikuru. Dambudziko zvinoshamisa yakaganhuka kukura kwavo. A airwadza akanga akaparadzawo kune Japanese upfumi. Zvinonzi dambudziko iri rava rimwe zvinokonzera default mu Russia kubvira 1998. Vazhinji zviri kunetsa pakati Asia-Pacific nharaunda vane kwakatangira mu izvi dambudziko zviitiko.

upfumi China kwakaita zvavose, asi, kana tichienzanisa yekunwa nyika, kwete zvekuti nokukurumidza kubvumidzwa kutangazve kukura zvikuru nokukurumidza. Muna 2014, upfumi China rafambira munzvimbo yokutanga munyika, mberi US GDP uye rokutenga simba parity. Mutungamiri pamusoro chakarurama ichi China achiri ino, kunyange zvazvo zvakadaro kure vachiri muduku US chezita GDP. Kunze, ikozvino zvigadzirwa kubva China kudzora kumusika Asia-Pacific, kunyanya nemhaka nekaupenyu yakaderera mutengo.

The pose upfumi dambudziko 2008 gore vaivawo inokanganisa upfumi nharaunda, asi kwete sezvinoita nezvakwakaipira sezvo Asian dambudziko 1997. Nokudaro, Asia-Pacific nharaunda iri pedyo kure rimwe simba kupfuura zvoupfumi kumatunhu munyika, pamwe kumabvazuva kwemhenderekedzo America uye Western Europe.

vatungamiriri munyika

Next tichataura pamusoro chii Parizvino munyika mhando iri akatonga munzvimbo ino, uye chii zvinhu zviri zvavanoita.

Chokwadi chokuti Asia-Pacific nharaunda mutungamiri iri yose upfumi, runoratidzwa chokuti chete nyika vatatu nharaunda (the US, China uye Japan) vakatora nzvimbo yokutanga munyika kubudikidza chezita GDP. GDP (PPP) Vatungamiriri, China uye United States. nzvimbo Third anoenda India, iyo vamwe vanamazvikokota zvinoshanda Asia-Pacific nharaunda. The pamusoro gumi chakarurama ichi zvinosanganisira nyika dzakadai Japan, Russia uye Indonesia.

nyika yakakurumbira kudarika dzimwe munyika iri mumwe nyika Asia-Pacific - China. Pari, uwandu hwevanhu munyika yave Vakapfuura chiratidzo vanhu mabhiriyoni 1,3. The pamusoro gumi inosanganisirawo nyika dzakadai munzvimbo, kuti US, Indonesia. Russia uye Japan.

Muna Asia-Pacific nharaunda ine mana makuru nzvimbo munyika yose: Russia, Canada, China uye United States. Mukuwedzera, musoro nyika gumi vanosanganisira Australia (6 nzvimbo).

nharaunda Asia-Pacific sechikamu pamusika yose

Kana tikafunga raora pamusoro upfumi kunyika dzose vari Asia-Pacific nharaunda, tinogona kutaura nechivimbo kuti nharaunda iri musika munyika, iyo, kana iwe funga ose zviratidzi ose upfumi munyika dzakadai US, China neRussia, European musika Panguva iyi asingagoni kwikwidza. Mberi Europe, Asia-Pacific nharaunda maari nechisimba kwakaitwa. Nyanzvi dzinofungidzira chinotokurudzira zvikuru lag tikwanise upfumi EU uye dzimwe nyika dzokuEurope kubva upfumi Asia-Pacific mune ramangwana.

Zvino pamusika of Asia-Pacific nharaunda dzakakwirira kudiwa zvigadzirwa, kugadzirwa iyo ichangobva yemagetsi ruzivo anoshandiswa.

Kubatsirana uye kudyidzana

Interstate mushandirapamwe munharaunda Asia-Pacific anobatsira kumbonyanya zvinokosha mukuzadzika Kufambisa ukama pakati penyika. Kusangana pakati nyika siyana mudunhu kwakunoitwa pakusikwa siyana zveupfumi uye enyika shamwari.

Kukosha aya: hurumende uye zvoupfumi ASEAN Organization (Thailand, Laos, Cambodia, Vietnam, Philippines, Malaysia, Indonesia, Brunei, Singapore, Myanmar), Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (Russia, China, India, Pakistan, uye vanoverengeka Central Asian Kishi), Asia -Pacific pamwe (APEC) (nyika 21 munharaunda, kusanganisira US, China uye Russia).

Uyezve, pane zvinoverengeka masangano duku kuti, mukusiyana zita pamusoro apa, Musafukidza munzvimbo dzose upfumi basa rinoti, uye dzidzira mune zvakananga sectors. Somuenzaniso, mashoko Asian Development Bank unyanzvi mune zvemari zvekutepfenyura basa.

The Kudeuka zvoupfumi nzvimbo

The pakukura guta, enyika uye zvoupfumi muzinda munzvimbo zvinosanganisira Los Angeles, San Francisco (USA), Hong Kong, Shanghai, Beijing (China), Taipei (Taiwan), Tokyo (Japan), Seoul (South Korea), Jakarta (Indonesia ), Sydney, Melbourne (Australia), Singapore.

Dzimwe nguva, pakati nzvimbo uye akaitumidza guta Moscow. Kunyange zvazvo riri kubva Pacific Ocean, asi zvakadaro ndiye musoro uye Metropolis pakukura munharaunda yakakura kupfuura Pacific simba - Russia.

Basa Russia muna Asia-Pacific nharaunda

kukosha reRussia kuti Asia-Pacific pamwe rakaoma kuona. Zviri mumwe vatungamiri pakati SCO sangano, icho kunosanganisirawo China, inova imwe makurusa kusangana chirongwa mudunhu. Uyewo, Russian Federation - chikuru nyika iri kukura kubva avo kuti vanobatanidzwa mune Asia-Pacific nharaunda. Russia aivawo kukudzwa pakati gumi kupfuura nyika upfumi maererano GDP, izvo rinosimbisazve kukosha kwayo mudunhu.

Tariro yakanaka hurumende yeRussia zvinoisa pakuwedzera pamwe nevamwe kumatunhu mutungamiri - China.

budiriro Zvaifungidzirwa

Pakuzadzisa ari Asia-Pacific nharaunda inoenderana mune zveupfumi uye enyika zvinhu pamusoro. Panguva imwe cheteyo, atova zvichibvira zvino kuti nharaunda yazova mumwe wavatungamiri iri yose upfumi kutaura. Uye mune ramangwana nayo vanotarisirwa kufamba dzoupfumi dzenyika nzvimbo Western Europe uye US East Coast ndiro mundima Asia-Pacific nharaunda.

Pakazosvika 2030, yose GDP iri kutarisirwa kuwedzera 70% mudunhu.

The kukosha nharaunda

Asia-Pacific imwe zvitatu zvikuru zvoupfumi kumatunhu nenyika, pamwe East American uye Western European. Asi, kusiyana kumatunhu aya, mabhizimisi basa kuti zvishoma nezvishoma wasvava, Asia-Pacific, kusiyana, inzvimbo vaizotibata chaizvo apo anozunungusa huru zvoupfumi kwendangariro.

Maererano nevaongorori vakawanda, ndicho Asia-Pacific nharaunda iri musimboti, iyo munguva pfupi zvichaita chose kudzora upfumi nyika.