Bhizinesi ndeche ... Vanhu vakadana sei mabhizinesi?

Kupa upenyu hwemazuva ano pasina mari nhasi hazvibviri. Kunyange ivo vanopikisa zvikuru vezvinhu zvenyama vanomanikidzwa kutarisana navo. Iwe unogona kukanganisa mari yekombiyuta, usashandisa kadhi rechikwereti, asi pasina papepa mari, hapana mumwe wedu achakwanisa kurarama.

Concept banknote

Kune dzakawanda. Iyo yakajeka pane iyo inoratidza mabhizinesi eko mari, yakagadzirwa kubva pamapepa uchishandisa pende. Kubva pakuona kwechikoro chekodzero yezvemari, mari yebhengi inoratidziro yemari yemari. Izvo zvinobudiswa nebhandi guru renyika, iro kazhinji kacho nderimwe remasangano ehurumende.

Zvisinei, maererano nehuwandu hwehupfumi, mari yebhengi haisi iyo yakakwana yemashandisi emapepa. Aya mazano maviri ane zvakasiyana siyana zvakasiyana.

1. Bhizinesi dzinobudiswa chete nebhangi, asi pepa mari inogona kubudiswa neChechi yeHurumende kana yeHurumende yeMari.
2. Mabhizinesi ane goridhe kana mari yekutsigira. Muzviitiko zvakawanda, mapepa emari haapiwe chero chinhu.
3. Mari iyo inobhadharwa kuti ive nechokwadi chekutengesa. Chinangwa chekupa mari yepapapa ndeyekuvhara kukanganisa kwemari.

Mhando yemari

Bhuku rebhengi nderimwe remhando dzekuvapo kwemari. Chimwe, asi kwete chete. Panguva dzakasiyana uye mumamiriro akasiyana, marudzi akasiyana-siyana aishandiswa.

Mari yose inogona kunge yakabatanidzwa muzere uye yakaderera. Vokutanga vanosanganisira avo vane chavanokoshesa chaivo - ndiyo mari yekutengeswa kwavo, uye yakaenzana nehutano hwavo hwemaziso. Ichi chikamu chinosanganisira mari yemari, iyo yakashandiswa zvikuru pakushandurana kwebhaterha pakutanga kwekutanga kwekupararira kwemari, nemari yesimbi, sirivha negoridhe.

Kusaderera mari, zita rekukosha rinokosha zvakanyanya kudarika kukosha kwechokwadi. Iko kune nhamba yavo inosanganisira pepa uye chikwereti. Bhengi rimwe remhando dzakasiyana-siyana dzekupedzisira.

Nhoroondo yechitarisiko chebhengi

Mari yechikwereti yakatanga kuve nechokwadi chekutengesa nekutengesa zvinhu pachikwereti. Pakutanga, nekuda kwezvinangwa izvi, mutengi akanyora tsamba muzita remutengesi. Ichi chinhu chisingaverengeki chikwereti chekwereti kubhadhara muridzi wepa pepa imwe mari yakawanda pashure penguva yakati.

Nokufamba kwenguva, zvikwereti zvechitsinhanho zvinoshandiswa sechibvumirano pakati pemunhu ane chikwereti nemunhu ane chikwereti. Mabhizimisi ezvokutengeserana akatanga kunyora avo mapeti ekurwisana nemitemo yekutengesa. Ivo vakavawo mabhizinesi ekutanga. Vakanakidzwa nekutenda kwevatengesi mukuenzanisa nemitemo yevamwe vanobudisa. Izvi zvakatsanangurwa kunyanya nekuti mabhangi panguva iyoyo ndiwo maitirwo evanhu vakawanda.

Mamwe mabhuku ekutanga akabuda muChina muzana remakore rechi8. Zvakanga zvikamu zvepuropa yekotoni. Shanduro yemari muEurope yakatanga kuSweden muna 1661. England yakatanga kubudisa mabhizinesi muna 1694, Denmark - muna 1713, France - muna 1716.

Paper mari in tsarist Russia

Pfungwa yekubudisa mabhizinesi ekupararira, sevanhu vanonzi mabhizinesi, akabuda muTsarist Russia kunyange munguva yekutonga kwaElizabeth Petrovna, muhafu yekutanga yezana remakore rechi18. Zvisinei, iyo yakarongeka zvakanatswa neSeneti, uyo aisakwanisa kubvuma kuti "pepa" rimwe nerimwe raizouya mukupararira panzvimbo ye "chaiyo" mari. Pasi paPetro III, mari yehurumende yakanga isina chinhu zvachose. Somugumisiro, munaMayeri 1762, nyaya yebhangi manotsi yakatanga, iyo yakatsiva mari yacho ichiparadzirwa. Zvisinei, havana kupinda mumasangano. Akakurudzira kubvumirana, semubairo wekuti Catherine II akakwira kuchigaro choumambo.

Kunyange zvakadaro, pfungwa yekubudisa mari yemapepa yakazoonekwa kare muna 1769, apo kurongeka kweMempress mabhanga maviri akaiswa, muSt. Petersburg neMoscow. Bhizimusi reRussia rinotaura kuti raive riripo rine sangano re 25, 50, 75 uye 100 rubles.

Mamwe mazita eU.SR

Kuchinja kwemakore 1905 ne1917 kwakakonzera zvakanyanya mari yose yenyika. Asi zvingadai zvisina kudaro here, apo nzira yose yehupenyu yehurumende yose yakashandurwa zvachose? Panguva iyoyo, bhajeti renyika yakanga isina kukwana: mukurumbira wehurumende yeRussia pasi rose yakarambidzwa nehupenyu huri kuenderera mberi huri munyika. Mukati meyika pachako, zvinhu zvakanga zvisina kunaka kana. Vanhu vazhinji vakafunga kuti, pakupedzisira, nguva yavo yekubwinya yakanga yasvika. Vaikumbira kuderedza nguva yezuva rekushanda, kuwedzera huwandu hwemaripo, ukuru hwezvikomborero zvakasiyana-siyana, kupa hurumende nyika yezvinotarisirwa kugovera mafekitari nemafekitari ane zvokudya. Somugumisiro, hurumende itsva yakamanikidzwa kushandisa mapepa emari kwete kungobhadhara mari yakawanda yemari, asi zvakare sechikonzero chekuvhara chikamu chebhajheji.

Mukushambadzira mabhiriyoni 9,5 mabhiriki akabudiswa. Musi waNovember 1, 1917, mapepa epape mari yakaita mabhiriyoni 19,5 mabhiriki, uye simba rekutenga re ruble raiva zvishoma pane kopecks 8. Hurumende yeHurumende yakamanikidzwa kubhadhara mabhizinesi anokwana 250 ne1000 rubles. "Kerenki," sevanhu vanonzi banknotes, zvakasarudzwa zvakashandurwa mumatareji endarama, chaizvoizvo, hapana kuchengeteka. Vakaenda kunyika yacho kusvikira pakuguma kweHondo Yenyika.

Nekuuya kwesimba reSoviet munyika, kuvaka kweku communism kwakatanga. Uye communism nemari, sezvamunoziva, zvinhu zviviri hazvienderani zvachose. Asi munhu wose anonzwisisa kuti nyika haigoni kuvapo kunze kwavo. Uye hurumende itsva yakawana nzira yekubuda mamiriro acho ezvinhu: yakabudisa "zvirongwa zvekugadzirisa". Chaizvoizvo, yaiva mari imwechete, chete "pasi pemuchero wakasiyana".

Kuchinja kwemari kweUSSR yemakore makumi maviri

Munguva yeGreat Patriotic War, mari yenyika yacho yakanga isinganyatsogadzikane, pasinei nematambudziko ose. Izvi zvakazadziswa kuburikidza nekuiswa kwekadhi system uye nekugadzirwa kwemari yakasimba yezvinhu. Asi kuderedzwa kwakasimba mumutengo wezvinhu zvisingatongotungamiri kwakatungamirira pakuumbwa kwemari yakawanda yemari yakawedzerwa inoparadzirwa. Mukuwedzera, mumakore akaoma mushure mehondo, nyika yacho yakanyatsotarisana nemitengo yemhosva. Izvi zvakanyanyisa zvakaoma nzira yekugadzirisa zvemari. Nokudaro, muna 1947, zvakasarudzwa kuitisa shanduko yemari, semugumisiro wei 10 rubles wemuenzaniso wekare wakatsinhanana ne 1 ruble itsva.

Rimwe shanduko yakaitwa mukati mezana remakore rechimakumi maviri. Yakanga iri iyo iyo "Khrushchev's candy wrappers" kana kuti "mashizha emakona" akataurirwa, sezvo mabhuku e191 mazita akaverengwa. Zita rakadaro ivo vakagamuchira nokuda kwekukura kwavo, kufanana neyipi yemafuta. Mari iyi yakagara kusvika kuma90 uye yakamira kurega pamwe nenyika yose, iyo yaive iri, pakati pezvimwe zvinhu, chiratidzo.

Mabhizinesi emazuva ano eRussia

Iyo yakaoma zvikuru mamiriro ehupfumi uye kukwira kwepamusoro kwegore ra1991 kusvika muna993 kwakatungamirira kusarudzo yekubudisa 50 ne100 ruble manotsi. Asi izvi zvakaita kuti pave nekukwirira kukuru mumatengo. Zvishoma nezvishoma, "ruble rwematanda", sevanhu vainzi mabhizinesi emhando ipi zvayo, yakava mapepa mumutauro chaiwo wezwi. Simba ravo rekutenga rakawira pamusika wekudenga.

Kuchinja uku, kwakaitwa muna 1998, kwakaratidza kusimbisa ruble kamwechete nguva 1000. Yakaitwa zvinyoro zvishoma, zvichienzaniswa nekuvandudzwa kwemakore makumi mana nemakumi matanhatu. Chokutanga, pakanga pasina nguva yakakwana yekuti vagari vemo vaifanira kugovana mari mumaoko. Chechipiri, zvikwereti "zvekare" uye "zvitsva" zvaive zvakaparidzirwa zvakafanana munharaunda yenyika panguva yose ya1998.

Bhizinesi remazuva ano reRussia manotsi mabhizinesi akaitwa nemashandisirwo emichina yepamusoro-soro mumunda wekudzivirira kutendeseka kwavo. Kuti ivhiringidze kuonekwa kwefake, Central Bank inogara ichitaura zvitsva zvekugadzirisa zvekare izvo zvatovapo samples, mabasa ekudzivirira ayo anowedzerwa nguva nenguva.

Nhasi, mukuparidzira kune masangano gumi, 50, 100, 500, 1000 uye 5000 rubles.

Dhora reAmerica - mari yenyika

Dhora reUnited States rave kwenguva yakareba richive nyika inozivikanwa yenyika yose yekubhadhara. Akanyatsopinda muhuwandu hwezvokuchengetedza mari pasi rose. Izvi zvinokonzerwa nekuti iyo US yekupedzisira yakanatsa dare regoridhe rekushandisa kwayo mari. Zvakangoitika muna 1971, apo nyika dzeEurope dzakazviita pakutanga kwezana remakore rechi20, panguva yekutambudzika kukuru.

Mabasa eCentral Bank muUnited States anoitwa neFederal Reserve System. Ndiyo iye ane kodzero yekubudisa uye anopa nyaya dzekushambadzira mumari. Dhora reUnited States rine masangano e1, 2, 5, 10, 20, 50 uye 100. Kunewo zvikwereti zve500, 1 000, 5000 uye kunyange madhora gumi nemazana gumi, asi zvinoshandiswa chete nekutengeserana mukati ne Federal Federal uye US Treasury.

Chokwadi chinofadza pamusoro pebhengi

Kupararira kwemari kwave kwakapoteredza kwemazana emakore. Munguva ino, zvinhu zvakawanda zvinofadza uye zvechokwadi zvinoshamisa zvakabatana nemari zvakagadzirwa. Inonyanya kufadza mabhizinesi enyika - chii?

Dhinhe guru re denominational banknote rakabudiswa muHungary muna 1946. Zvakakosha ndeye bhiriyoni bhiriyoni (kureva, 1021). Iyo yakareba yezvose, nenzira, ndiyo 1023 km.

Iko huru pane zvekushandisa simba rekutenga kwebhadhiro iri kupararira muUnited States. Kubwinya kwechiso chayo chikamu 1 mamiriyoni mapaundi sterling. Zvinonyatsozivikanwa kuti pane 2 mabhizinesi akadaro.

Dhinheni duku kudarika rega rega rainge raparadzirwa muU.SR. Ichi ndicho cheki chekakik 1, iyo yakabudiswa neHurumende yekunzvimbo dzekugara.

Bhuku rebhengi inzira yekuvapo kwemari, pasina iyo iyo mari yemazuva ano haigoni kuvepo. Pasinei nekusimudzirwa kwemisha isina mari, hatingaiti zvachose kusiya mari yemapepa munguva inotevera.