Cash uye zvikwereti kushanda mabhanga. Banking akavhiyiwa

Bank dzokutengesa pakagadzwa anogona kupa nemakasitoma pamwe vakawanda mabasa mari, asi zvichaitwa kuitwa mhando mbiri chikuru kwema - mari uye zvikwereti. Chii specificity maviri? In chii chinogona kurondwa kukosha vaviri mhando kwema kubva pfungwa nemaonero kukura chikwereti tsika?

Specificity Mari kwema mune mabhanga

Ndezvipi mari kushanda mumabhengi? Kune vaya vanobvumwa kuti kubvuma mari nezvimwe zvinokosha kubva yeGmail.END_STRONG-pamahombekombe dzemari masangano, uyewo issuance ari chokuita zvinhu kana mumwe kushandisa vagari. Bank keshiya runowanzotaurwa sechinoitika rimwe sangano wacho zvikuru emura yesangano, asi ndezvaiye mari shoma. Chinangwa chikuru kushanda mu mubvunzo, - sangano wegadziriro kuti vatengi chikwereti sangano. mari kuyerera muchiitiko ichi hunodzorwa nemirayiro nekanzuru Central Bank kunyanya, iro rine mamiriro National achine centre.

Cash kwema pakati mabhanga Russian vari munzvimbo zvikuru upfumi nebasa nhengo masangano. Kutora mari kubva vatengi - vanhu, nomutemo masangano, sangano kunowedzera zvinowanikwa reserves, vakazochinja inogona kushandiswa zvikuru zvinobatsira mabasa, zvikurukuru chokuita issuance yemutoo wezvikwereti - private, chepamusoro. Kubhangi kuwana imwe mari pamusoro turnover Mari, akadai uchiraira muripo weUS nokuda issuance Mari mune zvimwe zviitiko (kazhinji, izvi zvinoshanda cashing zveminda vane mari kugarwa nenhoroondo akaitwa).

Cash kushanda nemabhangi vari kunze maererano zvinotaurwa:

- mari kuyerera rinoitwa maererano nemitemo anosimbisa Central Bank of Russian Federation;

- placement Mari kuitwa pamusoro pezviri nhoroondo mbiri tsika;

- pokugadzwa Zvakasara mwero iri rakatangwa maererano nemitemo.

Pane yoga subspecies Mari kwema - avo vari kunze regulator, Central Bank. Zvichava kubatsira kuongorora zvavo chaizvo.

Cash kwema Bank of Russia

Saka, kwete chete mabhanga vezvokutengeserana takura mari kwema, asiwo chikwereti kudzorwa - CBR. Ivo kunze mukati yechinangwa basa masangano nemhaka kondirakiti. akavhiyiwa izvi vachikubvumira:

- kuita Optimization ari turnover Mari ezvokutengeserana chikwereti sangano;

- nechokwadi nokukurumidza kubhadhara iri nemhosva nhoroondo kuva vanhu kana zviri pamutemo masangano;

- kuita nenguva kuchinjirwa mari kumabhengi pane paunogumira zvinodiwa.

The Kugadzirisa nerimwe mabasa ose Central Bank of Russian Federation rinoratidza kutevera pamutemo mitemo controller kurudyi kana nemirayiro vemo. Funga vari mari kwema kubhangi kuita kuzvidzora uye cherechedzo mashandiro ari chikwereti uye misika yemari, tikaongorora chaizvo pakati chinozoiswa ezvokutengeserana establishments nzira dzakadaro.

Cash kwema vane rokutengesa chikwereti nemasangano

Private mabhanga aite mari kwema, izvo chinangwa vatengi - zvakasikwa vanhu kana zviri pamutemo masangano. Panguva iyoyowo, iyo dzemunharaunda nekanzuru regulator - Central Bank of Russian Federation. Basic kushanda mabhanga, izvo kuitwa mune zvebhizimisi chidimbu kwemutongo uye mari bhora, akaderedza:

- kugamuchira mari;

- the issuance mari.

Boka remapazi rokutanga yokuti mutengi kana mumwe sangano anotumira mari:

- in mari;

- vateresi, uyo zvino kwokupa mari kubhangi;

- mudiwa Masangano, izvo zvino kutendeukira mari iri chikwereti urongwa nevanhu vasiri mari nzira.

Kushaya mari kakawanda zvakananga bhokisi muhofisi kubhengi sangano zvemari. Kana mari kunodiwa munhu repamutemo, kugadzirwa kwayo anogona kuitwa maererano kutsigira zvinyorwa izvo zvinoratidza chipfuro mari.

mabasa ose keshiya

Banks aidaro mari kwema, kushanda nyanzvi vane unyanzvi iri mhando yebasa - cashiers. Ivo basa yakarurama kutsunga kuti mari kuti kubva mutengi, kana, Ukuwo, issuance, kunyoresa navo nyaya uye setifaya magwaro anodiwa. The keshiya anopawo yakachengeteka kuchengetera mari - kushandisa Somuenzaniso, imwe kuchengeteka dhipoziti bhokisi. nyanzvi basa runoenzanirana Profile chiri chose zvachose nokudzorwa mutemo.

Kurambidzwa mari kwema

mitemo Russian inopa anoverengeka rairambidzwa kushandisa mari kubhadhara. Saka, mari iri mari kwema nemabhangi nyaya yomumwe pamutemo masangano, anogona chinozoiswa kana chete mitemo wairambidza mari. Uyewo, kwema izvi mukati munhoroondo vanhu, uyewo vachibhadhara pakati vanhu uye masangano vanokwanisa kazhinji kuitwa pachena, pasina kufungisisa inopfupikisa Mari.

Application CCV pa mari akavhiyiwa

Chinokosha pamusoro kwema - kushanda CCP, kureva, mari evoruzhinji. Izvi mhando kwezvivako kunodiwa kakawanda, ari Implementation kugamuchira uye pakupa mari iri pamahombekombe. CCV inogarwa tsika zvemari inofanira Chokutanga nevanopinda, uye, chepiri nechokwadi akarurama kukarukureta kwema. Zvinogona kucherechedzwa kuti CCP rinoshandiswa zviitiko apo mutengi kubhadhara chinhu uchishandisa kadhi - hapana mari kubva mari.

The kwema mu mubvunzo zviri kuitwa ne nemabhangi kufungisisa zvinodiwa kuti vanoumba mari kurangwa. Tichadzidza unhu hwavo zvizere.

Cash kurangwa ari Masvomhu: chii chacho specificity?

Mitemo ndinoumba mari kurangwa, unogona kuva:

- nekanzuru regulator;

- dzakabudirira pamahombekombe, kufungisisa zvido makambani uye Mamaneja - pamwe proviso kuti havafaniri contravene zvatinopiwa izvo zvinoratidzwa renhoroondo zvinyorwa.

mitemo aya kuisa:

- talk nzira nokuda pamahombekombe mari kwema;

- mitemo kuchengetwa, kutakurwa mari.

The akakodzera mitemo vanoonekwa kuti nokururamisira inoomesera. The chikwereti nemasangano zvemari nekurangarira kuti kwema (mabhanga, kurondedzera zvose private uye voruzhinji) rinoitwa kana pane inodiwa kwezvivako kuti kuitisa mari nechirango. Kuvapo Its - mumwe nzira dzekuziva kuti achibudisa marezinesi regulator-kubhengi sangano zvemari. Pasina runoenzanirana nemvumo gwaro kuti ishande kubhangi haana kodzero.

Kune vazhinji dzimwe nzira predetermining nekodzero tenzi ane chikwereti sangano rezinesi. Pakati pevaya - the kuzviomesera kuchengeta mari kuranga, uyewo zvokudya mutemo wedare mari kwema. Zvikuru munyika iyi, Chokwadi, vane zvoupfumi zviratidzo uye kugadzwa, asi kunaka kubhangi kuti guta Kutarisira dzinongoita pakutsvaga ukuru kuchengeta mari kurangwa. Pano unyanzvi zvinokosha nyanzvi kushanda sangano, mukana wayo kwezvivako, kubudirira management enyika.

Keshiya - the chinokosha kwezvivako zvakakodzera kuti Implementation pakati kwema pamahombekombe. Rinomiririrwa Kazhinji mashoma mhando, zvakatemwa kubudikidza papi kwemutongo uye sangano zvemari, hunhu yemabasa zvarinogovera. Ngationei kudzidza chaizvo pakati pemahombekombe 'hwakavigwa mumakamuri ane zvakawanda.

Zvakakurukurwa sangano mumahofisi

The chikuru magadzirirwo kushanda mabhanga chokuita turnover Mari kuitwa pasi marudzi anotevera chikuru mari:

- kubva pakutengeserana (ivo chichigamuchirwa mari kubva vatengi kana vadiwa);

- consumables (mari wakapiwa mairi);

- swap;

- recalculation Mari.

Implementation zvakasiyana siyana mari kwema zvinokwanisika bedzi nemhaka pezviri vouchers. Ivo vakaita kubva pamahombekombe mushandi, kazhinji - a keshiya. Zvinyorwa izvi anogona vange chisimbiso, zvimwe zvinhu zvine maatomu akafanana certifying nderechokwadi mabviro kushandiswa. Kazhinji mabhanga kugarwa kwema chinozoiswa panheyo rimwe hwindo.

Zvichida pemahombekombe kupfuura ano vane ATMs zvavo, kuburikidza iyo mari vanopiwa vatengi vavo kwaita. nzira iyi presupposes kuti mutengi-pamahombekombe sangano nemari epurasitiki makadhi nekanzuru bhengi.

Possible issuance pamusoro ATM mari imwe sangano kuti vagari makapfeka makadhi, ayo wakabudiswa rimwe bhengi. Panyaya iyi, tsika anogona anowedzera kuwana nokupomera vachibhadharisa pakuchinja vatengi kuti nemamwe masangano. Asi nzira iyi zvinokwanisika chete kana mapurasitiki kadhi unokubvumira kushandisa rimwe muripo mugadziriro, izvo zvinotsigirwa pamahombekombe akapa kushandiswa ATM pamwe kuwana.

Pamwe ATMs, mari zvikoro tiri vanoshingaira zvinosanganisirei mubhadharo zviteshi - kuti, akavapindurawo, kugamuchira mari kubva vatengi uye zvikanzi nhoroondo dzavo. Akatevera kukosha boka dzebhizimisi kushanda mubhangi - chikwereti kwema. Funga zvavo chaizvo.

Specificity kuti chikwereti kwacho

Credit kushanda mabhanga, sezvo zviri nyore kutevera, kwakavakirwa mazita avo kuti chokuita zvikwereti inopiwa kuMudzidzisi masangano. Vane yepamutemo, kuda chinokosha sungano nemhosva. Sezvandakakupai Mari kwema, mabasa anogona kupiwa vanhu kana pamutemo masangano. Chibvumirano ichi anoratidza mari zvakadini mubhengi anopa anokwereta uye pasi chii ezvinhu - mune mashoko mubereko uye rokuti dzosera.

Kune vazhinji mhando mashoma chikwereti kwema. Vanogona Classified kwakavakirwa basa ravo kune imwe chidimbu. Saka, mbiri kushanda nemabhangi anogona chokuita mumisika:

- nevatengi anomukweretesa;

- mortgages;

- yemakambani kwezvikwereti.

Nechimwe yasarudzwa chidimbu kunoratidzwa imwe pamahombekombe kwaiita paumbwe chikwereti zvibvumirano. Saka, pasango zvikwereti mutengi kuti vatengi vari pfupi nguva, mukuru chikamu, asi kazhinji pasina anondibatsira. Kazhinji zvikwereti chikwereti vari kwenguva refu, vauye yakaderera kufarira rates kakawanda - aine vimbiso iri muchimiro kutenga dzimba. Corporate zvikwereti - kunyanya kana totaura anomukweretesa kune makuru akaitwa, zvinogona dzinoratidzwa chido nemabhengi anokwereta kusarudza munhu Pakuurayiwa chibvumirano, zvichienderana neshekeri reimba dzemabhizimisi, ayo profitability, chikwereti nhoroondo.

Chimwe chokuratidza kuti kupatsanura pakati zvikwereti remapazi - chikwereti format. Ivo:

- chikuru;

- Mharidzo of refinancing zvibvumirano.

chikwereti Primary - ukama chepamutemo pasi izvo munhu kana sangano unopinda chibvumirano ne bhanga kokutanga kana kuti kushandisa mari kugadzirisa matambudziko, kwete chokuita chemhosva kuti aripo kwezvikwereti. Uyewo refinancing - anokweretesa oparesheni, inova ukama pamutemo muchimiro chikwereti chibvumirano kuti issuance nomunhu mari kubhadhara huripo kwezvikwereti.

Commercial nemabhengi rwezvemabhengi kushandiswa, sezvo zvakaita bhokisi-hofisi nzira dzinotungamirirwa ne dzemunharaunda of Central Bank. Pakati huru zviridzwa simba pamusoro musika wacho masangano zvemari chikuru ehurumende - inoenzanirana anokosha. Munzira dzakawanda, zvinoita inorondedzera nzira iyo masangano zvebhizimisi chinozoiswa mitemo iri anomukweretesa kushandiswa. Dzidza mamiriro ayo zvizere.

zvazvingava Key sezvo huru nhumbi murau CBR

akavhiyiwa zvakawandisa kuti Bank of Russia kungaita chikwereti pamusika pamwero wenyika, asi kugadzwa kiyi mwero nezvoupfumi vanotenda rinokosha chishandiso itibatsire Central Bank pamusoro dzemari ezvinhu ehurumende. Its kukosha anosarudza zvinofanira kuti chikwereti mubereko inobhadharwa private zvemari masangano, kuti Bank of Russia nekuda kushandisa rakumbirwa mari anobuda. Nhamba Izviwo, zvakananga inobata chii chichava chikamu kuti chevanorwara vezvokutengeserana kuti chigadzirirwe chikwereti zvibvumirwano makasitoma ayo.

Rezasi nhamba kiyi Central Bank, saka sezvo mutemo, zvikuru inoshingaira private anomukweretesa musika. chinokosha rutapudzo Its, mukuwedzera, kazhinji zvaanopa simba ari refinancing kuti ano zvikwereti pokutakura napo vane mukana kuzodzosera kukwereta, asi panguva yakaderera.

zvazvingava anokosha High Kazhinji wakasiyiwa Central Bank muna chiitiko dambudziko zvinomboitika mamiriro upfumi. Uyewo, kuvandudzika munzvimbo macroeconomic pamwero anogona kuona runoenzanirana vasanyanye chinoratidza. Mugumisiro anogona kuva kuwedzera kudiwa zvikwereti kubva kuvanhu kana zviri pamutemo masangano. Mune dzimwe rinoti, mwero kiyi - the usingashandi kana kunyange asina. Izvi imhaka zvinodikamwa dzibvise hurumende pakurera yakawanda sezvingabvira, ari capitalization hwenyika.

Kana chikwereti pamusika chero nguva iri seiyi, ipapo kubhangi kuti utariri kunogona kusimbisa basa chokuita kukura mabasa, mari zvakanaka mabasa vatengi. Kugadzirisa Dambudziko iri zvinogona kukonzera chii takakurukura mhando nevakawanda rwezvemabhengi kuvhiyiwa muzviitiko zvakawanda zvinesungano. Ngationei kudzidza izvi zvizere.

The ukama Mari uye zvikwereti kushanda nemabhangi

Turnover Mari uye issuance yemutoo wezvikwereti - dzinokosha kushanda pemahombekombe maererano zvisingabatsiri. Nguva yose Implementation wavo anosarudza yokuti vanowanzoororwa inoitwa panguva imwe chete. A muenzaniso nyore: mubhengi yakatenderwa chikumbiro mbiri mutengi wacho, chibvumirano naye uye anokumbira kuenda keshiya kuti vawane mari. Kana munhu anoita panze kadhi rechikwereti - zvichida nokuita naye mumaoko ake, anoda mari kubva mari kubva ATM. Zvadaro, munhu anofanira kuripira mari yako chikwereti mamakisi abhadhare chikwereti chacho kana kuti chinangwa chete pangozi.

Chokwadi kuti vatengi pamwe zvikwereti, kubhengi anoshandisa chete kwezvivako rinoshandiswa kana mwero mari kushandiswa, unogona kuridza zvakanaka basa diversification iri basa muenzaniso chevanorwara zvemari. Kana mubhengi vaizova nematambudziko mukusimudzira zvikwereti zvigadzirwa, ipapo zvichava zvinobvira kuva chekuita zvakananga mari mabasa.

pfupiso

Saka, isu akatarira ndezvipi chikuru kushanda mari mabhanga, - mari uye zvikwereti. Chokutanga - mune zvakakwana zvikuru emura, asi kunyanya mari. Bank mari akavhiyiwa chamutsa kwemari zvikurukuru kupfurikidza kuchaja chikwereti makomisheni. Isina, ivo kuona chimiro kwemubairo nokuda paumbwe kubhengi reserves, izvo zvinogona kuitawo mamwe mabasa. Danho rechipiri - pamusoro zvinopesana, anogona yekudyidzana kuwedzera capitalization mari masangano. Kubhangi kuti akapa kuti chikwereti, kazhinji anotarisira kugamuchira yakakwirira purofiti zvakakwana, asi zvingangoita kuti nemhosva nokuda zvinetso zvemari havazokwanisi kudzorera chikwereti.

Izvo akavhiyiwa nemabhangi kukosheswa tichitarisa Implementation ramambo muenzaniso pane imwe nguva, anogadza kurapa zvikwereti uye sangano zvemari. Zvakawanda ichi zvinoenderana ukuru kiyi mwero Central Bank. The yepamusoro kwayo, kazhinji shoma zvikuru chikwereti musika, uye kubhengi musoro kuti vanoshingaira kuva nhungamiro chokuita bhokisi-hofisi vatengi.