Chii chine simba rezvinyorwa zvinyorwa? Nzira yekuwana nayo simba rearfabheti: fomu

Mazuva ano teknolojia yekombiyuta, shanduro yepakombiyuta, simba rezvinyorwa zvinyorwa, shanduro ye calculus nemamwe mimwe mazano ndeyokubatana zvakananga pakati pemumwe. Vashoma vashandisi nhasi vanodzidza zvakakwana munyaya idzi. Ngatiedzei kujekesa kuti simba rezvinyorwa zvinyorwa ndezvipi, sei kuverenga uye nekurishandisa mukuita. Mune ramangwana, izvi, pasina mubvunzo, zvinogona kubatsira mukuita.

Nzira yehutano inotaridzirwa sei

Tisati tava kutanga kudzidza mubvunzo wekuti simba rezvinyorwa zvinyorwa ndezvipi, uye chii ichocho, zvakakosha kutanga, sekutaura, nezvinokosha.

Zvechokwadi munhu wese anoziva kuti nhasi pane zviitiko zvakakosha zvekuyera chero zviyero zvese, zvichibva pane zvinyorwa zvinotaurwa. Semuenzaniso, kune nzvimbo uye zviyero zvakafanana, izvi zviyero, mamita uye kuyerwa - kilograms, kwezvikamu zvenguva - masekondi, nezvimwewo.

Asi iwe unoyera sei ruzivo maererano nehuwandu hwemashoko? Yakanga iri nokuda kwechinangwa ichi kuti pfungwa ye simba rezvinyorwa zvinyorwa yakatangwa.

Simba reiyo mazita echifabheti: chirevo chekutanga

Saka, kana tikatevera mutemo unowanzotenderwa kuti kukosha kwekupedzisira kwechinhu chero chipi zvacho chiri chimiro chinotarisa kuti kangani nguva iyo inongororwa inoshandiswa muhuwandu hwakaenzana, tinogona kugumisa: simba rezvinyorwa zvinyorwa ndiyo nhamba yose yezviratidzo zvinoshandiswa mutauro wakasiyana.

Kuti tiite zvakajeka, ngatisiye mubvunzo wekuwana sei simba rezvinyorwa zvinyorwa, kure, uye teererai zviratidzo ivo pachavo, zvakasununguka, kubva pakuona kwehutano hwekodhidhiyo. Zvichida kutaura, ruzere rwakakwana rwezviratidzo zvinoshandiswa zvine mavara, nhamba, marudzi ose emabhakede, mavara akasiyana, mapepa ekugadzirisa, nezvimwewo. Zvisinei, kana iwe ukaswedera kumubvunzo wei simba rezvinyorwa zvinyorwa mune imwe kombiyuta, iwe unofanirawo kusanganisira asina chinhu (gwaro rimwe chete pakati pemashoko kana zvimwe zviratidzo).

Tora, somuenzaniso, mutauro weRussia, kana kuti, panzvimbo yebhokisi yemirairo. Kubva pane izvo zvataurwa, rondedzero yakakwana ine mazita makumi maviri nemaviri, nhamba gumi uye 11 vanhu vakasiyana. Nokudaro, simba rose rerafabheti ndiro 54.

Nhamba yehuwandu hwezviratidzo

Kunyange zvakadaro, pfungwa yakawanda yesimba rezvinyorwa zvinyorwa haritauri chirevo chekushandura mashoko ehuwandu hwemashoko ane tsamba, nhamba uye zviratidzo. Izvi zvinoda nzira inokosha.

Kunyanya, funga pamusoro pazvo, zvakanaka, ingava sei zvishoma zvigadziriswa maererano nekombiyuta yehurongwa, ingani mhando dzinganganisa? Mhinduro: mbiri. Uye ndicho chikonzero. Ichokwadi ndechekuti chiratidzo chose, kana chiri tsamba kana chidimbu, ine ruzivo rwaro rwehuwandu, maererano nezvinoitwa nemichina iyo iri mberi kwayo. Asi kombiyuta inonzwisisa chete mumiririri wemauniti uye zeros, iyo, chaizvoizvo, yose yekombiyuta yesayenzi yakavakirwa.

Nokudaro, chero chiratidzo chipi zvacho chinogona kumiririrwa nenzira yezvitevedzeri zvine zvinyorwa 1 uye 0, kureva kuti, zvinyorwa zvinyorwa zvinoreva tsamba, nhamba kana chiratidzo, zvine zvikamu zviviri.

Izvo uwandu hwezvizivo pachahwo, hutorwa sehuwandu hwemashoko unit unit of measure, unonzi bit (1 bit). Saizvozvowo, 8 mabheti ane 1 byte.

Mumiririri mumiririri mu code bhinary

Saka, simba rei zvinyorwa zvinyorwa, ndinofunga, zvatove zvishoma zvakajeka. Iye zvino ngatitarisei chimwe chinhu, kunyanya, chimiro chinoshanda chechigoni uchishandisa kadhi yebhinari. Somuenzaniso wezvinyorwa, ngatitorei zvinyorwa zvinyorwa zvine zvimienzaniso zvina chete.

Mune nhamba mbiri-nhamba bhenari code, kurongeka uye ruzivo rwekumiridzirwa kunogona kurondedzerwa sezvinotevera:

Nokudaro - yakajeka kugumisa: nesimba reesfabheti N = 4, uremu hwechiratidzo chechikwata ndemabhati maviri.

Kana iwe ukashandisa nhamba nhatu yemabhadhari yekodhesi, sekufananidzira, ine vanhu 8, nhamba yekubatanidzwa ichave seyiyi:

Mune mamwe mazwi, nesimba reesfabheti N = 8, kuyerwa kwechiratidzo chimwe chete kwemajita matatu bhizinesi code ichava 3 bits.

Nzira yekuwana nayo simba rezvinyorwa zvinyorwa uye zvishandise mukutaura kwemakombiyuta

Zvino regai titarise kuvimba kunoratidzwa nenhamba yevanhu vari mumutsetse uye simba rezvinyorwa. Nzira iyo, apo N iri simba realfabheti yezvinyorwa zvinyorwa, uye b iyo nhamba yevanhu vari mumakristina, inotarisa seyiyi:

N = 2 ^b

Ndiko, 2 ¹ = 2, 2 ² = 4, 2 ³ = 8, 2 ⁴ = 16, nezvimwewo. Zvichida kutaura, nhamba inodikanwa yevarairi yebhinary code iyo pachayo inorema yechiratidzo. Mukutaura kwemashoko, zvinoratidzika seizvi:

Kuyera ivhu remashoko

Zvisinei, idzi dzaingova mienzaniso yakareruka, sekutaura, nokuda kwekutanga kokutanga kwei simba rezvinyorwa zvinyorwa. Ngatitenderei kuti tifambe.

Panguva iyi yekuvandudzwa kwekombiyuta yekombiyuta yekunyora, kufunga nezvemashoko makuru, mazita makuru uye ezasi, tsamba dzeCyrillic neChiratini, zviratidzo zvechiratidzo, mabhakiti, zviratidzo zvekuita masvomhu, nezvimwewo. Zvinyorwa 256 zvinoshandiswa. Kuenderera mberi kubva pakuitika kwekuti 256 ndeye2 ⁸ , hazvisi zvakaoma kufungidzira kuti kuyerwa kwechiratidzo chega chega mune zvinyorwa izvi ndeye 8, ndiko kuti, 8 bits kana 1 byte.

Kana iwe uchitanga kubva kumativi ose anozivikanwa, unogona kuwana nyore kukosha kwehuwandu hwehuwandu hwemashoko chero ipi zvayo. Somuenzaniso, tine kombiyuta yepakombiyuta ine mapeji makumi matatu. Pane rimwe peji kune mitsara 50 ye 60 chero zviratidzo kana zviratidzo, kusanganisira nzvimbo.

Nokudaro, rimwe peji richava ne 50 x 60 = 3 000 bytes of information, uye zvinyorwa zvose - 3000 x 50 = 150 000 bytes. Sezvaunogona kuona, kunyange magwaro maduku haagoni kuyerwa neyte. Uye zvakadini nematareji ose?

Muchiitiko ichi, zviri nani kushandura ivhu muhuwandu hwakawanda-kilobytes, megabytes, gigabytes, nezvimwe. Kubva pane chokwadi chokuti, somuenzaniso, 1 kilobyte ndeye 1024 bytes (2 ¹⁰ ), uye megabytes vane 2 ¹⁰ kilobytes (1024 kilobytes), zviri nyore kuverenga kuti muwandu wezvinyorwa mumashoko-masvomhu kutaura kwemuenzaniso wedu 150,000 / 1024 = 146, 484375 kilobytes kana nezve 0.14305 megabytes.

Panzvimbo yei

Pamwechete, izvi zvenguva pfupi uye zvose zvine chokuita nekufungisisa kwemubvunzo, chii chinonzi simba rezvinyorwa. Inoramba ichiwedzera kuti mune iri tsanangudzo nzira yakakwana yemasvomhu yakashandiswa. Zvinopera pasina kureva kuti semantic mutoro wezvinyorwa munyaya ino hazvifungi.

Asi kana iwe ukaswedera kune nyaya dzekufungisisa zvakanyatsobva pane chinzvimbo chinopa munhu chimwe chinhu chinonzwisiswa, chidimbu chekusanganiswa kusina maturo kana kuenzaniswa kwezviratidzo mune chirongwa ichi chichava nemutoro wezveruzivo, kunyange kubva pakuona kwechirevo chehuwandu hwemashoko, chigumisiro chinogona kuverengwa.

Nenzira yakawanda, ruzivo rwemasimba ezvinyorwa zvinyorwa uye mazano akafanana hazvive zvakaoma kunzwisisa uye zvinogona kushandiswa zvepakutanga nenzira yekuita zviito. Panguva imwecheteyo, mushumiri wese anotarisana neizvi anenge mazuva ose. Zvakakwana kuti titaure semuenzaniso shanduro yeShoko rakakurumbira kana imwe imwe yakafanana iyo iyo yakashandiswa nayo. Asi usazvipikisa neye "Notepad" yenguva dzose. Pano simba rerafabheti rakaderera, nokuti, semuenzaniso, tsamba dzinoshandiswa hazvishandisi paunenge uchisarudza.