Chii chinonzi gothic yokufungidzira? Modern Gothic enganonyorwa

Shoko rokuti "Gothic" mumabhuku inorondedzera Genre, tichibatanidza chinokatyamadza, dzorudo, renyaya uye ushingi. Mumwe piyona of Genre aiva munyori Chirungu timer Uolpol uye yokufungidzira ake "The Castle pamusoro Otranto".

Nezvekwakabva shoko rokuti

Nhasi, mashoko okuti "Gothic" kufanana dzinoverengeka kwakasiyana-siyana munyika, nhau uye tsika. Zvinonzi chokuita zvakananga mapurani, mabhuku, kupenda uye mumhanzi. Zvisinei, pakutanga shoko rokuti pane Chokwadi, kubva zita German vanhu - Goths.

The Goths vaiva mumwe dzinoverengeka chokuita, asi ngwizhingwi chaizvo madzinza eGermany. Ndivo dzinenge nguva dzose hondo vavakidzani vavo, uye vakabatana navo kurwa chete kuzorwa Romans. Yepamusoro mukurumbira wavo rakanga V remakore, kana marudzi kumadokero uye kumabvazuva Goths akakunda vaRoma uye akakunda dzakawanda kuSpain. Pashure paizvozvo, nhoroondo yedzinza aingofunga nenhoroondo nyika akakunda.

Rakanga mamwe emakore rokuti "Gothic" asati asvika kureva zvimwewo. Panguva Renaissance, kana dzekare tsika paakasvika pakuberekwa yaro yechipiri, "Gothic" akadana mapurani werudzii yokuMiddle Ages. Mune emakore mashoma yakazova imwe mhando enganonyorwa, zvimwe nokuti vanyori akasarudza kunzvimbo chiito zvivako yekare Gothic manyorerwo pamwe inoshamisa nhoroondo.

Nhoroondo Gothic yokufungidzira

Gothic nganonyorwa yakabuda mukutanga sefungu romanticism iri pakati XVIII remakore uye vakawana mukurumbira hunoshamisa XIX remakore. Akaberekerwa muEngland semhinduro zvakaoma zvinenge werudzii pakati enganonyorwa nguva.

Zvisinei, haufaniri kutorwa sechinhu kudanana Gothic yokufungidzira zvisikwa. Midzi yawo kuenda zvikuru udzamu kare, akabata pamusoro Ages nhoroondo chinokatyamadza, chevarwere Ngano, zvitendero uye mashoko. Izvi kwenguva refu manyuko rakafuridzirwa uye kushandisa ano gothic, mabhuku enganonyorwa, Somuenzaniso, muitiro wacho kunyatsoonekwa nemabasa Stephen King kana Hersveit Rays.

Yokutanga Gothic yokufungidzira raiva basa Horasa Uolpola "The Castle pamusoro Otranto", yakatanga kubudiswa muna 1764. Munyori pachake akati aifarira zvose ano uye Ages enganonyorwa, asi zvose Genres Walpole akawana kutadza, kwaakanga achiedza kubvisa mu "Castle pakati Otranto". Maererano naye, zvetsika Ages dzorudo zvakare quirky uye ano - zvakare zvinhu sezvazviri. Asi vatsoropodzi vakagamuchira utsanzi mumaoko, achitsanangura kuti vakadaro musanganiswa ingano, nhoroondo uye magwaro zvekunyepera anoenda kundorwa zvinogamuchirika mabhuku dzemitemo.

Pasinei nyanzvi Vatsoropodzi, ari gothic, itsva muna Chirungu mabhuku awana mukurumbira kunoshamisa, iyo zvino uchiumba kwaita Genre ichi muna German (Schauerroman) uye mabhuku French (Georgia uye Roman Noir).

Gothic nganonyorwa iri Russian akadana naka, uye mumwe wevanyori akanga kwakavandudza Genre ichi vaisanganisira Pushkin ( "The Mambokadzi nefoshoro"), Lermontov ( "Hero Chenguva Yedu") uye Gogol ( "Wii", "manheru pamusoro Farm pedyo Dikanka").

Pezvokuvamba Gothic yokufungidzira

The chikuru zviri Gothic itsva munguva yayo inotungamirwa akasimbisa miganhu chii anobvumirwa zviri Romantic mabhuku. Pasinei chido tsika dzenzvimbo rokumutsa pfungwa uye kumutsa manzwiro, kudanana mabhuku pakati XVIII remakore, akanga kuomesera pfungwa nemaonero modernity.

Vanyori gothic enganonyorwa vakatsvaka kuchera zvakanaka hwakasimbiswa nemamiriro mabhuku nguva kuteerera zvikuru rima uye unexplored misoro yaisagona kuzarurwa, vachishandisa nzira dzakakodzera uye zvinogamuchirwa. Kutya, mhirizhonga, chakavanzika - zvose zvinhu kuti vanoda dzokuwedzera mabhuku nzira. Gothic nganonyorwa iri Chirungu mabhuku zvinoita kuti muverengi kuenda mhiri inonyatsozivikanwa uye unonzwisisika, yakanga yakavakwa zvakawanda pamusoro mwoyo, pfungwa, muna chavanoziva, asi simba mupfungwa nomunhu nezvakavanzika zvido.

Maererano vatsoropodzi vakawanda, gothic yokufungidzira kurondedzerwa yenyika rawa, uye ichi ndicho nyika muverengi kwakazoratidzwazve vachishandisa zvinokosha tsika yokufungidzira, izvo, zvisinei, zviri chaizvo yakasiyana unhu.

chiitiko

Inenge ose enganonyorwa vari Gothic manyorerwo kuvimba panzvimbo kupa pfungwa coloring chigadzirwa. Naizvozvo, kurondedzerwa nzvimbo, nharaunda, ekunze, nezvimwewo zvezvakatipoteredza zvinhu vanoita basa rinokosha muna Genre ichi.

A chaiwo paitikira Gothic yokufungidzira, kwete chete chinokurwadzai pfungwa nokutya uye kutya, asi rinorondedzerawo nokugara munyika yose. Old zvivakwa, matongo uye vanoti kana upenyu chipatapata, uye ikozvino zvose wakasara - chete mumvuri yakapfuura, kuzvivanza munhau yake, uye rinochengeta ari kukanganwa zvakavanzika.

Protagonists

Heroes Gothic enganonyorwa dzinoumba vorudzii archetypes, uye pane nzwisa maitiro avo, izvo zvakakodzera zvinhu zvikuru.

The protagonist rinowanzova oga, kazhinji vakatapwa kana mutirongo - voga kana naro. Anti-gamba ndiye musimboti zvakaipa - chinzvimbo kubudirira navo kuburikidza zvavo mhosva, somugumisiro munhevedzano nezviito uye zvisarudzo, kana kuti imhosva nevamwe. The protagonist mabasa Genre iri kazhinji mutorwa achidzungaira pasi, nokuva isingaperi muutapwa, izvo zvinogona sechibereko kurangwa naMwari.

nyaya

Kazhinji zvarongwa Gothic yokufungidzira kunoratidza rinooma nyika. Mutambi mukuru, aneta kuva oga / mujeri / muutapwa, atarisana zvakaipa, kazhinji muchimiro muedzo kana unyengeri. Muedzo kunokonzera gamba kuenda pamusoro pake, kuti vaite chivi, uye nokupedza kuwa kwake. Somuenzaniso, muna yokufungidzira "Ambrosio, kana Monk" M. G. Lyuisa protagonist - nzwisa rokuSpain mumongi ari Order, vakakwezvwa Matilda, izvo zvamazvirokwazvo dhimoni, akatuma mweya mumongi.

Huru Misoro

Pasinei chokwadi kuti huru misoro yose Gothic Genre ndiye chomweya uye haungambofari, pakati pavo zvakajeka zvinoonekwa zvose musoro mukuru Romanticism - chinetso "murume chiya", rudzi Byronic gamba kudyiwa kuzvipokanidza.

Mumwe ane chete kutarisa shure kwechidzitiro chinokatyamadza uye chomweya, gamba anganzwisisa munhu, kufanana nokutya zvose chairwo uye mubvunzo. Simply Gothic mabhuku vanowanza vanowedzeredza zvikuru avo anotya zvose izvo munhu anosangana rimwe zuva.

Kutsoropodza Gothic mabhuku

Gothic nganonyorwa panguva ivepo kwave pasi kutsoropodza siyana. Mabhuku Nhamba zvinowanzobatanidzwa zvenyaya Gothic itsva pamwe vainazvo manzwiro uye zvishuvo murume. The remakore itsva uye kukura psychoanalysis chaiva chikonzero zvokuswedera zvakafanana pakati Gothic okunze uye yevanhu subconscious.

Maererano Davis, Morris, Genre ichi - kuti gothic yokufungidzira - chinopa pfungwa, zvido, uye kutya kuti vanhu kazhinji vanotsvaka kudzora, undovanda uye hanya. Hondo yacho protagonist pamwe remweya zvakaipa idimikira rokureva munhu hondo chaiyo kuti munhu pakuti uye zvakavanzika pfungwa.

Vakadzi Gothic Literature

Chirungu Gothic nganonyorwa ayo nhare pevhu, masango rima uye muchivande makwara, akashanda se kuberekwa nedzimwe chakajairika nokuda Chirungu mabhuku nguva. Women Mabhuku Gothic, iyo mapiyona akanga Hersveit Redklif, Meri Shelli uye Charlotte Brontë, akabvumira vakadzi-vanyori kokutanga kutaura nyanzvi uye magariro vavariro, uyewo zvishuvo zvavo zvokuita zvepabonde. Free Style gothic yokufungidzira akabvumira pavasikana kuti vasimudze nyaya dzakadai pabonde akanyatsorongwa, yemadzitateguru tsika uye zvepabonde udzvanyiriri vakadzi vari kuchinja Chirungu muvanhu.

Kuti enganonyorwa dzevakadzi sezvaari chaicho mudziyo se "inoshamisa tsananguro." Izvi chidobi oumhizha akabvumira pavasikana kunyora enganonyorwa, zvakafanana pakuonekwa, manzwiro uye kazhinji kacho tigutsikane Gothic, asi vari Zvisinei, akarondedzera upenyu chaizvo.

Gothic simba pamusoro Romantic vadetembi

Top Gothic enganonyorwa akava kuyerwa nezvainoita Chirungu Romantic vadetembi. Famous mabasa Samuel Taylor Coleridge - "The Rime Yekare Kumufambisi Wechikepe" uye "Christabel", uyewo usingaonekwi mabasa Dzhona Kitsa "Evha St. Agnes" uye "Isabella", zvakafanana Gothic okunze. Gothic nganonyorwa features, akadai chiratidzo, zvipoko, madutu uye kumutsa chinokatyamadza vakashatirwa kurondedzerwa nharaunda dzakatorwa mabasa vadetembi Hersveit Redklif.

Wokutanga basa kubudiswa kubva Persi Bishi Shelli Gothic yokufungidzira aiva "Zastrotsi" zvenhapwa, kufunga kutsiva vake uye hafu-mukoma. Papera gore akabudisa imwe yokufungidzira wechipiri, "The Holy Irvine," vane hunhu chikuru aiva alchemist anoda kuwana zvakavanzika husingaperi. Zvose mabasa akanga mafungu chaizvo uye kudzika shanduro Gothic Zvisinei yokufungidzira, vanokanganiswa kwete chete basa Shelley, asiwo mudzimai wake weramangwana, akazova muvambi "Frankenstein."

Not mudukusa muchinangwa kukura Gothic Genre uye vairidza yakakurumbira Ishe Byron. vakasiya tenzikadzi wake Nyanduri anorondedzerwa se "munhu anopenga, zvakaipa uye ngozi" murume, kuti akanga ari mukuru zviri mufundisi aonekwe kuti mwana Harold - a kumumvuri of Byronic gamba.

Uyezve, Byron kazhinji kuronga makwikwi kuti yakanakisisa usingaonekwi nyaya pakati mudenderedzwa yake neshamwari-vanyori, kusanganisira pachake, madzimai Shelley uye Dzhona Polidori. Maererano vatsoropodzi, misangano iyi tikashumira chikonzero rakasikwa munhu "Frankenstein" nyaya uye Polidori kuti "Vampire".

Victorian nguva uye rethinking of Gothic Genre

By pakutanga Queen Victoria rokutonga mukurumbira gothic yokufungidzira kunoderedza zvikuru nokuda muchidimbu kuti kunaka kutsoropodza, pamwe nemhaka kukurumbira chenhau enganonyorwa ose Walter Scott. Zvisinei, mashoko Victorian Gothic mabhuku akamirirwa rethinking ari Genre.

Edgara Alana anonzi ari innovator zvikuru Gothic mabhuku. Munyori aibhadhara zvikuru kuteerera zvepfungwa evanhu, vangani zvetsika zvenyaya Genre. Iguru mabhuku mutsoropodzi, Kana anonyatsoziva zvose zvakanakira nekuipira kuti Gothic, saka nezvezvandaifanira pfungwa pazvinhu ake. Maererano naye, rinotyisa raiva mabhuku dingindira, akakodzera kudzidza.

Kuchinja raitika madzimai gothic yokufungidzira. "Wuthering Heights" Emily Brontë ane zvose zvakafanira zvinhu: ine rima chinosiririsa, zvipoko uye Byronic gamba mukutarisana Heathcliff. Zvisinei, chikuru hunhu yokufungidzira haisi chete mujeri, uye chirwere kubva zvakaipa vaaigarisana uye vanoitirwa rusarura. The chikuru heroine of Brontë hanzvadzi vakauya magariro pakanyorwa kwevakadzi gothic yokufungidzira.

Genre vanofurirwa zvakasimba hunhu yaitonga evanyori akadai Charles Dickens. Akamira nezvigadziko Verviers Gothic mabhuku vanoda "Urban Gothic yokufungidzira." On the mapeji mabasa ake mumigwagwa London ndivo kupfuura mwoyo nzvimbo gothic chiito rinovayeuchidza kuvenga uye chido kutiza. mabasa akadai se "Oliver monyorora," "Tarisiro Great" uye "kujeka House" akatamira Zvakaitwa Gothic yokufungidzira mumaguta mikana uye alleys.

Mumakwara Dickens akaenda nevanyori mukupera namapfumbamwe remakore. Mugumo Victorian anozivikanwa kuwedzera itsva kukurumbira mumaguta makuru gothic yokufungidzira, akapiwa kuberekwazve anoonga mabasa Robert Louis Stevenson ( "Strange Nyaya Dr Jekyll uye Mr Hyde"), Genri Dzheymsa ( "Dzokerai kuna Screw") uye Oscar Wilde ( "The Picture of Dorian Gray").

The yakakurumbira antagonist of Gothic Genre - Count Dracula - akazviratidza pamusoro mapeji yokufungidzira kubudikidza Bram Stoker. Stoker akaita Akakwezva vanyori Mystics kuna Transylvania uye Eastern Europe yose, nokudaro zvichiita kuti nzvimbo yacho ine kufarira pachimiro gothic enganonyorwa.

Modern Gothic enganonyorwa

Vanyori vakawanda ano renyaya uye vamiriri vedzimwe Genres zhinji kushandisa gothic, zvinhu mumabasa ake. Gothic chinokatyamadza nyaya, mutungamiriri mienzaniso zvinogona kuva mabasa Hersveit Rays, nounyanzvi anosanganisa tsika XVIII remakore rusununguko mabhuku okuti, tsika mabhuku ano. Gothic, nenzira imwe kana mumwe, mimwe enganonyorwa raStefani King uye basa Daphne weZimbabwe Maurier. Vamwe gothic mudano vari rethinking nyaya zhinji pamusoro zvipoko. Uyewo, kune Gothic Genre ndezvimwe mamwe mabasa Nila Geymana, Terry Pratchett uye kunyange DENA Brauna.