Chii chinonzi utachiwana? Chii inoitwa?

The vamiririri umambo nemavhairasi - rinokosha boka upenyu siyana. Havana chete zvikuru kushandiswa chimiro, asi dzinoratidzwa chaicho muviri. Munyaya ino, tichaongorora ACELLULAR upenyu fomu - utachiona. Chii sezvo Anowanza uye chii basa nayo anoridza zvakasikwa, uchadzidza nokuriverenga.

Kuwanikwa non-cellular upenyu siyana

musayendisiti Russian Dmitry Ivanovsky muna 1892 kudzidza nayo utachiona kwezvirwere fodya - fodya waMosesi. Akawana kuti pathogenic mumiririri hausi Mabhakitiriya, uye ndiyo rinokosha, vakabva zita utachiwana. Mukupera kwezana remakore rechi19 mune zvipenyu havana kushandiswa nemaikorosikopu dzakakwirira chisarudzo, saka musayendisiti vasingagoni kuziva chinhu morekuru utachiona, uyewo kuona muirondedzere. Apedza kusika munhu Erekitironi maikorosikopu mukuvamba remakore rechi20, nyika akaona vamiririri umambo idzva rokutanga, kukonzera ngozi uye intractable zvirwere zvakawanda hwevanhu uyewo nezvimwe zvinhu zvipenyu: mhuka, zvinomera, mabhakitiriya.

Nzvimbo isiri cellular siyana ari taxonomy nemhuka dzomusango

Sezvambotaurwa, zvinenge izvi ikashandiswa kupinda rechishanu umambo zvakasikwa - wanda. Huru morphological yepasi hunhu nemavhairasi - hapana cellular marongerwo. Kusvikira zvino, nyika masayendisiti haagumiri gakava pamusoro kana asiri cellular siyana zvipenyu zviri zvizere pfungwa izwi. Pashure pezvose, vose kuratidzwa metabolic vane zvinogoneka chete pashure kupinda muchitokisi mupenyu. Kusvikira nguva ino nemavhairasi vazvibate akaita vanovengwa zvisina upenyu zvakasikwa; havana metabolic siyana, havasi kubereka. Nechekwokutanga kwezana remakore rechi20, masayendisiti, munhu wose akagadzirwa mibvunzo: Chii utachiwana, chii chiri goko waro, riri mukati utachiwana PARTICIPLE? Mhinduro vakagamuchirwa somugumisiro makore tsvakurudzo uye kuedza, waimira sehwaro kurangwa itsva nesayenzi. It yakabuda panguva mharadzano zvipenyu uye mushonga, uye inonzi virology.

STRUCTURAL zvinhu

Mashoko okuti "shasha zvose zviri nyore" zvakananga chokuita non-cellular upenyu siyana. Utachiona zvinosanganisira nucleic asidhi mamorekuru - DNA kana RNA, mapuroteni zvemapuranga membrane. Asina yayo simba uye mapuroteni synthesizing gadziriro. vasina chiratidzo yokurarama fuma pasina musero pamwe utachiwana: hapana kufema, hapana kukura, hapana kushatirwa kana kubereka. Zvose izvi kwakanga, izvozvo chete zvinoda chimwe chinhu kuwana akuvara - foni mupenyu, kuti ndikunde muviri wake ayo nucleic asidhi uye pakupedzisira kuparadza. Sezvambotaurwa, utachiona hamvuropu mapuroteni rinoumbwa mamorekuru vane akarayira mamiriro (nyore utachiona).

Kana Kuronga goko zvinosanganisira uyewo lipoprotein subunits, izvo chaizvoizvo tiri chikamu cytoplasmic Kamudzira wehondo muchitokisi, nemavhairasi dzakadaro dzinonzi remubatanidzwa (vamiririri chibhokisi uye nehepatitis B). Kazhinji penyika Kamudzira kweutachiwana kupinda uye glycoproteins. Ivo kuita zvichikurukura chaitika. Saka, sezvo goko, uye utachiona pacharo panofanira mamorekuru of makemikari zvinoriumba - mapuroteni uye nucleic acids (DNA kana RNA).

Mavhairasi pinda munzvimbo masero mapenyu sei

Pakuvamba isu akatarisa STRUCTURAL zviri goko ari intracellular chisvetasimba. Utachiona ine makemikari mamorekuru uye utachiona, uye pamusoro wayo marongerwo rine chaiwo mapuroteni, plasmalemma kuziva mhenyu sero. Naizvozvo, Non-cellular siyana sei dzakananga marudzi masero kwezvimwe ezvinhu zvipenyu. Somuenzaniso, canine distemper nemavhairasi regai iine ngozi dzoutano hwevanhu. Inside the chisvetasimba anopinda sero munzira dzakawanda:

1. Kwemapazi hamvuropu dzaro sero Kamudzira (yokuSpain utachiona).
2. By pinocytosis (causative nomumiririri poliomyelitis mhuka).
3. Mushure zvaparadzwa sero rusvingo (chirimwa utachiona).

ari chokuwanziridza pamusoro nemavhairasi

Kamwe chisvetasimba yarova keji, ayo nucleic iine acid Morekuru, wedging ari musimboti genome, nekufambisa mashoko nemamiriro puroteni nezvimedu uye rukungiso biosynthesis pachavo mapurotini. Inoshandisa ribosome mamorekuru pamusoro ATP, tRNA musero. In dzakafanana, sero utachiona ndiyo reduplication pamusoro enhaka mashoko. Yeuka kuti mapuroteni uye nucleic asidhi nemavhairasi umbwa inonzi nyore. nezvimedu dzavo vanoumba RNA, izvo pakarepo anokurukura ribosomal subunits wehondo masero uye induces ari biosynthesis pakati mamorekuru kweutachiwana mapuroteni.

Mubayiro kurwisa nayo utachiona pamusoro sero anova mukomboni DNA kana RNA nemavhairasi nezvimedu avo pachavo mapuroteni. Saka, rekuUnited utachiwana zvinosanganisira nucleic asidhi mamorekuru, inoramba zvemapuranga akarayira proteids. The Kamudzira wehondo sero raparadzwa, sero afa, asi iye yakabuda nemavhairasi zvirwere mumasero utano muviri.

Reverse Fani reduplication

Pakutanga adzidze vamiririri umambo uchenjeri nemavhairasi akaumbwa masero, asi kuedza D. Ivanovsky akaratidza kuti utachiona haagoni kusiyaniswa tichibatsirwa microbiological filters: kuti utachiona ndagura pores dzavo uye akaonekwa filtrate, zvakasara virulent ehupfumi.

Uyezve ongororo dzakatangwa ndechokuti utachiwana rinoumbwa mamorekuru ose makemikari nyaya uye ari kuratidza zviratidzo Chipenyu chete pashure ayo zvakananga kupinda mukati muchitokisi. Mairi, anotanga kuwanda. Most RNA nemavhairasi vachiwanda zvatsanangurwa kumusoro, asi vamwe vavo, zvakadai utachiona AIDS, chikonzero DNA usage iri musimboti musero. Fani iyi inonzi neizvi kuberekana. Next, mune imwe morekuru reDNA iri synthesized uye RNA-utachiona, asi chinofanira kutanga ungano nemavhairasi mapuroteni subunits, pova hamvuropu kwayo.

Features bacteriophages

Ndechipi bacteriophage - kamuri kana utachiwana? Chii chiri ichi vasiri cellular chimiro choupenyu? Mhinduro dzemibvunzo iyi ndeinotevera: icho utachiona hwacho prokaryotic zvinenge chete - utachiona. Nemamiriro ayo panzvimbo chaiyo. Utachiona rinoumbwa mamorekuru ari makemikari fuma uye muzvikamu zvitatu: musoro, shamhu (Case) uye achitevera shinda. In nechemberi - musoro - ane DNA Morekuru. Zvinotevera nyaya ane mairi negomba mugodhi. Caudal shinda zvakabatanidzwa nayo, inopa kubatana utachiona Kanotokonya loci yeplasma Kamudzira utachiona. Nheyo kushanda chakafanana bacteriophage sirinji. Pashure rutapudzo nekufukidza Morekuru reDNA mapuroteni anosuwa mukaha tsvimbo uye ipapo jekiseni vakapinda cytoplasm yacho chipfuro muchitokisi. Zvino utachiona utachiona kuchaita synthesize ari nemavhairasi DNA uye mapuroteni, izvo vaizongoguma kutungamirira ayo kwaitika.

Sezvo muviri anodzivirira pacharo pamusoro kutapukirwa noutachiona

Nature wakasika munhu yakachengeteka michina chaiyo, anoshorana nemavhairasi zvirwere Zvirimwa, mhuka uye vanhu. Utachiona pachavo paakaziva masero dzavo sezvo maantigen. Achipindura pamberi nemavhairasi pamuviri unobereka immunoglobulins - anodzivirira antibodies. Nhengo of zvirwere - the thymus, node nodes - kupindura nemavhairasi kupindirwa uye zvinobatsira kuti pave anodzivirira mapurotini - interferon. Izvi zvinhu tunodzivisa kukura utachiona nezvimedu uye tunodzivisa kuwanda kwavo. Vose Mhando anodzivirira siyana dzinokurukurwa pamusoro anoenderana humoral kutapata. Chimwe chimiro wokudzivirira - muchitokisi. masero machena eropa, macrophages, neutrophils yokufungisisa utachiona nezvimedu uye munamatire navo.

zvichireva nemavhairasi

Hapana chakavanzika kuti hazvina kunyanya kunaka. Izvi Ultra-pathogenic PARTICIPLE (15 kusvika 450 nm), vanooneka chete Erekitironi maikorosikopu rinoita bouquet zvirwere ngozi uye intractable pasina chaakasiya zvinenge huripo munyika. Saka, muna dzevanhu nemavhairasi sei chinokosha nhengo uye hurongwa, zvakadai huta (chimbwamupengo, encephalitis, poriyo) masoja (AIDS), zvomudumbu (chiropa), kufema (yokuSpain, adenoinfektsii). Animals kuwana dzvinyu vanorwara, denda, uye zvinomera - siyana necrosis, mavara, waMosesi.

Kusiyana vamiririri umambo haina kudzidza kusvikira pakuguma. Chinoratidza ndechokuti kusvikira zvino kuwana mhando itsva nemavhairasi uye rokuongorora chirwere kwete kare nazvo. Somuenzaniso, pakati pezana remakore rechi20 Africa zvakanzi yakawanikwa Zika utachiwana. It riri mumuviri Umhutu kuti utachiona kana ivo kuruma vanhu uye dzimwe mhuka. Zviratidzo zviri chirwere zvinoratidza kuti pomutumwa inobata chikuru nhengo nechepakati tsinga uye zvinokonzera neonatal microcephaly. Vanhu vari vatakuri utachiona ichi, vanofanira kuyeuka kuti pozi zvingakanganisa vavo, sapamazuva okurapa yakashuma zviitiko pabonde kupararira chirwere.

By zvakanaka basa nemavhairasi zvinosanganisira kushandisa kwavo pakurwisana chipembenene mhando iri magene mapurani.

In basa iri, takaudzwa kuti rakadaro utachiona kubva chinova PARTICIPLE, sei zvinenge kuzvidzivirira pamusoro utachiona. Takavawo kuzivikanwa basa reDare non-cellular zvipenyu zvakasikwa.