Chii normality chemhinduro? Sei kuona normality chemhinduro? Fomura mhinduro normality

Pamwe mukugadzirisa dzakasiyana zvinhu tinosangana ose zuva. Asi hazvingaiti kuti mumwe nomumwe wedu, sei guru basa reDare izvi hurongwa. Zvakawanda maitiro avo vakava pachena nhasi, nemhaka kudzidza hwakadzama kwezviuru zvemakore. Panguva yose iyi vazhinji okuti vave vakasuma, usinganzwisisiki zvake. Mumwe wavo - the normality chemhinduro. Chii? Izvi zvichakurukurwa munyaya nyaya yedu. Uye tinenge kutanga svetuka kupinda kare.

tsvakurudzo History

Yokutanga inopenya pfungwa, kutanga kudzidza mhinduro ave achizivikanwa mishonga akadai Arrhenius, van't Hoff uye Ostwald. Achifuridzirwa basa ravo rinotevera chizvarwa mishonga vakatanga yakawanda yokunyatsoongorora kudzidza mvura uye sanganisa mhinduro. Chokwadi, havana vaunganidza guru yakawanda zivo, asi pasina kuteerera akaramba dzisiri aqueous zvinogadzirisa, izvo, sezvinei, uyewo basa rinokosha zvose bhizimisi uye mune dzimwe pazvinoitwa kwevanhu.

In Nemuromo, non-aqueous mhinduro yakanga yakawanda zvisingazivikanwi. Somuenzaniso, kana mvura pamwe kuwedzera kuti dissociation mwero yakawedzera conductivity kukosha, ipapo yakafanana hurongwa, asi mumwe solvent pane mvura, ndizvo zvinopikisana. Small tsika zvemagetsi conductivity kazhinji refu mwero dissociation. Anomalies zvakakurudzira masayendisiti kudzidza munda uyu wekemisitiri. Chakasimudzira vaunganidza yakawanda date kubudiswa izvo Zvinokwanisika mapatani kuti mukwanisi dzidziso electrolytic dissociation. Uyezve, zvakanga zvava kuwedzera ruzivo pamusoro electrolysis uye yezvakaita kunzwisisa ions ose Organic uye inorganic yeimwe.

Zvadaro achishingaira atanga kuitisa tsvakurudzo mumunda kuramba mhinduro. Kwakadaro hurongwa vari kwakasiyana ehupfumi kubva rakasanganiswa nokuti kuti nokuwedzera wevasungwa pamusoro ichiputswa zvinhu kuwedzera rinokosha iri reDare kudyidzana dzaro solvent. Kuti uwane izvi - mune chinotevera.

pfungwa

Panguva iyoyo, zvakanakisisa anotsanangura maitiro ions, maatomu uye mamorekuru zviri mhinduro chete dzidziso electrolytic dissociation. Kubvira pakutanga kwayo, Svante Arrhenius muna XIX remakore, kwave kuchiita zvimwe zvachinja. Vamwe mitemo vave zvawanikwa (akadai mutemo dilution), izvo akawanda haana kufanira kupinda dzekare dzidziso. Asi, nemhaka haizopereri basa masayendisiti, dzidziso yave Akave nokuvandudza, uye aripo muchimiro kuchiri ariko uye zvakarurama anorondedzera migumisiro yaunganidzwa experimental nzira.

The chikuru musimboti wenyika dzidziso electrolytic dissociation kuti fuma kana ichiputswa unoora munzvimbo yayo chinoumba ions - inoramba kuti vane mhosva. Zvichienderana kukwanisa rongonyora (dissociate) voga, kusiyanisa simba uye simba electrolytes. Strong kazhinji chose dissociate kupinda ions vari mhinduro, asi simba - chidukuduku pamwero.

The nezvimedu iyo vachipinda Morekuru anogona kudyidzana pamwe solvent. Fani iyi inonzi solvation. Asi haugari kuitika, sezvo zvakafanira pamberi vebasa pamusoro Ion uye solvent mamorekuru. Somuenzaniso, imwe mvura morekuru rimwe dipole, i.e. PARTICIPLE, mhosva pamusoro ruoko rumwe chokwadi uye rumwe - kunaka. A ions, izvo wokuparadza electrolyte, zvakare, vane mhosva. Saka, inoramba izvi vanokwezvwa oppositely mhosva kumativi. Asi ichi zvinoitika chete polar zvokufembedzwa (ndizvo mvura). Somuenzaniso, mune imwe mhinduro imwe pfuma iri hexane solvation hakuitiki.

Kudzidza mhinduro kazhinji kuziva uwandu solute. The yemaitiro dzimwe nguva vachinyara kwazvo kuisa zvimwe zvikuru. Naizvozvo, kunongova inoverengeka kuwanda, pakati pavo - the normality chemhinduro. Zvino tichazvidudzira zvakadzama pamusoro ose nzira kutaura zviri pafuma iri mhinduro uye nzira kwayo kukarukureta.

Wevasungwa chemhinduro

In wekemisitiri, akashandisa chine Masvomhu, uye vamwe vavo vari kuvakwa zvokuti yamunenge kutora ukoshi neimwe chimiro.

Chokutanga, uye vakawanda avanoziva kwatiri, wevasungwa ari muchimiro okuti - vanobudisa hacho. It rinowanikwa zvikuru nyore. Tinofanira chete vanofanira kugoverana zvakawanda muvanhu mhinduro iri kwayo zvachose uremu. Saka isu tiwane mhinduro somunhu grade. Muwande nhamba kuti imwe zana, tichava nekugamuchira mhinduro sezvo chikamu.

Zvishoma zvishoma anozivikanwa chimiro - vhoriyamu hacho. Kakawanda rinoshandiswa kuratidza wevasungwa doro zvinodhaka. Akaverenga zviri zvakare nyore: vagovere chitsama solute kuti bhuku yose zvichachipedza. Kungofanana muzvirevo nyaya, zvinokwanisika kuti mhinduro somunhu chikamu. Pamapepa aya kazhinji raireva "40%.", Zvinoreva kuti 40 muzana vhoriyamu.

Makemikari inowanzoshandiswa uye mamwe marudzi yevasungwa. Asi usati kuenda kwavari uye kutaura kuti nhuta nenhumbi. Huwandu fuma kungaratidzwa nenzira dzakasiyana: vakawanda vhoriyamu. Asi mamorekuru neimwe pfuma ine yayo uremu uye kurema mharidzo hazvibviri kunzwisisa kuti mamorekuru mairi, uye zvakafanira kuti kunzwisisa quantitative pakuderedza kwemakemikari transformations. Nokuti chinangwa ichi kukosha yakadaro yave akatanga somunhu nhuta fuma. Kutaura zvazviri, imwe norwaivhi - imwe nhamba mamorekuru: 6.02 * ^{23 October.} Uku kunonzi Avogadro nhamba. Kazhinji, kwakadaro chikwata chiri mol zvinhu zvinoshandiswa ngaaverenge uwandu chero kuita zvinhu. Panyaya iyi, pane kumwe kutaura yevasungwa - matadza. Ndiro uwandu fuma muzana chikwata vhoriyamu. Molarity runoratidzwa mol / L (verenga: moles muzana fő).

Pane chaizvo yakafanana yapfuura chimiro okuti zviri pafuma munyika: molality. Zvakasiyana kubva molarity kuti anosarudza chitsama nefuma haisi ari chikwata vhoriyamu uye paavhareji chikwata guru. Zvino chinoratidzwa moles por kilogram (kana mumwe akawanda ari muenzaniso giremu).

Pano tinosvika kwokupedzisira chimiro, iyo yava kukurukurwa oga, sezvo rondedzero yacho zvinoda zvishoma mashoko yokungotaura.

The normality chemhinduro

Chii? Uye vakasiyana rapfuura ukoshi? Kutanga kunzwisisa musiyano pakati pfungwa dzakadai normality uye molarity mhinduro. Kutaura zvazviri, havana vanosiyana mumwe chete mutengo - nhamba yokuenzana. Zvino unogona kufungidzira hwandaiva mhinduro. Rinongova dzakachinjwa molarity. Ekvivaletnosti nhamba inoratidza nhamba inoramba kuti anogona sei pamwe chete nhuta rehydrogen ions kana hydroxide ions.

Takasvika pakuziva kuti ndiyo chakaipa mhinduro. Asi tinofanira kutsvakisisa zvakadzama, uye tichaona kuti nyore ichi, zvakaoma chimiro wevasungwa nezverondedzero pakutanga kuona. Saka, isu anofanira kunzwisisa muudzame chii normality chemhinduro.

fomura

Pretty nyore kufungidzira kuratidzwa tsanangudzo cheshoko. Zvaiva: C _n = z * n / N. Pano z - equivalency chinhu, N - kuwanda nefuma, V - bhuku mumushonga. ukoshi rokutanga - kupfuura dzinonakidza. Sezvo nguva uye zvinoratidza noenderana fuma, i.e. nhamba chaiyo kana zvekufungidzira inoramba kuti anogona sei mumwe nomumwe shoma PARTICIPLE fuma. Izvi, chokwadi, zviri normality chemhinduro, iyo Aimiririrwa nzira pamusoro vari qualitatively dzakasiyana molarity.

Zvino mumwe rinokosha: sei kuziva normality chemhinduro. Izvi mubvunzo unokosha nyaya, saka kudzidza zvakafanira kusvika nenzwisiso mumwe kukosha inoratidzwa mukana wokuti vanhu vanga kumusoro.

How kuwana normality chemhinduro?

The yemaitiro, izvo takakurukura kumusoro, ndiye ane evasingatombonamati inoshanda hunhu. tsika All vataurwa mariri, hunogona kungoparara dzaona uchidzidzira. Zvechokwadi computed normality chemhinduro zviri nyore chaizvo, achiziva dzimwe zvakawanda: solute uremu, nzira yayo vhoriyamu mhinduro. Sezvo tichiziva yokuita mamorekuru ari fuma, ipapo tinogona kuwana kwayo samolecular uremu. Kurema reshiyo pamusoro solute yokuenzanisira wayo matadza gobvu akaenzana nokuwanda moles nenhumbi. Uye achiziva bhuku yose mhinduro, tinogona kutaura chaizvo isu matadza yevasungwa.

Danho rinotevera kuti tinofanira kupedza kuti ngaaverenge normality chemhinduro - ndiko kuita kuwana yokuenzana chinhu. Kuti aite izvi, tinofanira kunzwisisa sei zvikuru nemhaka dissociation yacho aumba nezvimedu anogona batanidza protons kana hydroxyl ions. Somuenzaniso, mune sulfuric iine acid ekvivaletnosti chinhu 2, uye saka normality chemhinduro muchiitiko ichi rinowanikwa nokungonyepedzera vachiwedzera parutivi 2 molarity.

kunyoresa

In kwemakemikari analytics kazhinji kuvimba normality uye molarity mhinduro. Zviri nyore chaizvo kuti vychileniya samolecular zvokuimba kuti zvinhu.

Chiizve kuongorora?

Kuti tinzwisise zviri nani chii normality chemhinduro, zvakanakisisa kuvhura bhuku iri vakawanda kemisitiri. Uye kana imi munotoriziva rose ruzivo urwu, unofanira kureva bhuku ose Analytical kemisitiri vadzidzi kwemakemikari unyanzvi.

mhedziso

Nemhaka nyaya, ndinofunga iwe kunzwisisa kuti normality chemhinduro - chiri muchimiro kutaura wevasungwa zviri pfuma, iyo inoshandiswa kunyanya kuongorora makemikari. Uye zvino hakuna chakavanzika sei rinowanikwa.