Chii pamepu anoratidza zvisvundu ruvara? Ndokunge graphical notation

Chii chinonzi mepu? Sezvazvakanyorwa nemazvo "verenga"? Ndezvipi zviratidzo mepu? ichi zvose ichakurukurwa munyaya yedu.

Map - ichi ...

Map - mumwe mukuru zvigadzirwa zvevanhu. First vakati mifananidzo pamabwe, matombo uye bako masvingo. Ndivo yakasarira vanodhirowa Terrain chinyakare vanhu. Mumwe mepu ekare yomusi kudzokera nemanomwe masayendisiti chemakore BC. Zvino raiva kadhi haisi panyika, asi denga rizere nenyeredzi. Pairi vakanga segwapa Vega, Altair, Deneb, uye dzimwe nyeredzi inopenya dzokudenga.

Kwakadaro makadhi nyika akasika Greek vafambi - Strabo, Anaximander, Hecataeus, Ptolemy nevamwe. Kujairwa kukurumidza kutanga cartography mu XIV-XVI emakore, anonzi Chizvarwa Discovery. Panguva ino, zviri portolan chati - zvomumvura urongwa, achirondedzera muudzame nzvimbo Sea Black uye reMediterranean, uyewo West Bank uye kuchamhembe kwemhenderekedzo Europe.

Map panguva ino iri zvachose kwete ukoshi hwayo uye nemusoro. Muzana XXI remakore hazvisi chete mugumisiro asiwo chinokosha chokushandisa zvidzidzo zvakawanda zvesayenzi uye tsvakurudzo. Maps vari zvinowanzoshandiswa zvemaumbirwo, madhorobha kuronga, meteorology, zvokurima, uye dzimwe pazvinoitwa kwevanhu. Akapacherekedza uye jogirafi chikoro (Grade 6).

Map - ipfupi nemazana kana kane zviuru muenzaniso panyika, akasika pachishandiswa chaiyo ezvinhu zviratidzo. Vanenge vadzidzi vose zvikuru kufunga zvidzidzo izvi mavara zvimedu mapepa. Uye vazhinji vavo, dzinongoitika mubvunzo unomuka: chii pamepu dzinoratidza zvisvundu ruvara? Uye kuti - mune mamwe mavara uye noruvara? Next tichataura zvakadzama pamusoro kwakajairika zviratidzo nemakadhi ano. Asi kutanga unofanira kutsvaka chii zvavanofunga iriko?

Varieties mepu

Geographical mepu dzinoiswa maererano neshekeri, miganhu kukura, chinangwa uye anogutsikana. Maererano yavo chinangwa vanogona kuva:

• nokudzidziswa;
• bhuku;
• nesayenzi;
• Tourism;
• mitambo;
• Navigation uye t. D.

On neshekeri ose makadhi vari rakakamurwa diki, svikiro uye yakakura, asi nokuda kugutsikana - rwevanhu enzvimbo uye Category. On mukuru tsaukana mepu vakaratidza chaizvo dzinongoitika uye munzanga zvinhu: .. Relief, uswa, hydrography, maguta nemisha, migwagwa, etc. Category vanoratidza nomumwe zvinhu (mananara) zvakasikwa, upfumi kana magariro bhora.

Chii pamepu anoratidza zvisvundu ruvara?

Pemvura yedu haisi yunifomu. About 70% Nzvimbo yaro inogarwa mumakungwa uye makungwa uye panyika, pane mapani, nenzvimbo dzakakwirira, uye makomo marefu. Sei izvi zvose anoratidzwa pamusoro kwavanogara mepu?

Ose miviri mvura (nzizi, madziva, gungwa, reservoirs, uye zvichingodaro. E.) kureva rwebhuruu. Uye zvikuru nomusoro. Asi nyika pamusoro anohukomba akasiyana-siyana noruvara panze, kubva nerima rwegirini kuti shava. Chii pamepu anoratidza zvisvundu ruvara?

Pakusarudza ruvara kunobva mhedziso kureba imwe nzvimbo iri meters (pamusoro pegungwa). Green tint kureva amapani uye mipata (kusvika 200 metres kureba), yellow - kwakadzikira (200 kusvika 500 metres), uye shava - gomo nzvimbo (500 metres).

Nzira pakunzi zvokuyamura pamepu

Pakunzi kuyamura pamepu zvinogona kuitwa nzira huru mbiri:

• kushandisa mavara;
• kushandisa gandiwa mitsetse.

Color nzira rave zvakajeka muna yapfuura chikamu. Rinoshandiswa, sezvo mutemo, pakugadzirira vakawanda enzvimbo (panyama) mepu. Kuwedzera maruva, makadhi aya kazhinji ungaona munhu pfungwa nzvimbo uye anoratidza kukwira yavo. Izvi zvinogona soro pemakomo, kana, nekusiyana, yakadereresa muchimwiro kuchiitirwa munharaunda.

By ruvara anogona kuona kwete chete pakakwirira panyika, asiwo kudzika nyanza uye makungwa. Kuratidza kudzika mepu vachishandisa noruvara rwebhuruu ruvara. The zvakawanda zvine Hue - vanotonyanya pasi yava imwe pfungwa.

Mumwe mumuviri mepu iri hazvo achiperekedzwa rapanzvimbo dzakakwirira uye yakadzika. Pairi unogona kuona anofungidzirwa kukwirira kwenzvimbo kana kudzama penyanza.

nzira yechipiri inosanganisira kushandisa zvokuyamura mufananidzo chaiwo mitsetse - contours. Rinoshandiswa kunyanya kugadzirira topographic mepu uye nzvimbo zvirongwa.

Topographic mepu uye mamiriro ayo

Universal pamwero mukuru machati kuti dzinoratidzira zvakadzama yacho, rinonzi kwakaita nzvimbo yacho. Uchibatsirwa wavo, unogona kuwana kumbonyanya zvakawanda kunzwisisa imwe ndima.

topographic mepu All vanokamurwa muzvikamu zvina, inobva pakafunuka;

• pamwero mukuru (1: 500 000 uye hombe);
• svikiro-pamwero (1: 200,000, 1: 100,000);
• madiki (1:50 000, 1:10 000);
• nzvimbo zvirongwa.

Properties vakawanda umboo kwakaratidzwa pamusoro topographic zvirongwa kuti vane chikero 1: 5000 (unowanzosangana). Vane vakaparadzana zvivako, miti, matombo, machechi uye zvichingodaro. N. Chimwe chinowanikwa nzvimbo zvirongwa ndechokuti kana hazvina aendeswe nhoroondo curvature kwegadziriro panyika zvinogona kuratidzwa.

Zviratidzo mepu uye nzvimbo zvirongwa

In vaigadzirira topographic mepu uye nzvimbo urongwa, kutaridza chaiwo zviratidzo. Uchibatsirwa kwavo, kudyiswa Qualitative uye quantitative maitiro dzinongoitika zvinhu uye magariro mananara. Ndezvipi zviratidzo mepu? 4 mhando kunoratidzwa kwakaita nzvimbo yacho ano. Ivo:

1. Scale.
2. Linear.
3. Scaleless.
4. Rinotsanangura zviratidzo.

Pamwero mukuru zviratidzo kuratidza zvinhu uye zvinhu zvinogona kwakunoitwa mepu akamboona. Zvinogona dondo, munda, zvinogumbura guta, etc .. nezvimwewo .. Scaleless zviratidzo vane chimiro zvidimbu zvidiki kana kwakajeka mifananidzo. Vanobvumira here kuratidza pamepu zvinhu madiki ari kukura (semuenzaniso, huni, ibwe, wemarasha kana yemamongi). Kushandisa Linear kuratidza vatambi akawedzera zvinhu - muganhu mugwagwa, simba mitsetse (simba mitsetse). Rinotsanangura zvimiso graphical notation rinoshandiswa zvakare maitiro avo kana dzimwe nyaya nzvimbo.

Total kwakajairika topographical zviratidzo, pane anenge mazana maviri. The chiripasi anoratidza chete vamwe vavo. Pano, Somuenzaniso, unogona kuona sei anotarira chiratidzo jecha, masango, makungwa, goronga kana zambuko.

rokuyamura mufananidzo pamepu

Sezvataurwa pamusoro apa, zviri akaratidzwa inonzi gandiwa miganhu topographic mepu mamiriro enzvimbo. Izvi zvimiso mitsetse unobva panyika panguva iyoyo yakakwirira. Contours inoitwa pamagungano zvikamu 10, 20 kana 50 mamita. Asi zvose kunobva pamepu pamwero: rokudzora ndiko - the zvakadzama unogona kuratidza yomunharaunda nomunzvimbo dzine. Kworudzii vari chinjikira, unogona kuona mumufananidzo pazasi.

Yakatambarara, sezvo mutemo, vane grey kana rakachenuruka mashava. Panguva yokuzorora mitsara izvi zvinoratidzei zvavo Mhedziso yakakwirira. Uyezve mepu kazhinji unotara uye munhu pfungwa nokutaura nokusaina chaiyo kukwirira dzavo pamusoro pegungwa. Izvi zvinogona kuva nomumwe nenhongonya kana zvinhu zviri pachena nhangaruvazhe.

Kudzidza "verenga" pagomo pakazogara mepu nyore. The arambe achirema uye uwandu rakachengetedzwa contours kunoenderana ukuru compartmentalization pepasi. The pedyo pemitsara kuti mumwe pamepu - the steeper yakatenuka ari mamiriro enzvimbo. Zvisinei, nzira yakanakisisa kudzidza kuverenga topographical mepu - kutora naro kwidza kana rwendo.

Image zvinomera uye nharaunda pamepu

Nharaunda, zvinomera uye ivhu pabutiro uyewo zvikuru zvose kwakaratidzwa pamepu. Saka vaiongorora kushandisa anenge 50 chaiwo vatambi.

Green makwapa uye mabhandi, izvo zvinogona kuonekwa pamusoro chero topographical mepu - hazvina kufanana musango. timberline kuratidzwa sezvo stipple. Zvimwe zvechadenga chaizvo matanda yakaratidza aine scaleless uye rinotsanangura zviratidzo.

Marshes pamepu zvinomiririra chinjikira mitsetse mutema. Uyezve, kana micheka iyi hwakasimba - asi safambika doro, uye kana vari kuvhiringidzwa - chinhu passable. Sands anonyorwa sezvo shava randomly akaronga points.

Kune chaiyo zviratidzo kuratidza wemizambiringa, muchero uye bheri mapindu, nemiti, masango, Paddy minda, tii rabha uye dzimwe mhando zvinomera.

mhedziso

Zvino munoziva kuti pamepu dzinoratidza zvisvundu ruvara kuti - green, uye kuti - zvitema. Pakusarudza ruvara kunobva kukwira. Saka, mwoyo munyoro, chikomo - yeyero uye gomo hurongwa - mashava. Pamepu zvakazorodza panyika unoratidzwa nenzira yakasiyana - achishandisa gandiwa mitsetse.