Chii zvemaumbirwo, uye iye ari kudzidza

Pasi ubanguranyika inotaura zvemaumbirwo uye geophysics. Izvi sayenzi vari dyidzana pamwe nemumwe. Geophysics inodzidza jasi, goko, wokunze mvura uye yomukati chikukutu core. Mukati chirango rinoongorora gungwa, pamusoro uye mvura pevhu. Uyewo, izvi ndizvo kudzidza mumhepo wefizikisi. Zvikurukuru, Aeronomiya, mamiriro okunze, meteorology. Chii zvemaumbirwo? Senzira chirango ichi vakatakura dzimwe ongororo dzinoverengeka. Next, tsvaka zvidzidzo chii zvemaumbirwo.

tsananguro

General zvemaumbirwo - kurangwa dzatinomira kuongorora marongerwo uye mifananidzo kukura Nyika nemamwe mapuraneti enzvimbo zuva nenyika dzinotenderera pariri. Uyezve, pachirehwa zvavo dzinongoitika satellites. General zvemaumbirwo ari sayenzi yakaoma. Kuongorora kuti mamiriro paNyika nokushandisa zvenyama nzira.

Huru mirayiridzo

All vatatu: kare, simba uye rairatidza zvemaumbirwo. Nzvimbo imwe neimwe ine mazano ayo zvinokosha, uye tsvakurudzo nzira. Next tinofunga navo zvizere.

anorondedzera mirayiridzo

Inoongorora kugovera uye Zvinoumba nhengo miviri. Zvikurukuru, ichi zvinoreva chimiro chavo, kukura, ukama uye kutevedzana kwezviitiko chiitiko. Uyezve, tsananguro chipo chine mirayiridzo matombo uye zvicherwa siyana.

shanduka zvidzidzo

Izvi inotaura kukumikidza mirayiridzo. Kunyanya, dzinotsanagura padombo kuparadzwa, misha yavo nemhepo, pevhu kana pano mafungu, mazitombo echando. Uyewo, kudzidza ichi anoongorora zvemukati kuputika kwemakomo, kudengenyeka, crustal kufamba uye kuunganidza emadhaka.

kurongwa

Kunze kwokuti inodzidza zvemaumbirwo, zvinofanira kucherechedzwa kuti ongororo havasi dzakapfigirwa mananara kuti musiwa Earth. Imwe nzvimbo yokuranga inoongorora uye rinotsanangura kurongwa zviri pezvakaitwa munyika. Zvidzidzo izvi zviri kuitwa mukati kuumbwa chenhau zvemaumbirwo. Yakarongwa kurongwa kwenguva chaiyo tafura. Iye anozivikanwa nani somunhu geologic nguva akamboona. Iyewo, rakakamurwa zvikamu zvina. Izvi zvakaitwa maererano ine stratigraphic kuongorora. Chokutanga penguva rinotaura zvinotevera nguva: paumbwe Pasi - zvino. Tevera-pamwero zvikamu vanoratidza ichangoburwa yapfuura. Ivo anozivikanwa tichibatsirwa nyeredzi pamwero.

Zvakakurukurwa Mhedziso uye hama zera

Kudzidza inoongorora paNyika kunokosha chavanhu. Kuburikidza tsvakurudzo zvikazikamwa zera Nyika, somuenzaniso. Geological zviitiko zviri basa musi chaiwo, vachirondedzera chairo nguva. Muchiitiko ichi tiri kutaura pamusoro Mhedziso zera. Events kunogonawo anonzi imwe penguva pezvose. Ndicho hama zera. Kutaura zviri zvemaumbirwo, zvinofanira kucherechedzwa kuti kutanga chiri iine kwesainzi. Mukati chirango kune nzira dzakasiyana nokududza nguva kuti ayo akaisa yakananga chiitiko.

Radioisotope kufambidzana nzira

Chakazarurwa pakutanga pamusoro XX remakore. Nzira iyi inobvumira kuti kuona paMhedziso zera. Vasati chichikosha, Vanodzidza kunge zvakawanda chaizvo. Zvikurukuru, taishandisa chete hama kufambidzana nzira yokuziva makore nhengo zviitiko. Hurongwa kwakadaro kunogona chete kuisa sequential sezvakarayirwa last change, pane musi ravo. Zvisinei, nzira iyi ichiri inoshanda chaizvo. Izvi zvinoshanda nyaya zvokuvakisa, isina radioactive isotopes dziripo.

kunzwisisa tsvakurudzo

Kuenzanisa dzakananga stratigraphic dzakabatana Ukuwo imhaka vazvo. Zvinosanganisira sedimentary uye matombo, zvisaririra uye pemvura deposits. Kazhinji, hama mazera vakatsunga kushandisa paleontological nzira. Panguva iyoyowo Mhedziso dzinowanzotsigi- inobva zvemakemikari omuviri zvivako wamatombo. Kazhinji, zera vagara vandifungira radioisotope kudanana. Izvi zvinoreva kuunganidza mashoko kuora zvibereko unoenderana zvinhu, izvo zviri chikamu zvinhu. On hwaro Data akaisa anofungidzirwa musi panotanga nechimwe chiitiko. Vari inoiswa pane dzimwe pfungwa yose Geological akamboona. Kuvaka chaiyo kutevedzana kwezviitiko chokufunga ichi chinokosha zvikuru.

huru muzvikamu

The mhinduro pfupi kuti mubvunzo chii zvemaumbirwo iwayo akaoma. Zvinokosha kucherechedza kuti sayenzi harisi chete pamusoro mirayiridzo, asiwo yakasiyana mapoka nyaya. Panguva iyoyowo, uye nhasi mberi kukura zvemaumbirwo: kune mapazi matsva sayenzi hurongwa. Pre-aripo uye hwava mapoka matsva anoranga chokuita zvose matavi matatu nesayenzi. Saka, chaiwo miganhu pakati pavo. Chokwadi kuti kudzidza zvemaumbirwo, pakawanda, uye akadzidza mamwe sayenzi. Zvinoguma kuonana gadziriro nevamwe nzvimbo ruzivo. Pane kupatsanura zvinotevera mumapoka sayenzi:

1. Zvakarurama anoranga.
2. About goko paNyika.
3. On the ano Geological kwendangariro.
4. Nhoroondo kutevedzana kwezviitiko akakodzera zviitiko.
5. Regional zvemaumbirwo.

mineralogy

Chii kudzidza zvemaumbirwo muchikamu chino? Studies chokuita zvicherwa, mubvunzo Genesi dzavo uye kupatsanura. Lithology rave kudzidza matombo, izvo dzakaumbwa kwemasayendisiti chokuita hydrosphere, iyo biosphere uye Pasi muchadenga. Zvinokosha kucherechedza kuti vari kunzi sedimentary kururama. Geocryology kudzidza anoverengeka unhu uye zvivako kuti ave permafrost. Crystallography pakutanga aiva mumwe dzine mineralogy. Pari kuti pamwe vanogona kunzi kurangwa chaiko.

petrography

Ichi chikamu Zvidzidzo zviri zvemaumbirwo pamusoro metamorphic uye igneous mabwe kazhinji rairatidza divi. Muchiitiko ichi tiri kutaura pamusoro zvavo Genesi, akafanana, unaku zvinhu uye kupatsanura.

Tanga Chikamu Geotectonics

Pane zviri kuitika kuti yave kudzidza vachivavhiringidza ari goko uye siyana panowanikwa akakodzera miviri. zita rayo - STRUCTURAL zvemaumbirwo. Ndinofanira kutaura kuti sayenzi Geotectonics akazviratidza pakutanga XIX remakore. Structural zvemaumbirwo amutsvaka tectonic dislocation kuti svikiro uye pamwero muduku. Size - makumi nemazana makiromita. sainzi iri pakupedzisira kuumbwa chete pakazopera remakore. Saka, pakanga iya kuti voga pakati tectonic vamapoka pose uye Continental pose. Papera dzidziso zvishoma nezvishoma akura mu geotectonics.

tectonics

Chikamu ichi inodzidza zvemaumbirwo kuti crustal kufamba. Kunosanganisirawo zvinotevera:

1. Experimental tectonics.
2. Neotectonics.
3. Geotectonics.

yakamanikana zvikamu

• Volcanology. Chikamu Pane yakatetepa inoongorora. Iye anga kudzidza volcanism.
• Seismology. Chikamu ichi chine nokudzidza zvemaumbirwo Geological pezvakaitwa kuti munguva kwenyika. It kunosanganisirawo zvizivikanwe nemichina zoning.
• Geocryology. Chikamu ichi chinotarisa adzidze zvemaumbirwo pakati permafrost.
• Petrology. Chikamu ichi chinoongorora Genesisi pamusoro zvemaumbirwo, uye zvinhu yaigara metamorphic uye igneous matombo.

The kutevedzana kwezviitiko pezvakaitwa

Zvose kuti kudzidza zvemaumbirwo, hunoita kuti kunzwisisa siyana pezvakaitwa pasi nani. Somuenzaniso, muronga zviitiko ndiyo nyaya inokosha. Pashure pezvose, kwete ose Geological sayenzi nhoroondo pakawanda. Ivo funga vane dzidzo semaonero iyi maonero. Chokutanga, sayenzi izvi tsvaka kutevedzana kwezviitiko inotungamirwa pezvivako ano.

kupatsanura pakati nguva

zvamboitika yose rakakamurwa muzvikamu zvikuru zviviri, makatumidzwa eons. The kupatsanura maererano nechitarisiko zvipenyu pamwe zvakaoma nhengo kuti kusiya zvisaririra zviri emadhaka. Maererano nemashoko ose paleontology, vanobvumira tinosarudza hama Geological zera.

tsvakurudzo zvidzidzo

Phanerozoic akatanga nokuuya zvicherwa panyika. Saka, upenyu Outdoor dzakabudirira. Iyi rakaitika Precambrian uye kriptozoy. Panguva ino paiva upenyu chakavigwa. Precambrian zvemaumbirwo kunoonekwa sechinhu yoga chirango. Chokwadi kuti ari kudzidza chaizvo, kunyanya akaramba uye zvakasimba metamorfoznye zvivako. Uyezve, ane tsvakurudzo nzira noruzhinji. Paleontology rinonyatsotarira kudzidza yekare upenyu siyana. Iye akabata tsanangudzo zvisaririra uye zvisaririra webasa zvipenyu. Stratigraphy anosarudza kuti hama Geological zera sedimentary matombo uye dismemberment pamusoro ukobvu yavo. It chine chokuitawo kuwirirana-siyana masangano. Paleontologic tsanangudzo vanomiririra tsime mashoko kuti stratigraphy.

Chii rikashandiswa zvemaumbirwo

Zvimwe zvinhu sayenzi nzira kushamwaridzana nevamwe. Zvisinei, pane nyaya dziri pamuganhu nedzimwe mapazi. Somuenzaniso, migodhi zvemaumbirwo. chirango ichi anobata dzokudzidzisa kutsvaka uye ubanguranyika wamatombo. Zvinonzi akakamurwa marudzi anotevera: Coal zvemaumbirwo, mafuta gasi. Panewo metallogeny. Hydrology rinotarisa nokudzidza pasi. Anoranga zvakakwana. Vose vane hunobatsira kukosha. Somuenzaniso, chii ouinjiniya zvemaumbirwo? Ichi chikamu pakubata nokudzidza nekuita pakati nezvivakwa uye zvakatipoteredza. Hwakada chokuita naye zvemaumbirwo nevhu nekuda Kuronga ivhu kunobva Somuenzaniso, pakusarudza zvinhu nokuda kuvakwa kwezvivako.

Other subtypes

• Geochemistry. Chikamu ichi anotarira zvemaumbirwo ari kudzidza zvivako Pasi chaiko. Also zvaisanganisira kunzwisisa ubanguranyika nzira, kusanganisira yemagetsi prospecting okunatsiridza siyana, rinobva, zvizivikanwe nemichina uye gravimetric.
• Geothermobarometry. Kudzidza uku anobata adzidze kunzwisisa nzira kuti kusarudza inotungamirwa nevezera netembiricha nematombo uye zvicherwa.
• Microstructural zvemaumbirwo. Chikamu ichi chine nokudzidza deformation wamatombo panguva micro chechetere. It chinorehwa kunze aggregates uye chicherwa mbeu.
• Geodynamics. Kudzidza uku rinonyanya pakudzidza pezvakaitwa pasi pose, kuti zvinoitika somugumisiro dzidziso yacho nyika. Tikadzidza kukurukurirana zvigadziriswe Mupasi nechepasi, jasi uye core.
• Geochronology. Chikamu ichi chine tsanangudzo makore mamineral namatombo.
• Lithology. Iye ainziwo petrology pamusoro sedimentary namatombo. Rinotaura pakudzidza akakodzera zvinhu.
• History inoongorora. Chikamu ichi anotarira raora mashoko awanika uye mhangura basa.
• Agrogeology. Chikamu ichi ndicho kukonzera kutsvaka, dzokubudisa uye kushandisa agroores zvinangwa zvokurima. Uyezve, iye inodzidza mineralogical Kuronga ivhu.

On nokudzidza Geological zvikamu zvinotevera pfungwa kuti zuva nenyika dzinotenderera pariri:

1. cosmology
2. Planetology.
3. Space zvemaumbirwo.
4. Space kemesitiri.

Mining zvemaumbirwo

Zvinonzi kusiyaniswa nokuda mhando chicherwa mbishi zvinhu. Pane kupesana pakati zvemaumbirwo uye mhangura nonmetallic chicherwa matombo. Chikamu ichi chine pakudzidza mifananidzo kuparadzira akakodzera minda. Chigaro ukama hwavo zvinotevera urongwa: metamorphism, magmatism, tectonics, sedimentation. Saka akava yakazvimirira bazi ruzivo, unonzi metallogeny. Zvemaumbirwo pamusoro Industrial zvicherwa uyewo akakamurwa sayenzi combustible zvinhu uye caustobioliths. Izvi zvinosanganisira shale, marasha, gasi uye mafuta. Zvemaumbirwo matombo noncombustible zvinosanganisira zvokuvakisa, munyu uye zvakawanda. Uyewo muchikamu ichi anosanganisira hydrogeology. Zvinonzi vakazvitsaurira kuna Pasi Pevhu.

upfumi mirayiridzo

Zviri nani chaizvo chirango. Iye akazviratidza pamharadzano dzenzira kuti dzezvoupfumi uye zvemaumbirwo kuti chicherwa deposits. chirango ichi chinotarisa iwe subsoil nzvimbo uye deposits. Shoko rokuti "chicherwa zvekuvaka", tichifunga izvozvo zvichida anogona kunzi kune upfumi bhora, pane kuti Geological.

ruzivo Features

Zvemaumbirwo ndiyo misoro tsvakurudzo yakaoma, umo mabasa yaitwa, vachibvumira kuona zvebhizimisi kukosha mhando chiitiko nzvimbo kuti akagamuchira zvakanaka tinyatsonzwisisa migumisiro kuongorora uye tinyatsonzwisisa nezviito. Panguva kuferefeta kuitwa akagadzawo Geological uye maindasitiri kurongwa. Ivowo, zvinodiwa kuMudzidzisi zvikamu kuongorora. Izvi zvinoshandawo kubudiswa zvikaramba zvicherwa, kuona operative mabasa, akaitwa kuvakwa pakuchera Enterprises. Saka, mumwe Kutsunga zvakakodzera zvinhu Morphology miviri. Zvakakosha chaizvo kuti kusarudza hurongwa humwe kubudiswa zvicherwa. Installs ari contours mitumbi yavo. Izvi anofunga Geological miganhu. Kunyanya kwazvinoita kuva pamusoro zvikanganiso uye nevanhu siyana lithological idzodzo. Uyewo, pane vanyorwa Kuparadzirwa muenzaniso zvicherwa, kuvapo inokuvadza netsvina, uye zviri pachena chikuru zvinoriumba.

Okumusoro horizons pamusoro goko

kudzidza raisanganisira ouinjiniya zvemaumbirwo. Mashoko inotengwa kudzidza nevhu, kupa mukana kuona suitability kuti zvakakodzera zvokuvakisa pakuvaka chaizvo zvinhu. Okumusoro horizons dzenyika nechepasi kazhinji inonzi Geological kwezvakatipoteredza. The chinhu kudzidza muchikamu ichi ruzivo pamusoro wayo emunharaunda peculiarities, simba uye Morphology. We kudzidza uye kudyidzana pamwe ouinjiniya zvivako. The yokupedzisira inowanzonzi kunzi zvenyaya technosphere. Izvi inorangarira chawakaronga, ano kana kuita upfumi basa munhu. Engineering Geological Kukoshesa nzvimbo hunosanganisira hurumende ichiisa chaiyo nhengo, iyo inozivikanwa nokuva dzakafanana ehupfumi.

A zvishoma zvinokosha

ruzivo pamusoro rinobvumira munhu zvakajeka kunzwisisa zvemaumbirwo. Zvakakodzera kuti sayenzi kuonekwa munhoroondo. Rine mabasa akawanda anokosha. Chokutanga, hazvina chokuita tsanangudzo kutevedzana kwezviitiko Geological zviitiko. For yepamusoro matambudziko aya zvave refu intuitively yambokurukurwa inoverengeka zvavo uye nyore zviratidzo, chokuita nguva ukama wamatombo. Intrusive Ukama zvinomiririra dzazvinogara vokukurukura matombo uye dzavo thicknesses. mhedziso All dzinobva dzakaonekwa zvinhu. Hama zera anosarudza uye intersecting ukama. Somuenzaniso, kana dombo hwatsvuka, zvinganzi vakagumisa kuti pakakuvara yakaumbwa vavatevere. Nheyo chamazuva ndechokuti kuvakwa zvinhu zviri aumba akaturikidzana anogona ruchatambanudzirwa pamusoro pemvura nyika, kana haiiti mumwe guru.

nhoroondo mashoko

Yokutanga zvaanorumbidza kazhinji anonzi kukumikidza zvemaumbirwo. Muchiitiko ichi zvinoreva mashoko nezvekutama coastlines, Kuparara makomo, makomo anoputika uye kudengenyeka kwepasi. Kuedza patsanura Geological miviri uye kutsanangura zvicherwa vaiva Avicenna uye Al-Burini. Parizvino, dzimwe nyanzvi dzinoti zvemaumbirwo ano kwakatanga Ages Islamic nyika. zvidzidzo zvakafanana muna Renaissance vaiita Girolamo Fracastoro uye Leonardo da Vinci. Ndivo wokutanga kuisa mberi nokufungidzira kuti he anoshongwa - dzasara yakatotsakatika zvipenyu. Vanotenda zvakare kuti nhoroondo yenyika pachayo yakareba kupfuura pfungwa yemubhaibheri pamusoro ichi. Pakupera ari XVII remakore paiva vakawanda yokuti pamusoro nyika, izvo akazozivikanwa dilyuvianizma. Masayendisiti panguva vaidavira kuti zvisaririra uye sedimentary mabwe pachavo akaumbwa nokuda yeMafashamo.

Kudiwa zvicherwa nokukurumidza akakura pedyo kuguma XVIII remakore. Nokudaro, simbi akadzidza subsoil. Kunyanya yakatakura kunze chaiko kuunganidza zvinhu, kurondedzerwa zviri zvivako uye maitiro pamatombo, uyewo kudzidza ezvinhu avo chiitiko. Uyezve, nzira nokuongororwa yakagadzirwa. Anongoda yose XIX remakore zvemaumbirwo zvakazara akagadzirisa nyaya chaiyo zera wenyika. Vanotarisira Kukoshesa rakanyatsojeka siyana kubva zviuru zana makore mabhiriyoni. Zvisinei, makore yepasi pakutanga kurondedzerwa pakutanga pamusoro XX remakore. Munzira dzakawanda, ichi vakabatsira nezvokudanana radiometric. The zvichiguma nguva kufungidzira - anenge mabhiriyoni 2 years. Panguva ino, nemakore Pasi wechokwadi iiswe. Iye anenge mabhiriyoni 4,5 nemakore.