Geochronological pamwero uye nhoroondo kukura zvipenyu

Stratigraphic Scale (geochronological) - mureza nayo chakayerwa nhoroondo yenyika uye Geological kwenguva ukoshi. pamwero Izvi wekarenda imwe mhando kuti haazobvumiri pasi nguva zvikamu zviri mazana ezviuru uye kunyange mamiriyoni amakore.

About nyika

Modern kwakajairika maonero Panyika dzinobva zvakasiyana data, maererano izvo makore redu iri anenge mana nemakore bhiriyoni nehafu okuberekwa. No pamatombo kana zvicherwa kuti kungaratidza paumbwe redu asati kuwanikwa chero mukati, kana pamusoro pemvura. Refractory yeimwe akapfuma calcium, aruminiyamu uye chondrites, izvo dzakaumbwa zuva nenyika dzinotenderera pariri kare zvichida kutirambidza kunonyanyisa makore nyika nenhamba idzi. Stratigraphic Scale (geochronological) inoratidza muganhu nokuumbwa nguva panyika.

akasiyana-siyana meteorites kunge akadzidza nzira ano, kusanganisira uranium exchange-kutungamirira, uye somugumisiro akauya nokufungidzira wemakore zuva nenyika dzinotenderera pariri. Somugumisiro, nguva yapfuura kubva pakusikwa kwenyika, yakanga demarcated mukati cheap car insurance pamusoro chinokosha zviitiko nokuda Earth. Geochronological chikero nyore chaizvo kuti arambe Geological nguva. Phanerozoic nguva, somuenzaniso, delineated zvikuru shanduka zvakaitika pamwe munyika yose kutsakatika zvipenyu zvinoti: Paleozoic kuti kumuganhu Mesozoic ndipo kupfuura munhoroondo yepasi kuti mhando kutsakatika (Permian-Triassic), uye kuguma Mesozoic Cenozoic abudiswe Cretaceous-Paleogene kutsakatika.

History chokusika

Nokuti vakuru vakuru uye Nomenclature muzvipoka zvose ano geochronology kukosha namapfumbamwe remakore akava: yechipiri hafu rakaitirwa chidzidzo of IGC - International Geological Congress. Pashure paizvozvo, kubvira muna 1881 kusvika 1900 makore, vakanga ano stratigraphic akamboona.

Geochronological "zvekupfakira" yayo yemberi kasingaperi vakanatswa uye kushandurwa sezvo mashoko matsva vave kuwanikwa. Zvakakwana Zviratidzo siyana vaiva misoro mazita chaizvo, asi vakawanda chinhu - nenzvimbo.

mazita

Somuenzaniso, mashoko yeCambrian, saka zita nekuti Cambria - ndiye Wales panguva hweRoma, uye kuti Devonian nguva inonzi mushure County pamusoro Devonshire muEngland. Zita Permian nguva vaibva muguta Perm, uye akapa Jurassic Jura Mountains zita. madzinza Ancient - Sorb (vokuGermany akavadana Wendy) vakashumira inonzi VENDIAN nguva, uye kuyeuka vaCelt - marudzi ordovika uye Silures - ainzi Silurian uye Ordovician nguva.

Geochronological chikero dzimwe nguva chokuita nezita uye Geological Zvinoumba pamatombo: Coal akazviratidza nezvichaitika vakawanda marasha vazvo panguva Zvakafukunurwa, uye Cretaceous - nemhaka emunyori choko kupararira munyika.

kuvaka musimboti

Kuona hama Geological zera pamatombo, kwaidiwa inokosha geochronological akamboona. AD, imwe nguva kuti ndiye zera iri akayera mumakore, kwete hombe kuti Vanodzidza. All upenyu pasi redu yakakamurwa dzikava mbiri zvikuru chidimbu - Phanerozoic uye kriptozoy (Precambrian), izvo delimited ne chimiro zvisaririra zviri sedimentary namatombo.

Kriptozoy - dzinonakidza nguva, zvakavigwa kwatiri, sezvo boka raivapo panguva iyoyo zvinenge kuvatungamirira munyoro, vakasiya pasina zvisaririra zviri sedimentary namatombo. Nguva Geological nguva pamwero akadai Ediacaria uye yeCambrian, akazviratidza muna Phanerozoic kubudikidza paleontologists tsvakurudzo vakawana rudzi zvakasiyana-siyana dzemugungwa uye mhando dzakawanda nedzimwe zvipenyu. Anowana kuti he fauna of uye kasvisto vakabvumira kuti zviparadzanise strata uye kuvapa mazita akakodzera.

Time zvikamu

Chechipiri pakukura nokupesana - kuedza kuziva nhoroondo neeSultan oupenyu paNyika apo mana makuru nguva yakakamurwa geochronological akamboona. Table anovaratidza sezvo chikuru (Precambrian), yechipiri (PALEOZOIC uye Mezozoic), tertiary (potse Cainozoe zvose) uye quaternary - nguva, riri munzvimbo chaiyo nekuti kunyange ndiyo, asi rakazara kuitika kusiya inopenya uye zvakanaka-verenga zvisaririra.

Zvino nokuti zvivanakire geochronological pamwero Nyika rakakamurwa 4 AD uye 11 nguva. Asi okupedzisira maviri ayo vakakamurwa mumwe hurongwa 7 (nguva). Izvi hazvishamisi. Zvikurukuru dzinonakidza ndiyo okupedzisira zvikamu, nekuti ichi Geological nguva unoenderana nenguva panowanikwa uye kukura vanhu.

Kufambira

Nokuti mana kwemakore bhiriyoni nehafu, zvinotevera zviitiko zvakaitika munhoroondo paNyika:

• Paiva pre-zvenyukireya zvinenge (prokaryotes okutanga) - makore mabhiriyoni mana apfuura.
• Mano zvipenyu kuti photosynthesis - makore mabhiriyoni matatu apfuura.
• masero akazviratidza aine neerekitironi (eukaryotes) - makore mabhiriyoni maviri apfuura.
• Kunotangwa zvipuka zvine masero akawanda zvinenge - makore bhiriyoni akapfuura.
• Paiva Zvipembenene madzitateguru: wokutanga arthropods, arachnids, crustaceans, uye mamwe mapoka - makore mamiriyoni 570 akapfuura.
• Fish uye protoamfibii - makore mashanu mamiriyoni zana.
• Paiva pano zvinomera uye kuti tifare kare makore mamiriyoni 475.
• Tupukanana kurarama munyika makore mana mamiriyoni zana, uye muti munguva iyoyo penguva vakachiwana mbeu.
• Amphibians vanogara panyika nokuda mamiriyoni 360 kwemakore.
• Zvinokambaira (zvinokambaira) akazviratidza makore matatu mamiriyoni zana apfuura.
• Makore mazana maviri mamiriyoni apfuura, kuti mhuka vakatanga ichishanduka.
• makore zana nemakumi mashanu mamiriyoni ago - shiri vokutanga vakanga vachiedza mukudzidzire denga.
• makore zana nemakumi matatu mamiriyoni kare maruva maruva (maruva zvirimwa).
• Makumi matanhatu nemashanu mamiriyoni apfuura Pasi nokusingaperi akarasika dinosaurs.
• Makore maviri nehafu mamiriyoni kare kwaiva murume (genus Homo).
• zviuru zana makore vakaurayiwa kubva pakutanga anthropogenesis, saka kuti vanhu vawana dzavo chipo chitarisiko.
• Makore makumi maviri nezvishanu, hakuwaniki panyika Neanderthals.

Geochronological pamwero uye nhoroondo kukura zvipenyu, akabatanidza pamwe, kunyange zvishoma schematically uye kazhinji, munhu asi fungidzira datings, asi pfungwa kukura upenyu panyika kupa nemaziso.

zvekufuga matombo

The goko kunyanya stratified (pakanga pasina kutyorwa akaturikidzana nokuda kwepasi). Total geochronological chikero akambochera azvaitwa vanoda strata pamusoro pamatombo, iyo inoratidza zvakajeka sei zvinoderedza zera ravo kubva pasi kusvikira kumusoro.

Zvisaririra uyewo mutate zvavakanga kwira vanova kunzwisisa kwaro yakarongeka, vamwe vari kutambura kuchinja kubva rukoko kuti rukoko. Inogona kuchengetwa, pasina kushanyira paleontological Museum uye chete kuburukira Metro - iri girenayiti uye machena kusangana vakasiya imprints dzavo chaizvo kure munhambo yedu.

Anthropogen

Wokupedzisira Nguva Cenozoic yaitonga - yazvino padariro nhoroondo dzenyika, kusanganisira Pleistocene uye Holocene. Chii hazvina kuitika mune mamiriyoni aya anonetsa makore (nyanzvi dzinodavira ichiri munzira dzakawanda: kubva zviuru mazana matanhatu kusvika matatu nehafu mamiriyoni). It wakadzokororwa kuchinja kutonhora uye kwepasi, huru Continental glaciation, kana rwezasi nadvinuvshihsya mazizaya okunze moisturize, akazviratidza ari matsva mvura swimming madziva uye wakawanda. Mazizaya wefodya chikamu World Ocean, izvo lowers pachiyero makubhiti zana kana kupfuura, nokuda izvo yeimwe nyika.

Saka, chinjanai kasvisto yakaitika, semuenzaniso, pakati Asia uye North America, apo zambuko aumba panzvimbo Bering Strait. Pedyo mazizaya akagadzirisa mhuka inotonhora-rudo uye neshiri: asi nemapoka, mvere chipembere, poro, musk nenzombe, arctic makava, polar hwari. Vanoparadzira kure zasi - kusvikira Caucasus uye Crimea, kuchamhembe Europe. In weboka mazizaya dzichiri akachengetedzwa kakasaririra mumasango: vanoondoroka, spruce, omusipiresi. Zvinonzi chete ari kure navo akakura Deciduous dondo, rine miti akadai pomuouki, hornbeam, Maple, Beech ose.

Pleistocene uye Holocene

Ndiyo nguva pashure muaizi zera - haana apedza uye kwete zvakazara vakararama chidimbu nhoroondo yedu, iro rinomiririra dzakawanda geochronological akamboona. Anthropogenic nguva - the Holocene, rinowanikwa kubva wokupedzisira Continental glaciation (kuchamhembe Europe). Panguva iyoyo nyika uye nyanza vakagamuchira ano chimiro, uye yakatanga uye zvose nenzvimbo nzvimbo Earth ano. The mugadzi of Holocene - Pleistocene ichikosha ndiye wokutanga nemunhu kumwedzi. Kutonhora vakatanga panyika inopfuurira - huru chikamu vakati kumwedzi (Pleistocene) kwakaratidzwa kutonhora zvikuru pane ano.

Kuchamhembe hemisphere kunzwa yokupedzisira glaciation - gumi nenhatu nguva kudarika penyika mazizaya mberi dzidzo kunyange panguva interglacial nguva. Pleistocene anodyara pedyo ano, asi ivo vakaiswa zvishoma zvakasiyana kunyanya panguva yatinenge glaciation. Akasiyana-genera uye mhando fauna of dzakashandisa vapone kweArctic chimiro choupenyu. Southern Hemisphere haana kuziva kukuru huru yakadai, saka zvirimwa uye Fauna of Pleistocene achiri aripo mune dzakawanda. Zvakatora nzvimbo panguva Pleistocene shanduka kubva genus Homo - kubva kuna Homo habilis (archanthropines) kuti Homo sapiens (neanthropines).

Kana paiva makomo uye negungwa?

Nguva Cenozoic yaitonga wechipiri - Neogen uye nowakautangira - the Paleogene, kusanganisira Pliocene uye Miocene anenge mamiriyoni maviri apfuura, wakagara makore anenge makumi matanhatu namashanu mamiriyoni. The Neogene akapedza nokuumbwa anenge ose Midungwerungwe yemakomo: asi Carpathians, Alps, muBalkans, kuCaucasus, Atlas, Cordillera, eHimalaya, uye zvichingodaro. Panguva iyoyowo zvakasiyana-siyana zvitarisiko uye hukuru ose mumakungwa, sokunge doro zvikasabudiswa. Panguva iyoyo nechando Antarctica uye nzvimbo dzakawanda gomo.

Marine vagari (invertebrates) vava pedyo ano siyana, uye panyika hunodzorwa mhuka - mabheya, katsi, zvipembere, mapere, twiza, nondo. Netsoko ichishanduka zvekuti paya (Pliocene) aigona kuonekwa australopithecines. On makondinendi, mhuka vaigara kunze, nekuti kwakanga kusina kubatana pakati pavo, asi mune Late Miocene pakati Eurasia uye North America fauna of vachiri vakatsinhanisa, uye pakupera ari Neogene North America fauna of akatamira kune South. Zvakange ipapo kuumbwa kuchamhembe latitudes ari achinaya mvura uye taiga.

Paleozoic uye Mesozoic panguva

Mesozoic rakaitika Cenozoic yaitonga uye kwakatora mamiriyoni 165 makore kusanganisira Cretaceous, Jurassic uye Triassic nguva pachavo. Panguva ino, gomo kwazvo yakaumbwa panguva peripheries of Indian, Atlantic uye Pacific mumakungwa. Zvinokambaira vakatanga kutonga kwavo panyika uye mumvura uye iri mumhepo. Paivawo rokutanga, zvichiri chinyakare chaizvo mhuka.

Paleozoic iri pamwero pamberi Mesozoic. Vava nemakore anenge matatu nemakumi mashanu mamiriyoni. Iyi ndiyo nguva tichishingaira gomo-building, uye zvikuru kwakanyanya-shanduka kwezvinhu zvose yepamusoro zvinomera. Zvinenge zvose zvinozivikanwa invertebrates uye vertebrates mhando dzakasiyana uye makirasi dzakaumbwa panguva, asi mhuka uye shiri haana.

Proterozoic uye Archean

Proterozoic Era kwakatora makore anenge mabhiriyoni maviri. Panguva ino akanga pezvakaitwa vanoshingaira sedimentation. Zvakanaka kunyatsobudirira zvitema-nyoro algae. Kuti udzidze zvakawanda pamusoro nguva izvi kure, mukana haana kukurukurwa.

Archaea - zvikuru yekare nguva iri kunyorwa munhoroondo yedu. Akazosvika anenge makore mabhiriyoni. Somugumisiro kuputika basa vaiva pakutanga zvipenyu.