Chii zvicherwa aumba kubva miti yekare? The zvikuru zvicherwa

Chimwe chezvinhu zvinokosha zvinopa simba kuti nyika indasitiri zvino vari zvakasimba Tourism. Humanity pasina pavo angangotadza kukwanisa kuita. Pakati pezvimwe zvinhu, zvikuru penya Dmitri Ivanovich Mendeleev akati: "muStoke uye Banknotes zvinogona kuva." Scientist aireva kuti zviwanikwa izvi zvaizova chinobatsira kuti kwetunhu zvaida munhu zvinhu.

kakawanda sayenzi yemazuva akadzokorora kuti akanga akarurama. Oddly, asi munzira dzakawanda pfuma okurutivi pakadzika pasi muvhu, tinomutenda nemiti yekare. Kuti ferns vekare uye miti vakaumba pamusoro nguva zhinji kubatsira zvinhu. Zviya, chii zvicherwa dzakaumbwa kubva miti yekare? Well, ngationei!

General unhu chirimwa Coal

rinochiwedzera zvose izvi ane zvakawanda kabhoni. Vose aumba kubva chirimwa residues, iyo mamiriyoni emakore vakavhura mukuru kumanikidzwa uye yakakwirira tembiricha. Makore mamwe marudzi ekare mafuta muriwo kwakakwirira zvikuru kupfuura chiratidzo makore mamiriyoni 650. Vanenge 80% kubva deposits izvi yakaumbwa mumakore Tertiary nguva. Zvinonzi nguva ino, tinofanira kuziva kuti chicherwa pfuma achiri kutipa zvose zvakafanira.

The chikuru chinoratidza dzidzo yavo vanofanira kufunga kuti mumazuva iwayo nyika yakanga isati okisijeni yakakwana, iyo yava nokukurumidza oxidizes organics, asi yakawanda kabhoni uye yeimwe anoritsanangura. Sedimentary matombo vakakurumidza rachengetedzwa hombe negurumwandira zvinhu panyika mukobvu.

Saka iwe nani kufamba nyaya iyi, tave kugadzirira tafura. Zvicherwa haasi tichimhanya-mhanya akaisa muvhu.

Zvisinei, vamwe masayendisiti yakakurumbira dzidziso abiotic kwakabva vazhinji Tourism, rinotsanangura dzakavapo mubatanidzwa zvinhu zvakasiyana-siyana zvakaita kuti chidzoke kunzwisisa kabhoni yeimwe kubva nyore inorganic zvinhu.

maonero Izvi anekodzero upenyu, asi masayendisiti akawanda vachiri kudavira kuti vakawanda muminda vane chaizvo zvipenyu hunhu kuwanikwa. Saka chii zvicherwa dzakaumbwa kubva miti yekare? Izvi ndizvo zvatinofanira ikozvino tsanangura.

The kukosha nokuti indasitiri uye munhu

Sezvatakamboreva kare, vakawanda izvi zvinhu - munhu tsime chairo ano namakemikari indasitiri. The chete marasha rine yeimwe dzakawanda kudaro kunogona kuwanika somugumisiro zvakaoma uye zvinodhura kwetunhu. Somuenzaniso, humic acids, izvo zvakasikwa regai kuitika kazhinji uye zvakaoma kuti hazvizivi kwetunhu, munhu anogamuchira guru zvakachipa uye zvakafanana mashava marasha.

In musimboti, izvi zvose vachakuudza zvoupfumi jogirafi. Zvicherwa kutamba inokosha basa paumbwe chakaipa kugadzirwa chero upfumi.

Zvinofanira kurangarirwa kuti kushandisa akawanda chirimwa-yaiwana zvekuvaka yakazara zvinokwanisika chete kana munhu anoziva nuances dzidzo yavo. isu First kutarisa zvinopfuura kamwe akataura kwatiri marasha, sezvo nedanho inotungamirwa kwavo inonakidza zvikuru. Marasha, uyewo mamwe zvicherwa zvikuru miriwo mavambo, dzisingadi miti yakasiyana muitiro unooma.

Mamirire Education ose humic anopisa

Karekare, apo nyika yakanga ichiri famba hofori dinosaurs, zvakawanda expanses masango akasvibirira akakura akanaka. Nokuti avo kukura zvinhu zvakanga akakodzera: muvhu yakawanda makemikari nyaya, uye mune imwe mhepo hunodzorwa carbon dioxide. Zvisinei, izvi chete mamiriro vakabatsira kuti zvirimwa vakafa asi nokukurumidza. Ivo vanowanzotadza pasi apo raderera nokukurumidza nokuti hapana akanga adzivirira kubva oxidative zviito mhepo.

The raora zvose izvi zvinhu zvakaita kuti nokukurumidza chaizvo kudzikisirana ose cellulose. Giant vakawanda uswa akava "coctail" chaiwo humic zvinhu, rakasanganiswa zviduku rakawanda nouipi Inogadzirwa nemasiridzi anobuda mumiti, waxes uye paraffins. Zvisinei, uremu zvose izvi zvakanaka nokukurumidza biodegradable, uye saka kunyanya kukurumidza kuunganidza makemikari nyaya mumazuva iwayo hazvina kuitika. Huru chicherwa deposits akazviratidza yakati gare gare.

Sezvo marasha aumbwa zvakananga?

nzira pamusoro apa kwakaguma paumbwe akaoma peat, izvo panguva ino pamusoro pechiso nyika zvakakwana. Kazhinji, hapana kumwe metamorphosis naye hazvina kuitika, sezvo kazhinji akafuka paiva jecha uye nenyika, yakavimbika canning makemikari nyaya pakuona okisijeni uye zvigare. uremu Izvi zvakanga mapurasitiki kwazvo, uye saka dzimwe mwanda kana vachisanganisa ramangwana zvisaitike.

Sezvo undecomposed Organic nyaya peat ukobvu muduku zvikuru, mamwe dzinotsanagura kuora haana. Saka, tembiricha iri richienda reservoirs hwagara akaramba nenguva chechetere.

Pressure uye nguva ...

Zvisinei, nokufamba kwenguva, zvishoma nezvishoma nekuumbanidzwa akaturikidzana nokuda caking. Zvishoma nezvishoma, humic asidhi iri kutendeukira humites Inogadzirwa nemasiridzi anobuda mumiti vakanga pasi nedanho decarboxylation uye chete waxes kumbochinja kwezviuru zvemakore. Ndiko zvakaita paumbwe shava humic anopisa. Kunyanya yakawanda navo Krasnoyarsk Territory. Izvi ndicho anobatsira zvicherwa unopinza (uye chinokosha tsime mari Chokwadi).

Pasi pokudzora zvakawanda zvezvakatipoteredza zvinhu paiva nezvishoma metamorphosis yavo, Vawane ibwe humic anopisa. Mukuru pakuita izvi mukuru kumanikidzwa uye yakakwirira tembiricha kwete zvishoma pane. Under izvi ezvinhu, humic asidhi akatanga anoora nokukurumidza, Inogadzirwa nemasiridzi anobuda mumiti uye waxes vakanga pasi dzinongoitika polymerization.

Zvose izvi zvakaita kuti kwetunhu asiri utsotso, zvachose insoluble yeimwe. Zviri ngaaongwe kwavari kuti marasha mugwaro uye akachengetedzwa nanhasi. It nhema panguva hwakanyatsorwisa kudzika kudzika, uye saka pasi vamwe mumuviri uye nemakemikari zvivako zvinoverengeka, zvingadai kunotozongoita kunge kushambidzwa kunze. Uye chii zvicherwa dzakaumbwa kubva miti yekare, kuwedzera manyowa marasha pamusoro apa?

Pfungwa inotungamirwa yakavhenganiswa mhando namazimbe

Zvinofanira kucherechedzwa kuti zvakasikwa paumbwe wakachena humic yeimwe vakaita apo neapo. Kazhinji akauya yakavhenganiswa muitiro. Masayendisiti dzinofungidzira kuti akaenda fronts akawanda. Kazhinji, zvose zvakaitika nechepasi miviri yekare dzemvura panzvimbo iyo zvino iri chicherwa deposits.

Humic zvinhu zviri zvishoma kuunzwa ikoko vasanaiwa nemvura uye zvishoma nezvishoma kwemazana emakore, vakagara pasi. Plankton iyo achishingaira yakatanga yakadaro yakawanda Organic zvinhu zvishoma nezvishoma kumutswa yose gobvu. Asi zvinhu zvaizova zvakasiyana zvachose.

Kamwe panyika nemadutu akasimba uye mvura inopfunha, reservoirs yakawira zvizhinji kwazvo humic zvinhu uye zvakasiyana-siyana chicherwa yeimwe. Kutanga, ugere nechepasi inorema zvicherwa, uye chete acids humic kuita pamusoro pavo oxidants simba. Zvishoma nezvishoma, muviri wose pasi polymerization. Sezvo okisijeni iri pasi zhinji kwazvo shoma chete nguva vaiva pasi pokudzora kwomudzimu kupera mvura mumuviri kwacho. Uye saka anoumba necheparutivi zvakavhenganiswa sezvamunoita.

Russia zvicherwa Ava zvakakurumbira zvikuru ari nechokumabvazuva nyika yedu.

On makemikari anoumba marasha

Kazhinji, asi yeimwe havasi dzinoratidzwa chaiyo siyana kabhoni, rehydrogen, okisijeni, senitrogen nesarufa. Musiyano chete ndiyo vakawanda chikamu zvose izvi zvinhu, sezvazvakaita pamusoro pavo chikamu zvinokuchengetedzai kuona kwete bedzi mhando Zvisaririra mafuta chirimwa, asi kunyange nharaunda yacho mavambo uye kugadzirwa. Saka une kanenge imwe ine pfungwa pamusoro mubvunzo uyu, kuongorora Kuronga avhareji manyowa mashava marasha.

Kupatsanura pakati zvinhu zvaisanganisira namazimbe

Rakajairika zvinhu kuti vanobatanidzwa chimwe mhando zvayo, rinonzi ugleobrazovatelyami. Heinoi wakazara zvawanyora:

• Oddly zvakakwana, iyo mapurotini. Mune hydrolysis pamusoro kabhoni, masayendisiti akacherechedza kuti kune vakawanda amino acids iri zvichiguma musanganiswa. Kuwana zvinhu izvi mukati merima akaturikidzana ose Tourism akatsanangura zvikuru anongoti: varemekedzwe mune vekare, nyore uyewo dzasara zvikuru dzakabudirira zvinenge. Chero zvazvingava, vakawanda chicherwa deposits vanogona kazhinji kuzvirumbidza wemabhuku yakakodzera paleontological miziyamu.
• Chokwadi, cellulose. Izvi carbohydrate yakaoma, inova huru Dzokuvaka chero zvinomera upenyu, rakafanana wandei chikamu maererano nokurema marasha uye mafuta shales (pamusoro pavo dzichakurukurwa pazasi).
• Waxes, zvatakakutadzirai kakawanda kutaurwa. Ko esters zvimwe aliphatic carboxylic acids uye alcohols.
• Resin. Uyu chaizvo kunzwisisa musanganiswa zvose zvakafanana carboxylic acids uyewo unsaponifiable uye saponifiable zvinhu. Mune mamwe mamiriro ezvinhu chaiwo zviri nyore decarboxylation uye nokukurumidza polymerization. Ivo rudzi "zambuko" kuti marasha, nekuti zvinoriumba yaro makamuisa chikuru compression rikurumidze.

Zviri zvachose kufanana kuti Zvinoumba Zvisaririra chinotsva mamakisi zvose hurukuro pamusoro chirimwa chavo uye chikamu mhuka. Vatsigiri abiotic pakuonekwa chete mafuta haugoni kuwana zvakakwana zvikonzero zvakanaka, hwaishandiswa kuvhara ichi uchapupu. Chero zvazvingava, chero kadhi zvicherwa (Organic) kunoratidza kuti deposits avo vari kunyanya mune mumakungwa yekare, akapfuma makemikari nyaya.

Basic ruzivo pamusoro marasha mugodhi

Hunhu uye nzira izvi anonyatsokwanisa novimba kudzama panowanikwa vazvo. Kana, asingagari kupfuura rimwe zana metres, unogona kuzarura, nzira kutanga basa. Kakawanda zvinoitika kuti pamwe zvibereko zveminda chekawo udzamu anova zvemari noitika mugodhi nzira.

In nyika yedu zvakadzama pachiyero ndowangu vanenge 1200 mamita. Chero kadhi zvicherwa Russia acharatidza kuti vakawanda vavo kuSiberia. Pamucheto ichi chakakodzera vaiona pandiri ichi, dura zvakasikwa.

Other zvinokosha zvinhu

Zvinofanira kucherechedzwa kuti marasha vazvo kazhinji vasangana kuzara zvinhu vane kukuru maindasitiri ukoshi. Ndivo vamwe zvinokosha Geological matombo (machena, somuenzaniso), yakawanda methane, uyewo zvisingawanzoitiki, akapararira zvine maatomu akafanana. Somuenzaniso, dzimwe mhando shava marasha zvine yakawanda germanium, riri zvisinganzwisiswi pasina ano redhiyo-zvemagetsi indasitiri, sezvo anoritsanangura marudzi semiconductors zhinji.

Kushandiswa marasha mu indasitiri ano

Long akaendepiko ndiwo mazuva apo ose chicherwa mhando iyi raishandiswa chete kuva mafuta. Sezvataona, iye abudisa kubva vamwe zvisingawanzoitiki zvine maatomu akafanana, marasha ndiyo yakatsvuka mashoko pagadzirwe marudzi akawanda mapurasitiki. Kubvira Second World War, zvinozivikanwa kuti kwazviri tinogona kuita chakaita zvokugadzirwa peturu.

Zviri zvicherwa izvi muRussia dziri kunyanya inopiwa ndichibvunza ikure indasitiri mushure chimurenga. Naivowo kubvumira kutsigira upfumi pane nguva refu chechetere.

Oil shale

Izvi rinochiwedzera yakasimba pamusoro miriwo mavambo kubva boka zvakasimba caustobiolites. The chikuru chepfungwa shale, izvo aivapa akadaro mukuru kukurumbira mumakore achangodarika, mumwe nebwe, chikamu sezvamunoita yavo. Zvinonzi yaunganidzwa DISTILLATION. mutengo waro kuti mumuviri uye zvemakemikari zvivako, zviri pedyo chaizvo kune mafuta, asi mari yayo firimu ezasi zvikuru oilfield.

differential mamiriro

Musiyano mukuru kubva pabhodhi mumwechete marasha ndechokuti rine zvakawanda zvicherwa wayo sezvamunoita. Organic chikamu - kerogen. chemhando yepamusoro shale mugove chete kunosvika 70%, asi mune zvimwe zviitiko zvose, makemikari kugutsikana asingadi pfuura 30%. Kerogen ndiyo zvisaririra mukuru chete-celled algae.

Kuti chikamu hwaivo emakore asina kurasikirwa uchiongorora sero mamiriro - ndiko tallomoalginit. Saizvozvowo, zvachose yakaipa unicellular algae vanonzi kolloalginit. Mukuwedzera, shale anogona kuwanikwa kazhinji kunyange rokumusoro zvinomera, izvo zvave pasi redu kubva panguva yakare.

Pano vari zvicherwa dzakaumbwa kubva mumiti yekare. Tinovimba kuti munyaya ino rawakagamuchira zvose ruzivo vanofarira iwe.