Chikamu chepamberi chemutemo. Ndechipi chikamu chemutemo chinonzi chinopera?

Nhamba yega yega, kana iri mari kana bhadha, ine "chiso" chayo, kana kuti, mberi uye shure. Zvisinei, pane dzimwe nguva zvakaoma kune munhu asingazivi kuti anzwisise kuti chikamu chepamberi chebhadhiro ndechei, uye apo chikamu chekudzokera kwayo chiri. Zvechokwadi, kuitira kuti ubhadhara chigadzirwa kana basa, ruzivo rwakadaro harudi, asi kune vamwe vanhu nyaya iyi inokosha, dzimwe nguva kunyange yakananga.

Ndekupi kunopera

Zvose zvinopesana - iyi ndiro zita rechiso chechinyorwa kana mari, uye zita iri rinobva mushoko rechiFrench revers orvers Adversus, zvinoreva "kutarisana nechiso".

Muzviitiko zvekuita uye mabhuku anokosha hapana maonero akafanana pamusoro pokuti angaziva sei "chiso" chemari. Hurumende imwe neimwe ine kodzero yekuzvimiririra dzichaisa mitemo panyaya iyi. Kunyange zvakadaro, pane mamwe mazano anowanzogadziriswa ekugadzirisa kushaiwa. Saka, parutivi rwokunze, sekutonga, zvinoratidzwa:

• Mifananidzo yemutongi, mutungamiri (anoita kana yekare), mukuru wehurumende;
• Chiratidzo chehurumende kana chiratidzo chemu nyika; Dzimwe nguva zvinowanzoitika kuti maoko akaiswa pamativi maviri, ipapo iyo inopera ndiyo iyo iyo chiratidzo chikuru chesimba chiripo, yakakwirira muhupamhi kana chikuru pakukura;
• Nhoroondo inoratidza zita rehurumende, ndima;
• Zita rebhangi rinobudisa.

Uye kana kwete chiso

Dzimwe nguva, zvisinei, zvinoitika kuti rutivi rwomukati rwemari yekunamatira hauna chero chezvinhu zvinotevera. Sei ungave? Mune mamiriro ezvinhu apo mufananidzo wakaiswa pamabhadhati hausi mufananidzo kana nzvimbo isingakanganwiki, inofungidzirwa kuti iyo inopesana nechomufananidzo iyo sangano rekuisa mari iri kuiswa, kana iyo iyo nhamba ye serial inoratidzirwa.
Mumatambudziko akaoma zvakakosha kutendeukira kumabhuku ehurumende enyika iyo yakabudisa mutemo. Zvisinei, mutemo uyu unoreva zvakawanda kune mari, nokuti vane nzvimbo shoma shoma, pane zvakaoma kuisa zvose zvisikwa.

Chikonzero nei "chiso" chebhule chakashanduka

Russian banknotes inewo zviratidzo zvekuwisira zvakanyanya pasi pemitemo yakawanda. Kunyange zvakadaro, panguva dzakasiyana-siyana, izvi zvakasiyana-siyana zvakanga zvisina kufanana: zvinobatsira nguva dzose kumativi ekutanga emitero yeRussia yakaiswa mifananidzo yemadzimambo, uye munguva yeSoviet ivo vakatsiviwa nemufananidzo wemutungamiri wesangano rezvematongerwo enyika, VI Lenin, aripo pamabhadharo ehupi zvayo. Zvisinei, mushure mokubvumirwa kwegore ra1991, hurumende, uye neyo sangano rezvematongerwe enyika, rakashandura zvinoshamisa uye munguva pfupi yakatevera mari itsva yaidiwa, iyo iyo mifananidzo yeVladimir Ilyich yakakurumidza kuchinjwa nemufananidzo weKremlin, chiratidzo chemasimba enyika, nhare yakasimba yenyika. Kubva panguva ino zvichienda mberi, chiso chebhengi reRussian banknotes charega kuratidzira portraits, kuitira kuti tisatarise mune zvematongerwo enyika enyika. Mifananidzo yemaguta uye zvigaro zvemitambo hazvirevi mazano uye zvichave zvakakodzera panguva ipi zvayo.

Russian zana

Chiso chesangano re 100 rubles romutambo we1993 rakashongedzwa nemufananidzo weSeneate Tower yeMoscow Kremlin uye neRussian tricolor yakaiswa padare reSeneti. Chaizvoizvo, mufananidzo wakadaro panguva iyoyo wakanga uri pamasangano akazara echitendero chero chipi zvacho, asi kare muna 1995 zvose zvakachinja: masangano matsva echitendero che 1, 5, 10, 50, 100 uye mazana mashanu euru rubles akabudiswa. Asi itsva "zana" yakabuda zvishoma gare gare -January 1, 1998.

Rutivi rwomukati rwechinyorwa, mufananidzo waro unoiswa pasi, une mufananidzo we quadriga, ngoro yeRoma ine mabhiri maviri akatasva mabhiza mana. Iyi ngoro yendarira yeApollo yakashongedzwa ne portico yeMoscow Bolshoi Theatre. Pakutanga, mufananidzo iwoyo wakanga uine mabhiriyoni makumi mashanu emabhiriki.Asi zvisinei, mushure mechitendero cha 1997, mabhiza "akarashika uremu" zvakapetwa kazana uye akatora nzvimbo yavo yokukudza pane sangano re 100 rubles. Mune chimiro ichi, zana iripo nhasi, asi, musi waOctober 30, 2013, mutsva we "Olympic" wekuyeuchidza mabhesi ane kubwinya kwemazana makumi mapfumbamwe akabudiswa. Zvichifananidzira, kusunungurwa kwaro kwakatanga mazuva zana nemazana masikati asati avhura Mitambo yeOlympic. Rutivi rwomukati rechechi ye 100 rubles rine mufananidzo wechandoboarder unoita paOlympics, uye kumashure iwe unogona kuona kupisa kunonzi stylized shiri kunofamba pamusoro peOlympic Stadium "Fisht". Kupararira kwose kwe "Olympic mazana" kwakange kune mamiriyoni makumi maviri emakopi, uye mamwe awo akabudiswa mubhokisi rebhokisi.

Chiuru chikwereti

Izvo zvakashata zvechiuru chikwereti che 1993 chaivawo nemufananidzo wemureza wehurumende paSeneate Tower, uye ikozvino mu 95 yebhangi yakadzorerwa zvakare. Chiso chesangano re 1000 rubles, rakapinda mumasangano musi waSeptember 29, 1995, rinopfuurira mberi zvitsva zveVladivostok - pamusoro pekodhi yemirasi yakafanana nechikepe cheManjur, chakaiswa pavanopinda muguta muna 1982. Mufananidzo wechipiri pane zvakakanganiswa ndiyo gungwa reVladivostok, riri muGeneral Golden Horn Bay , iyo ine pfuma yakawanda. Zvisinei, mumhando iyi, "zviuru" hazvina kutora kwenguva yakareba - sangano rakabuda, uye zvakare mari itsva yaidiwa . Musi waJanuary 1, 2001, mutsva webhangi webhandi wakatarisa chiso cha1000 Russian rubles chakaonekwa nechiedza, chakanga chave chikafu chakanga chakashongedzwa negweta kuMukuru Duke Yaroslav Wamasimba, akavakwa mukukudza kweguta ravakavaka nevakagara mu Yaroslavl. Chifananidzo chechipiri pamucheto wepamberi webhengi ndiyo chinyorwa cheMukadzikadzi weKazan, mushure mekunge Yaroslavl Kremlin. Mune chimiro, "chikoro" chiriko nhasi. Pasinei nokuti iyo yakadzorerwa kaviri, kuonekwa kwayo hakuna kuchinja, zvikamu zvekudzivirirwa chete zvakawedzerwa.

Zviratidzo zvechokwadi

Hurumende imwe neimwe inotora mabhizinesi ayo inongomanikidzwa kutarisira kuchengetedza kutendeseka kwavo. Zvechokwadi, hachisi chakavanzika chinokonzera mari uye mari yemari kune mhosva, asi, zvinosuruvarisa, ruzivo rwakadaro harukwanisi kumisa vanopikisa vane nzara yekuwana purofiti. Kazhinji kacho, zviratidzo zvechokwadi ndezvinyararire zvakagoverwa mukati mepamusoro pemutemo, asi mune dzimwe nguva vazhinji vavo vanopiwa kune zvakashata.

Somuenzaniso, zviratidzo zvechokwadi, zvinowanzoonekwa kubva mberi, ndezvi:

• Moire muenzaniso - nzvimbo inokosha inoshandura ruvara rwayo uye ine mapoka emvura ekuonekwa;
• Kipp-effect - chifananidzo chakavanzika chinogona kuonekwa chete nekuongorora bhiri iri pane imwe nzvimbo yakaoma;
• Infrared marks - chikamu chechifananidzo chakafukidzwa nehuwandu hwakakosha huine nzvimbo inopenya mumayero emhepo;
• Zvinyorwa zvekununurwa - zvakagadzirwa zvikuru kuvanhu vasina kuonekwa;
• Microperforation - sangano rechechi rakazara nemakomba maduku, kune vanhu vane maonero asina kunaka;
• Nhamba yechipfuva iri mune imwe nzvimbo;
• Kushandiswa kwechifananidzo kuburikidza nekupenda-kupinzana kwepende.

Ichokwadi kuti pane zvimwe zviratidzo - watermarks, fikisi yekudzivirira, magnetic mark, microtext, microscopes, tsvimbo yakachengetedzwa uye nezvimwewo, asi inowanzovapo kumashure kana muhutano hwebhadhiro pachayo.

Mari yakadini ibhengi harigamuchiri?

Zvinoshamisa kuti, asi mune dzimwe nguva, haungagamuchiri chikwereti kunyange kana chiri chaicho. Mamwe mabhizinesi anotevera anodzingwa kubva pamabhanki (pasina kubhadharwa kwekukosha):

• Dilapidated, zvakanyanya kupera;
• Vakasunungurwa kubva kune chikwata (pakuguma kwekuzvidira kwekuchinjana panguva);
• Zvikamu zvebhanga rine nzvimbo inenge isingasviki 55% yehukuru hwepakutanga;
• Zvikwereti zvinokanganisa nemvura, moto, makemikari, kana pasi pe55% yepakutanga nzvimbo yakasiyiwa nezvikamu zvakaparadzwa;
• Uyewo usagamuchira mabhizinesi kana mushure kana kuti mberi kwemuti wacho usina rimwe remachechi maviri, nhamba, kana kuti zvakashata zvakanyanya: kusavapo kwehutete hwekuchengeteka, kukanganisa kwakaipisisa kana kuchinjwa kwechiratidzo, kushanduka kwesangano rebhengi pamakona;
• Izvo zvinoenderana nekubvarura, kupatsanurwa kuva zvikamu zvakasiyana, kuiswa mabhenji, kana imwe yenhengo dzose dzine zvishoma pasi pe 55% yeharaunda.

Mari yezviratidzo

Zvakanaka, ikozvino unoziva kuti chikamu chepamberi chebhadhiro ndechei, saka ndiyo nguva yekutaura pamusoro pevakakurumbira uye, ivo vanoti, kugamuchirwa kwakabatanidzwa kunobatanidzwa nekunaka. Kana iwe uchida mari yawakagara uine uye yakawanda, inofanira kuvabata nekuremekedza. Pane pfungwa yokuti mari iri muchikwama ichifanira kunyatsopesana nemuridzi wayo, uye mune imwe nzira - kubva pakukura kusvika kumaduku, kuitira kuti paunenge uzarura chikwama, zvikwereti zvakakura zvakatarisa zvakananga chiso chako. Uye pasina mhaka mari inofanira kuve "yakaderedzwa" - vanogona "kugumburwa" uye vanobva. Mumwe munhu anotenda muzviratidzo, mumwe munhu haaiti, asi shure kwezvose, kutendeukira kumari yako chiso chako pachako zviri nyore, saka zvinokudzivisa kubva kuedza - asi zvakadini kana zvichishanda?