Counter - Reformation ndiye dzinongoitika kushorwa kuti akaparadza Europe iri XVI-XVII emakore. Kukunda akarasika pfungwa dzose zvinoenderana Catholic Church akanga akasimba chaizvo uye kuwedzera zvikuru, kufukidza nyika dzakawanda mu Europe vakakurumidza kuti Vatican akamanikidzwa kupindura nekuita mhinduro.
achazvipirawo
Counter - chinhu yakaoma tide kutsiva nechiyero, yakanga zvainanga kusimbisa kutenda Catholic uye kudzorerwa chivimbo kupfungwa vanapapa. Nokurohwa Kuchinja pakabvunda nheyo Catholic Church, asi kuti kuparadza zvachose uye kudziviswa munguva akatamba Counter-Reformation. Vamwe vanyori venhau dzakaitika vanofunga kuti izvi zviviri kufamba simba inomiririra kumukira pamusoro zvishoma akura kunyika Italy, iyo panguva iyoyo yaiva akangwara zvikuru akasununguka mamiriro. Kutsigira kutaura ichi ndechokuti hasha iri kufanira yeKaturike akatanga muGermany pashure kutaura Martina Lyutera, ipapo yakabata France, England, Holland, Spain, Czech Republic uye Switzerland. Italy panguva iyoyo akanga saka yavenga wose vakakanganwa nezvazvo ari nzvimbo yechizvarirwo of Renaissance. Counter - This Italian-Spanish achipindura vavakidzani.
The chombo chikuru pamusoro Counter-Reformation
Kumisa ratidziro sangano yakabatsira kusika kubudikidza Ignatius Loyola wechechi yeRoma Order muna 1534. The Italian divi aisa mberi chakakodzera anokumhan'arira unhu zvakadai Martin Luther, Zhan Kalvin, Yan Gus. Zvichida mhinduro yeRoma Church haana kubudirira, kana mukati hurongwa pachayo haina chido varidzi Reformation uye kusunungurwa pazvivi iyo mhosva vavengi. Ndokusaka Counter-Reformation - zviri zvakare vachiedza yomukati kuberekwazve Catholic Church. At wake divi vaibudirira masimba - machinda kumaodzanyemba kweGermany uye Italy, Kesari Charles ari V, Pope Mutsvene hweRoma uye King wokuSpain, Philip II. chikuru zviridzwa zvavo vaiva yemamongi mirairo, Raibvunzurudza uye Roman Curia. The Raibvunzurudza pacharo, zvichikonzera pamwe vagotengeseranamo dzezvivi ndiye mukuru kusagutsikana uye akatsamwira vanhu, uye muna 1542 akarega uye akava zvakananga papa pasi.
kutanga zviitiko
Counter-Reformation muEurope ari mamwe matanho ari chikamu Catholic Church kuti azodzikamisa rudado kwayo. Muna 1545 zvakanzi paKokorodzano kubudikidza Council of Trent. Panguva chirongwa naPauro III, iyoyo Pope, muna Tridente achienda XIX Ecumenical Council, akaburuka munhau pasi zita Serdikskogo. Sezvo kutaura Martina Lyutera uye vakabva akaroverera yake yakakurumbira "95 zvichemo" kumukova Wittenberg chechi ichaongororwa kutanga Reformation uye XIX Cathedral ndipo pokutangira of Counter-Reformation. It yakaguma muna 1563 uye pasina mubvunzo, akasimbisa nzvimbo yeRoma. Chimwe chezvinhu zvinokosha zviri Church, anobvumira zvikuru kudzora pfungwa vagari, aiva kusikwa Indekisi airambidzwa mabhuku, akadzima chete muna 1966 uye yakatora mazana mana. The Reformation uye Counter-Reformation muEurope vane mudzi wavo chinokonzera uye mamiriro, inovandira panzvimbo pakadzika yeRoma uye chiKristu zvavo.
mutadzi anopfidza
Counter-Reformation muEurope kwaibva zvikurukuru pamusoro sezvakarayirwa vaJesuit, yakavambwa muna 1534 uye inonyoreswa naPapa Paul III muna 1540. On zvaakaitira nokuda Counter-Reformation zvakadini, anoti ake chikuru sirogani - "The magumo anoruramisa nzira." Kugona kwaro akatsanangurirwa sezvakarayirwa mudziyo pamwe vemauto mitsetse, kupfuura chirango chakakomba uye kuteerera, soro pamwero dzidzo vaJesuit uye kuzvipira kwavo zvisingaperi yeRoma. VaJesuit vaigara munyika uye akakurumbira sezvo utsinye hwake, uye mumishinari basa. Zvinofungidzirwa kuti chinonyanya zamu nyanzvi - aimbova mutadzi inveterate. Maererano Diderot, vanonyanyisa Loyola vechidiki vakapedza muhondo uye utere. kutambudzwa noutsinye uye kuparadzwa nevanyengeri mumuviri vakaita shoko "wechechi yeRoma" zita imba, iyo rinosanganisa manomano, kunyengera uye baseness. Zvakare omoto akapfuta Europe yose. Mumwe wavo akanga akapisa muna 1600 na Giordano Bruno.
All haina akarasika
"The Society kwaJesu," Ignatiya Loyoly, akakurwirai kuchena kwokutenda, kumisa kufambira mberi Protestantism, uye kwete kumupa dzinovabata Italy, Spain, Austria. In France, pashure ropa hwokuuraya St. Bartholomew, izvo zvakaitika muna 1572, apo 30.000 Huguenots, makasimbiswa rusununguko vakabayiwa. YechiPurotesitendi simbi Sweden, England, Prussia, Saxony uye Denmark. The Reformation uye Counter-Reformation mu Europe - iri anomiririra hondo Links neketani chimwe chitendero. Kusanzwisisana Protestant uye yeKaturike akakwanisa kupedza chete yechi30 pashure varwi. Rugare Westphalia, akasaina muna 1648, akaita chikumbiro mukereke Rights. The chitendero chitsva vaiona mukuru zvivi usimbe, nungo uye kwokunyanyisa. Hazvina inopindirana zvizere chete zvichiitika capitalism. Vanhu akasima chido kuti mari uye kupfuma, uye hwava makwikwi. Tinogona kutaura takasununguka kuti Reformation uye Counter-Kuchinja pave chidzoke ukama hutsva zvoupfumi uye kuchinja idzodzo. In kwomusasa, apo yeRoma haana mumaoko panzvimbo dzavo, capitalism akauya zvikuru paya.