Critical ongororo: mifananidzo, nzira uye pfungwa

Mano achitsoropodza kuongorora zvinokosha chaizvo kuti vanhu. In tsika unyanzvi iyi yakakodzera kushandiswa anoponesa nguva uye kunodzivisa kuti mapundu mabasa kuti chete anogona kutowedzera mamiriro ezvinhu, zvinobatsira kududzira zvinokonzera nemigumisiro. Zvisinei, munhu akaoma ongororo - vanzwisise zvikuru capacious. Zvinobatsira kwete chete nokuda vaongorori asi rinoshandawo, zvichida, kusvikira zvose zvoupenyu hwevanhu. With mamiriro ayo uye nenheyo nokushanda uye tichaedza kunzwisisa.

Chii?

Pfungwa yokuti "ongororo dzinonetsa" akazviratidza zvikuru paya pane yake tsika. Vazivi vekare, Aristotle, Socrates akashandisa nheyo dzake zvaakanyora, tsvakurudzo. General dzenhoroondo tsanangudzo stocktaking anganzi vanofungidzira zvakanakira nekuipira zvimwe zvokudya, mhedziso uye pfungwa dzinobva kuwirirana kwavo pachavo zvinomiririra dzavo uye dzimwe dzidziso kana dzidziso, akaratidza kukosha kwavo uye yauinayo.
Kana analyte kududzira kunoda haasaruri kusvika. Naizvozvo, pano ndivo vanonyanya dzekuziva kuti zvinhu sezvazviri uye nzwisisika yokudzokorora.

chinangwa

Sei kudiwa yakaoma ongororo? kudzidza chimwe nechimwe (yesayenzi uye rinoshanda) ane mamwe mabasa. Muchiitiko chino, kuongorora achitsoropodza zvinoreva kuedza mabasa aya kunaka mhinduro, uye kushandisa uchapupu kuti asimbise kana dzichiramba yakarurama yavo kana womumwe pfungwa.

Kubva oga nemaonero, yakaoma pachisara kunobatsira kukura mafungiro kutsoropodza, kunoita paumbwe yavo akakurukura pfungwa, anovandudza zvishande basa, Unowedzera pfungwa. nheyo dzayo dzinowanzoratidzwa vakaisa zvichiri munguva kuchikoro uye vari mune kumayunivhesiti.

nzira

Critical kuongorora nzira kunosanganisira nzira kuzadzisa chinangwa. Zvinogona deductive uye inductive. Muchiitiko chokutanga, kuongorora mamiriro ezvinhu ave ari mukuru kune chaidzo. Ndiko, kutanga muongorori hypothesizes kana axiom. Zvadaro, zvachose vanotenderwa yokufunga inoendeswa kuferefeta, kana theorem no. Uyu private kubatana. Nyore muenzaniso nzira dzakadaro angava sezvinotevera:

• Man unofa.
• Mozart - murume.
• Mhedziso: Rufu Mozart.

Kusiyana hwakagadzwa yaanobhadhara inductive nzira. Pano, yakaoma pachisara kunokudziridzwa nekusiyana, kubva zvikurukuru zvavo. mhedziso nzira inovakwa kwete pfungwa, asi kuburikidza zvakananga mupfungwa, akarongeka kana ndeechokwadi zvinomiririra. Kusiyanisa kwakakwana uye kukwana induction.

Musimboti wekutanga inoendeswa kuongorora uchapupu mvumo kuti shoma nhamba panyaya kuti kupedza mukana zvose. Chimwe musimboti monitors munhu mhosva, migumisiro yacho uye kunoderedza kuti vanhuwo chinouraya (pfungwa chikonzero) achikumbira uchapupu. Chikonzero uye nomugumisiroi - Ndivo huru zvinhu dzinotsigirwa yakaoma kuongorora. Muenzaniso inductive nzira inogona kuonekwa dzinotevedzana mutikitivha nyaya K. Doyle kuti "Sherlock Holmes." Kunyange zvazvo munyori zvisizvo anoshevedza mutikitivha yaanobhadhara nzira:

• Muvanhu, N ari muchetura.
• Man N fumbles iri uchapupu.
• Muvanhu, N hapana umboo kuti panguva mhosva.
• Naizvozvo, munhu N munhu muurayi.

. Muvambi pragmatic Ch S. Pirs vaiona chetatu matauriro ave nzira stocktaking - kutapa. Mune mamwe manzwi, ndiko zvishande kusarudza hypotheses inoshandiswa kuvhura mitemo yokungotaura. Chokutanga, zvose pfungwa hadzioneki, kwete anotsigirwa nevanhu ruzivo. kugumisa nzira inoenda kuburikidza kwegadziriro zvekungofungira (hypotheses), achaongorora kuti musoro ndezvipi:

• Pafungidziro: Vanhu vanofa.
• Mhedziso: rufu Mozart.
• Somugumisiro, Mozart - vanhu (zvisipo kubatana).

Mamiriro uye Types

Structure stocktaking ari kutevedzana zvakajeka nezviito kazhinji kunokonzerwa musoro kwokubatana:

• Chokutanga, muongorori anofanira kuva aiziva mufananidzo Chiitiko, pfungwa mamiriro ezvinhu. Kubva ichi zvinhu zvakafanira kusunungura inokosha pfungwa.
• The zvingafananidzwa kugadziriswa pamusoro shoma pfungwa huru uye kuzochera tezisno zvinhu sezvo yoga okunze.
• Nokuti mumwe chinhu, unofanira kuumba yako chiratidzo, pfungwa, etc.
• Chinotevera ndechokuti kusimbisa pachake dudziro yacho muchidimbu pamusoro zvichemo.

The inokosha! Kuratidza pfungwa yavo zvinokwanisika uye kunyange zvakakodzera kushandisa zvimwewo zvinyorwa: mienzaniso, ringanidzo, Conceptual midziyo, prices, zvinyorwa. Zvose izvi chete inosimbisa zvinhu sezvazviri uye comprehensiveness wetsvakurudzo.

A rinokosha pakuita pakuvaka mhedziso pachavo kutamba zvinhu, mamiriro ezvinhu kana Fani, izvo zvinoitawo kuti yakaoma kuongorora. Forms zvingakanganiswa kwesayenzi, magariro, enyika, uye anoshanda bhora uye nokure art.

Discourse Analysis

Pakupera remakore rapfuura, mumwe wemitauro muzvinadzidzo Norman Feyrklaf inotangwa yakaoma hurukuro kuongorora. Akatumwa kudzidza kuchinja mibvunzo vakangwara pafungidziro chorugwaro nenguva uye Misiyano kududzira. Pachinhu sociolinguistics, Feyrklaf mukuru nomazviri transformations dzakadaro inonzi intertextuality. A chidobi apo rugwaro mumwe chokuita nedzimwe zvinhu (hurukuro).

Critical hurukuro kuongorora dzinongoita kuumbwa pasi pokudzora kwomudzimu nyanzvi Bakhtin, evanhu Michel Foucault uye Bourdieu. Chimwe zita riri textually akatarisa hurukuro kuongorora (kana TOD). nzira kwayo anofukidza mitauro ehupfumi orugwaro, kutaura Genres (chikumbiro, nhaurirano, zvinotaurwa nevezvematongerwe) uye sociolinguistic nzira (kutora zvinhu kubudiswa, remibvunzo, yekuedzwa, etc.).

A pachena chinoratidza kuti yakaoma kuongorora uku ndiko kuti hazvina kuva chinangwa, kureva hachisi kwazvakarerekera munzanga. Mutemo, somuenzaniso, dzinonetsa hurukuro pachisara ndehwokuti kuratidza pfungwa simba mamiriro, kudzora enyika, kwaizoita nokutsvaka rusaruro policies, kwakunoitwa mutauro. Saka pano riri rinochinjwa kuva Analytical chokushandisa, kupindira mune zvematongerwo enyika nemagariro evanhu tsika.

Dutch nyanzvi T. Van Deyk mabasa mazhinji yakatsaurirwa kutsoropodza kuongorora hurukuro nhau. Maererano musayendisiti, mavambo yakanga yaitwa muna zvinotaurwa nevezvematongerwe yekare. Nhasi mabhuku ake anokosha mumapoka vashanu:

• Semiotics, ethnology, structuralism.
• Kutukana kukurukurirana uye ongororo.
• Speech anoita uye pragmatics.
• Sociolinguistics.
• Treatment mupfungwa zvinoumba acho.

On zvishanu "mbiru" uye ndiko kunobva kutsoropodza hurukuro kuongorora (tsanangudzo nhau, zvemagariro zvidzidzo , etc.).

chaiko

Textually vaifarira uye zvinogona kunzi chaicho-yakaoma kuongorora. Musiyano pamwe hurukuro chete nokurongwa zvinokosha. Origin (pamusoro apa) Vanoumba kusimbisa riri pamutemo chinhu acho, uye wechipiri - pamusoro kugutsikana.

Chaiko yakaoma ongororo paruchaitika munhu dzekare algorithm. Key pfungwa nokuti kupirikira vari mariri; nyaya, nzvimbo uye nguva chiito, vatambi, dingindira, pfungwa uye pachake achitandadza maonero. nhanho nhatu kudzidza vangazivikanwa kubva panzvimbo iyi:

• Subject repertoire (kugutsikana divi).
• Zvishande (rudzi mufananidzo, rondedzero, Genre).
• Mitauro (mutauro maturusi, izvo kuvaka zvishande chinoumba).

Kana yakaoma ongororo vanofanira kutevera akanyatsorongwa. Wekutanga nowechitatu vari yakajeka Mapato (mudzidziso zvinhu). Kana zvishande vanochiva zviri pakutsvaga yapfuura maviri. Chokwadi, mumwe nomumwe tiers zvingava yoga kudzidza. Zvisinei, kana tikatarisa therebetween simba kuwirirana yakatarwa, mumwe pamwero zvinhu varipo vari pedyo.

Kudiwa ichi mhando yakaoma pachisara kuwedzera kune pachavo inotungamirwa uye kuvandudzwa kutsoropodza mafungiro unyanzvi chinhu evanhu vanoda okusiyanisa ane mabasa nemachira anokosha ari parukova mediocre.

The inokosha! Chaiko-yakaoma ongororo - ichi hachisi nhoroondo ine mabhuku acho, uye kuongorora zvayo nouchapupu zvinoriumba uye zvinoita kuwirirana ne chokwadi.

Iyi haisi kureva kuti "vaida" kana "havadi nayo." Nokuti marudzi ose yakaoma nzira kuongorora aifanira fanira Danho kudzidza, uchapupu chero zvekungofungira uye hypotheses chokuita kufundwa.

ruzivo

mhando iyi yakaoma pachisara rinoshandiswa kuongorora mashoko, zvinhu uye mabasa (Marketing). Inogona zvainanga kuziva unhu uye kushanda mari uye kubhadhara sangano chokuita nokuchinja pakushambadzira nzira.

Nei tichifanira kuva kuongorora zvakadaro? A akaoma kuongorora mashoko panyaya Marketing ndiko saturate kumusika pamwe yepamusoro nhumbi, kuwedzera, kudzamisa pamusoro kwaasingasvikiri. With nezve nhau (vanhu, zvematongerwo enyika, etc.), Zvinobatsira kuongorora unhu mashoko pamusoro chokwadi, nguva uye nzvimbo uye kuti kuzvidudzira kwake nemaonero pamusoro zviitiko. Zvinofanira kuva yakavimbika kuti ichava nenharo pfungwa. Chinangwa ichi mhando ongororo kunogona kuva uye kushurudzira kuitika. Panyaya iyi, pfungwa achiumbwa kuburikidza mupfungwa, magariro, uye tsika maitiro zvinoriumba.

Kuongorora kudzidza

Critical Kuongororwa kutsvakurudza tinoberekwa zvesayenzi munda mabasa evanhu. Nokuti paumbwe munhu akafunga nepfungwa imwe nyaya kunoda zvakarurama Pfungwa matambudziko uye zvavo mhinduro. Izvi ndizvo zviri kuita kwakadai ongororo. Research zvinoratidza zvakawanda zvokuita uye munzira dzakawanda inonyatsoratidza dzinonetsa hurukuro.

Saka, panguva regadziriro danho, kuunganidzwa zvinhu, kudzidza chiremera manyuko, Pfungwa inotungamirwa (kuvaka), kukura kwepfungwa uye mupise inokosha mashoko zvinhu. Zvinofanira kurangarirwa kuti chinangwa basa iri kubudikidza dzinonetsa ongororo iri kuwana ruzivo itsva, kwete kungotaurawo kuti yaivapo chokwadi.

Critical Kuongororwa yezvidzidzo ane zvinotevera mamiriro (kana urongwa):

• kuvavarira;
• matambudziko uye dzakakosha;
• zvinhu uye ruzivo;
• dudziro uye mhedziso;
• pfungwa, pfungwa, pfungwa;
• pfungwa;
• tsvangurudza;
• pfungwa, pfungwa.

Nokuti nyaya nesayenzi kuongorora mitemo zvingave zvakasiyana. Pane kazhinji pasi kunyatsoongorora kunobva pacharo, iro kutendeseka renharo nemunyori, kuziva kusiyana, kuzvipokanidza uye kutyorwa zvisingarambiki.

misimboti

Misimboti yakaoma pachisara kunonyanya hunotsigirwa ayo mhando. Pakutanga kwezana nhoroondo iri mhando kudzidza zvinhu uye zvakashandiswa nzwisisa musimboti (kana "jekeso yomukati"). Ichi husingaoneki nzira randinogara mune kuwanikwa yokungotaura mitemo, itsva empirical, iro zvikapa kururamisirwa itsva mananara, matambudziko uye pfungwa chaicho. The Zvakashatira mafungiro ari kuongorora akadaro sabatsira kuti mukana uyu, unconfirmed zvekungofungira.

Munguva yakaoma hurukuro kuongorora inowanzoshandiswa zvemagariro vaifarira musimboti. chinangwa chacho, sezvinoita mutemo, vanova mananara uye transformations kuitika munharaunda. Izvi zvinosanganisira immigration, rusaruraganda, rudzi kwedzinza, hurumende. The chinhu pakudzidza Zvechokwadi, Category zvinyorwa zvavo simba pamusoro evanhu mafungiro. Uyewo, nzira iyi pakudzidza kunobatsira kuwana ufananidzirepo mufananidzo wechokwadi uye nacho vanhu shure, kudzivisa muverengi vavhiringidzika dzisiri democratic hurukuro.

Nokuti vakadarovo ongororo rinoshanda dzinonetsa zvishande vaifarira musimboti. Akanga nevakawanda akafukidza TA Van Dyck uye inobva mupfungwa unhu kuvaka uye unokupai mashoko (magwaro, hurukuro). Pfungwa iyi zvikuru wakashandiswa Kuongorora nhau (nevezvenhau). Mukuwedzera, muongorori afunge zvinofanira nezvezvandaifanira chokurondedzera (asingachinji, interconnected) tinyatsonzwisisa zviitiko, wemasaini mugadziriro nomuromo pakukurukurirana (kwokufananidzira, seboka vanotaurwa).

historicist musimboti chinonyanya inowanzoshandiswa zvidzidzo zvesayenzi uye mabhuku. Zvinonzi inobva kudzidza imwe chakajairika kana chinhu muchadenga uye nguva. Zvisinei, zviri zvikuru husingaoneki characterization. In tsika, ichi chinhu chiduku zvakadzika uye zvikuru munyika yose. Somuenzaniso, achishandisa mumwe Genre kana mabiko (mabhuku izwi) - iri vavariro pakudzidza. Zvadaro zvinhu aunganidzwa chokuita nomusoro (zvishande zvinoriumba). In danho rechitatu anogona kutanga kuongorora uye inonzwika apo ruzivo. Pfungwa huru pano ndiyo muronga shanduka ari Chiitiko mune imwe nguva penguva. Chete pashure wakadaro kuongorora angatanga kumhedziso, hypotheses uye zvakafanotaurwa.

Nheyo kiyi pfungwa ndeimwe dzokutanga muna dzinonetsa kuongorora. Kakawanda richiwanika munyika uri kutsoropodzwa (mabasa Aristotle, Lessing, VG Belinsky). Conventionally, zvinokwanisika kuziva kutambudzwa kuyerwa uye kuenzanisa. Kutanga kwegadziriro pfungwa kunobatsira kuti chaizvoizvo kuwedzera rugwaro STRUCTURAL zvinoriumba, kuronda kudyidzana kwavo uye ukama, uyewo kuziva kukosha chimwe chazvo kune mumwe. Kazhinji, nheyo iyi inodiwa asi chesekondari, sezvo chinhu kudzidza inobva Conceptual midziyo zvisinei nechinangwa chikumbiro chacho.

Panguva ipi yakaoma pachisara anogona kupa mazano akasiyana kugadzirisa dambudziko. Dzimwe nguva kwetunhu maviri kana kupfuura. Muchiitiko chino, mumwe ndihwo uye nezvimwe - ari chikamu. Saka, istorpizma musimboti rinonyanya kubatanidzwa nheyo kiyi pfungwa, uye chinotsigirwa ane nzwisisa zvishande vaifarira, etc.

mamiriro

Pfungwa dzakaoma kuongorora - kudzidzwa uye kunyatsoongorora huru pfungwa munyori zvokunyama ezvinhu nemaonero panyaya. Norman Feyrklaf mubhuku "Mutauro uye simba" rinoreva chakaita zvokugadzirwa personalization pfungwa. Muenzaniso zvingava enyika magwaro vanyori kazhinji anoreva zvakananga kuvanhu kuburikidza chisazita ari munhu wechipiri. Huru basa kuti anosangana yakaoma kuongorora pfungwa, ndiko kuona matambudziko nzira dzakadaro, kubudirira kwavo kuchinja pasocial mafungiro.

Pasinei mhando zvokunyama yemunyori pfungwa anogara kuonekwa senzira kukurukura muverengi, Fafitera kana mutengi.