Delict - chii ichi? Chii chinonzi tort?

The epamutemo okuti "tort", iro rinobva rechiLatin rokuti delictum uye anoshandura se "mhosva", "mhosva" kana "mhosva", kunyange asina kushandiswa mitemo Russian Zvisinei, iri zvinowanzoshandiswa jurisprudence.

Chii chinonzi tort?

Mupfungwa yakakura tort - iri chero kusazvibata kana zvakaipa, asi ari kupfuura yakatetepa - zvose mabasa avanhu, izvo zvinopesana nemitemo raanotaura yevagari mutemo. Muchiitiko chino, nokuti mhosva dzakadaro akapa fines - chirango pamusoro kuita. The tort zvimwe mhosva inozivikanwa chokwadi kuti kwemaune, chinangwa chiri infliction yokukuvara. Mutemo rinotaurawo kuti munhu wose ane delictual, Somuenzaniso, pfungwa kurwara uye yevana havasi pasi mhosva. Panzira, pane akaparadzana sayenzi, anopindura chigumbuso iyo anotakura zita deliktologii.

Musimboti wacho tort

Utsotsi uye delinquency zvikuru uwirirane mumwe, asi kwete nguva dzose. Somuenzaniso, vamwe mhosva havasi pasi vehurumende vemhosva sezvo pasina vanhu vanoda kugadzirisa zvakakanganiswa (somuenzaniso, somugumisiro kupondwa), kana ari mararamiro ane mhosva hapana akakuvara (mu nyaya ichiedza kuita mhosva). Ukuwo, nhamba tort haagoni kunzi mhosva, kuteverwa nemotokari, asi nyaya dzakadaro inozviisa wehurumende nemesis. On hwaro ichi, tinogona kutaura kuti kubva nemaonero yevagari tort mutemo - ndiwo chero zvisiri pamutemo kuita: mhosva, mhosva kana kukuvadza vamwe vanhu pfuma.

History of Tort Law

In siyana nguva munhoroondo yevanhu, uye maererano nemitemo imwe nyika anokonzera delicts (mhosva) yakanga yakasiyana. Panguva kutanga kwekupwanyiwa ayo tort nharaunda rworudyi rinobatana yose areal kodzero sezvo honzeri zvose mhosva uye vehurumende kutadza uye kudarika kurohwa imwecheteyo: kungotaurwa nefaindi akuvara. Pakuzadzisa ndiko kuparadzana zvishoma nezvishoma mhosva mhosva zvakange pasi pachena chirango, uye pane dzimwe - vehurumende mhosva hapana chirango akapiwa. Saka tort mutemo zvishoma nezvisho- kuva nzvimbo-bhuroka pakati zviviri.

Delict murayiro weRoma

In mutemo weRoma, kukosha tort mutemo kwave kupfuura zvinooneka. Pano, nokuti vamwe mhosva mhosva, dzakadai kuba, kupamba, nezvimwewo, The nzira hwokuponesa akanga sezvinorondedzerwa tort mutemo. Pane dzimwe nguva vamwe mhosva vasingagoni kurondedzera zvakasimba kuti mhosva kana vehurumende, uye ivo vaionekwa kubva pfungwa nemaonero tort mutemo. Kunyange zvakadaro, izvi nguva asina kwakashanda mukuru pfungwa "tort" mutemo weRoma. Izvi zvakaita kuti chii zhinji ukama akaramba asina kudzivirirwa.

Ari zvemberi mugadziriro muranda chaipo pane mhando mbiri torts:

• paruzhinji torts;
• private delicts.

Public tort - ndiye chigumbuso riri nako nevoruzhinji mubereko. Vaishungurudza dzakatongerwa nokuti kana kuti koporo kurangwa, kusanganisira rufu, kana vanofanira kubhadhara fines. Sezvingatarisirwa, mari iyi enda hurumende muchivigiro. Private delict - chiri kuvhiringidza pamusoro private pane nevoruzhinji mubereko. Chirango ichi chakanga kukuvadza kana chirango.

Mhando torts mumutemo Roman

1. chiziva nokutuka.

2. Kukanganiswa ehomwe muviri womunhu.

3. kukuvadza kunokonzerwa kuna zvomukati kwevanhu.

4. Kutuka.

5. kuvhiringidza udyire pane vamwe vanhu zvomumwe, izvo zvinogona sechinoitika kuba pachake pfuma, kuba, embezzlement, misappropriation, uye zvichingodaro. D.

6. ugororo.

7. Kuparadzwa kana kukuvara pachavo midziyo vanhu.

quasi-delict

Mitoro iyo kukonzera kuita kana muka kubva ezvinhu asina kuwira pasi tsanangudzo tort, rinonzi quasi-delict. Vanogona kuva marudzi anotevera:

1. esarudzo, vakaregeredza uye zvisina kukodzera yomuedzo zvekufamba mutongi.

2. Achirasa kana kudurura pawindo chinhu aigona kukuvadza kuti kupfuura pasi mahwindo.

3. sizvo kana zvakavaomera nzvimbo zvinhu mune dzimwe imba kuti anogona kukuvadza vagari vanopfuura.

4. Theft ane hotera kana mungarava varanda, pasi basa wehondo tsika.

Mhando kwokudarika

Misdemeanors kana kudarika dzinoiswa maererano zvinotevera nzira:

• mwero evanhu kukuvadza unonyatsoratidza chinhu uye kurwisa;
• hunhu mumagariro kumukuvadza;
• Nzira (non-chisimba kana chisimba), mamiriro ezvinhu uye nenguva ipa chiito;
• kukura uye hunhu yokukuvadzwa,
• Form uye kusimba ari nomutemo mabasa,
• zvinotikurudzira rairo mhosva;
• pachavo zvechadenga mutadzi
• Nyaya chinhu uye nevamwe.

kupatsanura pakati torts

1. The administrative delict. Hazvina mhosva, vakaregeredza uye achida kuita kuti infringes pamusoro paruzhinji kana runyararo, rusununguko uye kodzero dzevanhu, muchimiro muridzi. Nokuti kudarika izvi mumutemo anopa kuita panguva administrative chechetere.

2. dzakawanda delict. The chiito kana kusiya chaitwa (kwete vakaita) vanotongwa mutemo dzakawanda, zvokuti munyika yose zviri pamutemo dzemunharaunda uye nenheyo, kana contractual mitoro vave yatyorwa. Nokuti Chiito ichi sangano anowira pasi dzakawanda pamutemo basa. Inonzi muite. Zvinofungidzirwa kuti delict dzakawanda zvinogona chete kunzi munhu nemaune pose ipa chiito, uye zvakare chinhu asi dzakawanda mhosva.

3. TORT. Ichi chiito masanga iyo inosvitsa kutyorwa kwomutemo nokugadzikana, asi hariumbi mhosva. Zvisinei, vaishungurudza kwechiitiko ichi vari aifanira vehurumende kuita. Izvi zvingava kutyora zviri pamutemo kodzero zvido siyana vatambi mumunda pachake uye (tsika) ukama pfuma.

torts

Civil tort - iri chero chinhu kana kusiya hunopesana dzemunharaunda mutemo vehurumende, avo mabasa zvisiri pamutemo, izvo zviri kukuvadza kubatsirwa vasiri zvinhu (semuenzaniso, nokukudzwa, mukurumbira, Copyright kana vanotanga 'kodzero, etc.) To vehurumende mhosva dzinosanganisira mabasa zvisiri pamutemo: Murwere pamutemo kutengeserana, rusina vapfume, kushandisa kodzero dzavo, ndonda vehurumende kwema, pakakuvara chibvumirano nokubatira nevamwe. TORT subsection vari contractual uye non-contractual. Aimbova zvinosanganisira misdemeanors dzinoitwa defaults zvinowanikwa muna zvibvumirano. Boka rechipiri ndivo zviito zviri nechinangwa hurikukanganisa munhu uye ayo pfuma kana sangano.

The musimboti vakawanda tort

Kukonzera zvakaipa munhu neimwe - ndihwo hwaro kuti vaitire kubhadhara kukuvadza. Ndiwo anonzi pfungwa vakawanda tort. Kana kuziva kuti munhu ndiye pati akuvara, uye kutendera chero zvakaipa pachake kana ake zvinhu, kuti munhu anosunungurwa kubva kuva kuratidza mhosva uye zvisiri pamutemo nezviito causer, sezvo kuvapo kwavo nokuzvikudza nemutemo. Zvisinei, apo vanonzi tortfeasor achakwanisa kuratidza ake mhosva, iye anosunungurwa kubva basa. Zvinoreva "mukuru tort" (ichi kunogona kuonekwa pamutemo regiune France zvakajeka kupfuura) kunosanganisira mukuru ezvinhu ari mhando kuita kuti kukuvadza. Heano mamwe acho:

• waini;
• wrongfulness mabasa ayo akaita tortfeasor;
• causal ukama pakati maitiro uye hurikukanganisa avatadzira.

mhedziso

Delict ari kukonzera zvakaipa kuti mumwe kana mhuri pfuma somugumisiro zvakananga kana zvisina kunanga mhosva, iro rinobatanidza reparation. Panyaya iyi, iyo tort rinogona mhando mbiri: paruzhinji (kukanganisa wehurumende zvido uye kodzero) uye pasiri (kutyora kodzero zvinofarirwa nevanhu).