Don (rwizi). Kupfuura inonakidza pamusoro chimwe chezvinhu mi- nzizi Europe

Don ndeimwe zvikuru waterways kumaodzanyemba Russian mubani. Iye vamboshanda uye anopfuurira kushumira nanhasi tsime rakafuridzirwa vakawanda okusika pfungwa: .. Artists, vananyanduri, vanyori, etc. The panobva Don River, anobvawo munyika Tula mudunhu. Uyezve, zvinoita nenhokwe mafungu aro kuburikidza Lipetsk, Voronezh, Volgograd uye Rostov kumatunhu. Kuva zvakarurama refu uye ichitenderera mugwagwa, kuti Don River runoyerera kupinda Gulf Taganrog, achiwedzera kuti mvura yaro Gungwa Azov.

The zvechadenga mvura muviri

Don - rwizi chaiwo nebani gang ari inowanzorimwa wongoramba. Its kureba 1870 km uye bheseni nzvimbo - 422,000 mativi makiromita. Avhareji kunwa mvura pasi zvakasikwa ezvinhu - 900 cubic metres por wechipiri. Makumi manomwe muzana kuerera kunoitika munguva mafashamo nguva. -oma-up chokumusoro kunosvika kworwizi inotanga muna November uye rinovapo kusvikira mid-April, uye dzakaderera zvasvika - kubva mangwanani December kusvika mukupera March. The hydrological hurumende rerwizi kwave kuchiita chinokosha kusanduka hydraulic kuvakwa uye mamwe mabasa murume ano zvoupfumi. Pano akadzika Nicholas, Constantine uye Kochetovskaya, uyewo kumbonyanya guru Tsimlyansk Dam. Shipping inotanga pa muromo Pine, kureba kwarwo 1600? Km. In okumusoro kunosvika kuna Don kusvika inflow mvura Voronezh yakachena, yakaderera kusvibiswa uye dzimwe nguva kusemesa. Kuburikidza rwizi urwu rakaisvonaka anofambisa nzvimbo yakakurumbira nzira - kubva Moscow kusvikira Rostov-on-Don.

Towns uye vabati vechibharo

Muna 5200 Dong runoyerera zvakawanda rechibharo, makuru acho ari Donets, Black Kalitva, Pine, Voronezh, Bityug, Bear, Ilovlya, West Manych, Hopper uye Sal. Pamahombekombe erwizi nhema zvakawanda maguta nemisha. Remasangano pavo - Kalach-on-Don, Rostov-na-Donu, Volgodonsk, Azov, Liski nevamwe. Nokuda mukuru vakawanda, bhizimisi uye zvokurima, mvura yaunodya murwizi parutivi mangwanani 90-ies wekupedzisira remakore yakanga anopfuura 15 km ³ / gore, kushandiswa kwemvura - 10 cubic makiromita, izvo 5.8? Km ³ yakawandisa kugadzirwa zvinodiwa, 2, 4 cubic makiromita - yokudiridzira. Zvisinei, pakazopera yacho 90s sezvo pamusana zvoupfumi (akaderedza kugadzirwa uye kuparadzwa zvokurima), kushandiswa kwemvura yakaderera nezvikamu vanenge hafu.

"Chingwa Winner vedu, Baba Don I."

Aya ndiwo mashoko nziyo yekare Don Cossacks, uyo akatamira dzakaderera kunosvika yorwizi. Izvo epithets chete vasiri akapa Don marudzi vaigara Mahombekombe ayo. Izvi "chinozunguzirwa ndangariro," uye "rwizi nguva," uye "bhuku rakafuridzirwa" uye "rwizi yakanyarara Don ', uye vamwe vakawanda. nguva dzose hwaro zvose izvi pfungwa mune mvura, chitubu nhangemutange. Haasi masanga madzitateguru kwakaisa kwakatangira mi- chapero nzizi. Saka munhu fontanelle duku, unotanga chero waterways, akava nzvimbo tsvene. Kuti Novomoskovsk, apo Don ane yakatangira 1989 aiva shongwe ichi chikuru mvura muviri nyika yedu - ". Tsime rwizi Don" ari Zviri chivezwa - maviri kusimira vakomana mabhiza. Ivo dzinofananidzira hama mbiri, nzizi mbiri - the Don uye SHAT kunobva Ivan Lake.

A kaleidoscope avanhu

Don - rwizi, vakatakura mvura yaro kwezviuru zvemakore. marudzi akasiyana vaigara Mahombekombe ayo, kutsiva mumwe, uye vanomhanya vanomhanya ... In nhoroondo yakanyorwa mazita akasiyana kuti akanga apiwa munyika imwe nguva - kuti Iran, uye Tanais, uye vamwe vakawanda. Muzana remakore rechitatu BC kusvika Don erwizi, pedyo nzvimbo Rostov ano, vakasvika Greek navatorwa, uye akavaka guta raitongwa. Yainzi nezita mvura muviri - Tanais. Maererano vaGiriki vekare, rwizi chakakamurwa Europe uye Asia. Chokwadi, hakusi zvakakodzera kupikisa maonero ichi, nekuti kunyange muzana nemasere aifunga masayendisiti akawanda kudaro Russian. Uye kunyange mukuru Lomonosov M. V. mubasa rake "Pazuva akaturikidzana enyika," akanyora kuti Urals hakufaniri aionekwa muganhu pakati Asia uye Europe, kuCaucasus nharaunda nokuti Don - chinhu chakasiyana zvachose chokwadi. Uye nhasi, pasinei pachena unoreva zvakawanda panyaya iyi, kwete, kwete, hongu uye "kubuda" maonero ichi. Saka shanduro Caucasus haasati apinda yenhau kare.

Muchiuru chemakore chokutanga AD kudzora nharaunda aiva kutanga Huns, ipapo vakatsiviwa yacho Khazars. Muzana remakore rechipfumbamwe, munzvimbo ano Tsimlyansk Dam yakavakwa nhare Sarkel. Akadzivirira kuchamhembe kwakadziva kumadokero miganhu yacho Khazar Khanate kusvikira 1117. Time tsitsi mari iyi paShushani yekare, pakutanga remakore rapfuura, zvisaririra ayo vaisagona kuziva (mvura zvino munzvimbo idzi nemafashamo ari Tsimlyansk Dam).

XIII - XVI remakore

Muzana remakore rechigumi nematatu, Don (rwizi) vakapona nechisimba Golden Horde, izvo akaparadza vose anongofamba nemisha. Zvisinei, kunyange pashure pamakore ane zana hazvina zvakare akatanga idzva kutengeserana. Whole munhevedzano ngarava vakakwezva kuguta Tana, panguva Genoese nyuchi (nhasi Azov) - raiva muzinda muranda. Munguva kubva neshanu kusvika navatanhatu remakore, panzvimbo dzapasi kunosvika kuna Don Cossacks vari kutanga kubuda. Saka, muna 1570 nayo vakagamuchira nenzvimbo yokutanga pakati zvimwe zvakafanana masangano - kuitira kuti ukuru. Nokufamba kwenguva akava kupfuura vakawanda dzose zviripo Cossack mauto. Don daredevils vakanga vakarongeka uye vakanga chaizvo chakakomba simba kuti Hunoita kuti riripo. Saka, vava kugara nemusoro kuti Romanovs, zvakanyorwa mune ezvinhu ichi kwakamuka mweya vokupanduka, rusununguko uye zvaiita yeruramisiro.

XVII- XVIII remakore

With 1670 Mumakore 1671, Don (rwizi) iri kusangana Cossack nokumukira yakamutswa Stepanom Razinym. kumukira uku kwakanga zvechokwadi "benzi uye tsitsi", achiperekedzwa zvaibiwa kwakaenderera uye nechisimba. Zvisinei, pashure kuurayiwa Razin musi Bolotnaya Square muMoscow, Don akanga asina kuwana rugare rwepfungwa. Makore matanhatu chete pashure pezviitiko izvi, ipapo yakatanga kupandukira itsva rinotungamirirwa Kondratiem Bulavinym. Rakanga kukonzerwa chinoshingaira kutsvaka kutiza serfs. Mushure kudzvinyirira kwokumukira ari Don Cossacks vakanga varasikirwa chikamu munyika yavo, vamwe Cossacks kugarazve kuna Kuban, Danube, uye vamwe - muRomania uye Turkey. Serfs vakanga vadzoka pavanatenzi vavo.

The remakore rechimakumi maviri

Munguva Soviet, rwizi mumwe mukuru waterways pasi kuvakwa indasitiri. simba guru akawana Donbass - nharaunda iri pamahombekombe Seversky Donets River - rworudyi mutero of Don. Kuwedzera hunotovapo pano kubva mukupera mumigodhi yemarasha namapfumbamwe remakore dzakavakwa engineering metallurgia zvinomera, zvokudya uye chiedza maindasitiri, makemikari zvirimwa. A kuvakwa Tsimlyansk Hydroelectric simba yemapurisa dhamu rakatanga muna 1948.

Description navigable zvinhu rakaisvonaka rwizi

Don Shipping inotanga panguva Voronezh uye Gungwa Azov. Uye rwizi kushanda nesimba. gang Iri rimwe remasangano ari European kwenyika, pashure Hofori dzakadai Volga uye Urals. Nokuti Don inogona muzvikamu zvitatu: rokumusoro, pakati uye ezasi. Saka, okutanga hwakapararira kubva kunobva pamuromo, uye mutsika Akanyarara Pine. Next kuguta Kalach-on-Don ndiye average. Pakupedzisira, vokupedzisira chidimbu riri pakati Tsimlyansk gungwa uye Taganrog Bay. Kazhinji, rwizi urwu zvakaoma kufamba, nokuti zvikuru chakakombama nzira, ukuwo, uye kudzokorora hakusi vakakwana. Uyezve, pane kudzika nzvimbo. Uye Lower Don skippers kuita munhu akangwara chaizvo dzinokanganisa: nhumbi uye hwamanda okunyevera - ichi hachisi zvose, mumwe zvakaipa kufamba vhiri, uye ungasangana kwamuka nokuda wekushanduka mudziyo. Ndiyo Don River. Rostov-on-Don tibvunze kuti Delta nzvimbo 340 mativi makiromita. The rwizi rakakamurwa hova dzakawanda uye dzisimbe, izvo anotaurwa dzeko - uye Erik girla, pakati pavo vakawanda - Calancea, Topsy-Turvy uye Dead Donets. In yechando rwizi akafuka gobvu paiva chando, paavhareji Ndinoda-up hunogona kugara kwemwedzi mitatu nehafu. Panguva mafashamo emvura pamwero inokwira zvinokosha, kunyange zvazvo vakawanda nemhenderekedzo riri pamawere, asi pane shoma-nhema nzvimbo zvakare. Saka tsime nenzizi pamusoro Don - a inozivikanwa.

History mugero

Pfungwa chokubatanidza zviviri simba gwara waterways (Volga uye Don), uye naizvozvo, kuti Azov uye kweGungwa reCaspian, akaita vakashanyira Turkish Sultan Selim II, uyo akafamba nenhanhatu remakore muna Astrakhan. Zvisinei, kuziva izvozvo, iye asingagoni. Pashure zano iri Peter abatwa moto, asi Great Northern War kutsauswa kubva pfungwa. Gare gare (kusvikira 1917), mainjiniya Russian Ndagadzira anopfuura matatu dzokuwana rekuvaka Zvisinei, urongwa izvi haana akaitika nokuda zvakawanda. Zvino mumazuva Soviet Union, basa rakatangwa. Muna 1952, munyika rekodhi nguva (makore mana), kuvaka munhu navigable Volga-Don Canal rakapera. It rakavakwa pamusoro nzvimbo Volgograd kuna Kalach-on-Don, panguva ino yorwizi wekuita pamusoro shoma daro - 80. Hapana hydraulic maumbirwo kwenyika kwakakura ino haana akasikwa akadaro pfupi nguva imwe. Somugumisiro, gwara nokutumwa of Volga uye Don paakasvika kuwana mumakungwa shanu: Gungwa Azov, reBaltic, White, reCaspian uye Black. Panguva imwe chete pakuvaka waterworks dzakavakwa Tsimlyansk dura pamwe Hydroelectric simba chechitima.

Fish River Don

Dzinonzi, rwizi urwu rinowanikwa anopfuura makumi manomwe mhando hove. Zvisinei, mumakumi emakore achangopfuura somugumisiro kuchikosha kudzikira munzvimbo zvakatipoteredza (parasikira mafuta, marara, ndichibvunza kupararira mutema-uswa algae), vazhinji vavo ndanogara chikamu mashoma zvikuru. Izvi Sturgeon, Sturgeon, beluga. Uyewo, kudzika uye thins akabudisa vanhu Catfish. Somuenzaniso, makore makumi maviri apfuura I mahwekwe zviitiko apo uremu kwakanga 10 makirogiramu. Zvino kubata Catfish achirema 2-3 makirogiramu - iri kubudirira zvikuru. Kakawanda unogona kuwana Pike, kabhu, bream, Rudd, kujeka, burbot, oatmeal. Heino imwe hove! The River Don ndiye vakapfuma mune hove panzvimbo dzapasi kunosvika, asi hutachiona kukuru.