Dzokubereka voga - ndiro danho rokutanga iri shanduka kwazvakaita

With dzokubereka voga kuti vanhu mumwe rudzi kunotanga, ichiri zvizere insulated miromo, nokuumbwa itsva mhando ipi muviri pamusoro redu. Dzokubereka voga - Arufa naOmega pamusoro shanduka upenyu Panyika.

kupatsanura dzidziso

Panmictic zvinomera nemhuka (avo zvepabonde rinozvibereka) Pfungwa yokuti "maonero" rinounza pamwechete chine zvipenyu akafanana munzira dzakawanda, kugara imwe nzvimbo uye kukwanisa bereka zvizere. Izvi zvinoreva vakasununguka hybridization uye chitarisiko yakaorera vana. Dzokubereka voga - zvachose kana rushoma akavarambidza pamusoro akasununguka kuyambuka. Just pasi chokudzingwa chokuita maberekero muitiro, kunzwisisa uye kuridza chena chemasanganiswa mwana.

Kupatsanura pakati kuputira mu zvipenyu

Nhasi, masayendisiti siyana - shanduka kupa mhando dzakasiyana-siyana kupatsanura mugadziriro, zvimiro uye zvigadziriswe pakati chaivo nevamwe. Kune hurongwa, achitora sezvikonzero nguva chinhu, kana kukwana haisi kuzomukazve kuyambuka. Ngatitorei sezvikonzero vakawanda nhungamiro systematization zivo pamusoro voga yaipiwa mukurumbira zvipenyu - YAKABUDA MU anodavira Dobzhansky (1900-1975).

Ose kuputira zvinosiyana zvichienderana mashandiro ose panowanikwa:

• enzvimbo voga kuti vanhu;
• kwezvakatipoteredza;
• chaiyo zvoutachiona.

Ngatikurukurei muudzame muchimiro pamuviri nevamwe.

nenzvimbo kukamurwa

Geographic dzokubereka nevamwe - nayo ichikutadzisa vakasununguka kuyambuka zvipenyu kukonzerwa nokuchinja mune Geological hunhu (chimiro zvipingamupinyi gomo, kuchinja rwizi mibhedha) kana Resettlement marudzi pamusoro munzvimbo huru. Panyaya iyi kwetunhu boka zvipenyu, redunhu vasakukurwa uye kupanana kwemajini mukati boka risati rava ungano. The yakakurumbira muenzaniso - Darwin finches, akasiyana mhando zvacho yo mumwe chitsuwa. Zviri shiri idzi chakaita Charles Darwin kunyora basa rake "The Origin of Species Achishandisa Natural Selection".

Insulation zvakatipoteredza uye dzinogarisana mamiriro

Kuti zvinhu zvemhoteredzo zvinokonzera zvipenyu dzokubereka voga pakati nevanhu zvakafanana kwemarudzi, huripo munzvimbo chete. Zvinhu zvakadai zvinogona mismatching kupararira nguva kana chikafu maitiro evanhu. Mamwe masayendisiti anodavira kuti fomu iri haisi pamuviri zindoga. Izvi mutemo zvishomanana haitungamiriri kusakwanisika pamuchinjikwa-maberekero. Kunyange zvazvo, zvinofungwa nyanzvi akasiyana, mienzaniso dziripo zvakasikwa. Three upenyu pamhenderekedzo kweArctic chisimbiso marudzi. Vose vanobva phylogenetic tateguru chete. Asi Ross zvisimbiso zvokudya chete cephalopods, gungwa mbada - utsinye vavhimi PENGUIN nezvimwe seal muzvisimbise Witt chete anodya hove. Uye havaiti hybridize nemumwe, kunyange zvakadaro chitarisiko.

Chaizvoizvo pamuviri nevamwe

Chaizvoizvo dzokubereka voga - ndiro chimiro riri kwakabatana zvainyanya dzokubereka muitiro zvakananga. Zvadaro govera dokopulyatsionny poslekopulyatsionny uye miitiro kudzivirira playback yavo mhando.

Dzimwe nyanzvi inonzi siyana kuputira zvoutachiona kana dzokubereka zvigadziriswe uye zvinosanganisira Nzvimbo uye zvipenyu nezvakazvipoteredza voga boka dokopulyativnoy pamuviri zindoga.

Dokopulyatsionnnye zvigadziriswe

Izvi voga zvigadziriswe chokuita hazvibviri kuberekesana. Kune zvitatu siyana:

1. Etologichekaya chokuita pachiratidzo dzepabonde, pamuviri zindoga. Mienzaniso: ndeyokungoitawo kuberekesana maitiro shiri, akasiyana mutinhimira achibwaira kuti fireflies ari mamiriro uye mataurire muchato mitinhimira matatya, musiyano iri mapheromone (makemikoro kukurukurirana) hombe katsi.
2. Zvokuimba voga nokuda kusiyana nemamiriro nhengo dzokubereka nadzo. Somuenzaniso, kusiyana sechivako ruva Orchid kutungamirira zvichiita pollination maduramazwi muchimiro hummingbird. Ndozvazvakaitawo kuti marudzi ose vanoziva somuzivi. Mhuka hadziwanzowaniki. Somuenzaniso, muna Drosophila iyo boka richitora mazamu mhando dzakasiyana kunotungamirira kukuvara kana kunyange rufu naye.
3. No chipingaidzo utachiona masero (gametes) inonzi germline kuputira. Rakaratidza experimentally mumarabhoritari uye dzinochengetwa mhuka. Muchiitiko chino, kuberekesana anotora nzvimbo, asi kwete nembeu zygote.

Poslekopulyativnoy siyana dzokubereka nevamwe

Pfungwa iri pedyo okupedzisira dokopulyativnoy zvinoreva voga, asi muchiitiko chino embryo aumbwa. Zvisinei, akanga kana auraya mukutanga zvokukura ontogeny, kana afa asati pakuyaruka, kana vakaberekwa vanhu chena. The mashandiro rufu uye kusabereka chemasanganiswa kunzwisisa chokuita Gene, chromosome kana cytological zvinhu. Mienzaniso-siyana VaNefirimu dzinozivikanwa. Kufanana VaNefirimu, sezvo zvagara, inogona kubereka. Asi zvino pane Chiitiko chiri zvipenyu degeneration vakaberekwa siyana - mumwe parudzi anotevedzana pamusoro VaNefirimu iri kuramba simba uye zvishoma nezvishoma degenerates.

The zvipenyu kukosha dzokubereka nevamwe

Haasi marudzi ose voga ose vanhu kutungamirira nokuumbwa itsva kwemarudzi. Asi danho rokutanga speciation nguva dzose kunova zvishomanana kana zvakakwana voga kuti vanhu kana mapoka zvipenyu. Over nguva, apo zviratidzo Exchange zvinhu ari namahwindo akaparadzana boka rinoungana nemagene kusiyana nemamwe mapoka ichi mhando, dzokubereka voga anova zvikuru uye kwakakwana. With kuunganidza wandei kusiyana genomes zvakakwana vanoti vakaumba idzva rudzi. In zvipenyu, hazvina kudaro nyore, zviri dzimwe nguva zvakaoma kusiyanisa boka zvipenyu ari hutsva. Kunyange zvakadaro, mumwe nomumwe nekubatwa kwakadzama-gungwa trawling anounza penyanza pakutsvakurudza vamiririri vasati rizivikanwe systematics ano.