Ehupfumi zvokunyama aldehydes

By aldehydes zvinosanganisira makemikari yeimwe, izvo maererano kaviri chisungo pakati kabhoni neokisijeni maatomu maviri zvisungo kuroorwa chete kabhoni atomu inozivikanwa ane yeHydrocarbon kukuru runotaurwa tsamba R, uye rehydrogen atomu. Group kwemaatomu> C = O unonzi carbonyl boka, maitire ose aldehydes. aldehydes vakawanda kunhuhwa inofadza. Vangave kugadzirirwa kubva alcohols kubudikidza dehydrogenation (rehydrogen Kubviswa), uye pakudaro vakagamuchira zvakajairika zita - aldehydes. Properties takatsunga nokuvapo boka aldehyde carbonyl, ayo nzvimbo iri Morekuru, uyewo spatial urefu uye branching pamusoro yeHydrocarbon kukuru. Ndiko, achiziva zita fuma, uchiratidza ayo STRUCTURAL payakavakirwa, unogona kutarisira vamwe zvemakemikari uye zvivako zviri aldehydes chaiko.

Pane nzira huru mbiri nzira zita aldehydes. nzira yokutanga inobva hurongwa rakashandiswa International Telecommunication Union (IUPAC), kazhinji kunonzi enderana Nomenclature. Zvinonzi papfungwa yokuti wakarebesa cheni umo kabhoni atomu vasiyana carbonyl boka, anoumba hwaro aldehyde rokuremekedza, ndiro, zita raro rinobva zita anoenderana alkane nokutsiva kuti suffix -imba suffix musi -Al (methane - matanal, ethane - ethanal propane - propanal, butane - butanal uye zvichingodaro). Chimwe nzira inoshandisa paumbwe aldehydes rokuremekedza zita tsamba carboxylic asidhi izvo mugumisiro oxidation (methanal - formic aldehyde, ethanal - acetic aldehyde, propanal - aldehyde ndiko propionaldehyde, butanal - mafuta aldehyde uye zvichingodaro).

Huru STRUCTURAL musiyano pakati alkanes uye aldehydes, aldehydes kusarudza mumuviri ehupfumi, ndiye kuvapo mukupera pamusoro carbonyl boka (> C = O). boka Izvi anokonzera kusiyana mumuviri makemikari zvivako zviri zvinhu pamwe chete nenhamba kabhoni maatomu kana chete samolecular uremu. misiyano ava nokuda polarization ari carbonyl nemapoka> = + Sδ Oδ-. Kureva Erekitironi arambe achirema pamusoro kabhoni atomu zvava akananga okisijeni atomu, zvichiita okisijeni zvishomanana electronegative uye electropositive kabhoni chikamu. Kuratidza polarity pamusoro carbonyl boka inowanzoshandiswa Greek tsamba Delta (δ), izvi zvinoratidza zvishomanana mutariri. The akaipa vaairarama polar Morekuru uchifarira zvakanaka kuguma mumwe polar Morekuru. Morekuru Izvi zvingava zvakafanana kana mumwe fuma. Aldehydes, ketones vakasiyana kuti wokupedzisira kabhoni iri carbonyl boka zvakabatana nezvisungo vasina maviri yeHydrocarbon radicals. Muchirevo chechinyorwa chino Zvinoshamisawo kuenzanisa ehupfumi zvokunyama kuti aldehydes uye ketones.

It polarity boka> C = O kunokanganisa ehupfumi zvokunyama aldehyde: Inzvimbo pfungwa tembiricha yacho dzokubikira pfungwa, solubility, dipole nguva. YeHydrocarbon yeimwe maingova sehydrogen kabhoni maatomu, vazvinyause uye mota yakaderera tembiricha. In zvokuvakisa chete carbonyl boka vari yekudyidzana yepamusoro. Somuenzaniso, butane (CH3CH2CH2CH3), propanal (CH3CH2CHO) uye acetone (CH3SOSN3) zvakafanana samolecular guru 58 uye Kubika pfungwa iri butane ndiyo 0 ° C, nepo nokuti propanal ndiye 49 ° C, nepo acetone iri 56 ° C. Chikonzero musiyano guru iri yokuti polar mamorekuru vane zvakawanda mukana kuti vakwezvane kupfuura dzisiri polar mamorekuru, saka kutsemuka yavo inoda zvikuru simba uye, naizvozvo, zvinoda zvinopfuura kupisa itye mukomboni kana yakabikwa.

With kuwedzera samolecular kurema richichinja zvivako zviri aldehydes chaiko. Formaldehyde (HCHO) iri gaseous fuma panguva dzekudya ezvinhu, acetaldehyde (CH3CHO) mamota pa nzvimbo tembiricha. Other aldehydes (kunze avo kubva kumusoro samolecular uremu) pasi pomureza ezvinhu zviri mvura. Polar mamorekuru hazvipindiri nyore nevasiri polar nokuti polar mamorekuru vakwezvane, asiri polar uye havagoni nepavaigona pakati pavo. Naizvozvo Mahydrocarbon havasi soluble nemvura, sezvo mvura mamorekuru polar. Aldehydes mamorekuru umo nhamba kabhoni maatomu kuvatumwa 5, vari zvazvichanyungudutswa mvura, asi kana uwandu kabhoni maatomu kupfuura 5, nemukuparadzwa kunoitika. Good solubility aldehydes kubva pasi samolecular uremu nokuda paumbwe rehydrogen zvisungo pakati hydrogen atomu mvura Morekuru uye okisijeni atomu rimwe carbonyl boka.

The polarity of mamorekuru inoumbwa maatomu siyana, zvinogona quantitatively varehwa nhamba, inonzi dipole nguva. Morekuru inoumbwa chete maatomu havasi polar uye hatina dipole nguva. Vector dipole nguva rinotungamirirwa kurutivi chinhu amire periodic table (nokuti imwe nguva) kurudyi. Kana Morekuru rinoumbwa nemaatomu mumwe subgroup, kuti Erekitironi arambe achirema achabviswa kurutivi chinhu pamwe zviduku kutevedzana nhamba imwe. Vazhinji Mahydrocarbon havasi dipole nguva kana ayo nokukura ishoma zvikuru, asi zviri yakakwirira zvikuru aldehydes, iyo anotsanangura ehupfumi pakati aldehydes chaiko.