Empirical uye yokungotaura ruzivo

Ruzivo rwesayenzi inogona rakakamurwa zvese zviviri: yokungotaura uye empirical. Chokutanga kunobva inferences, wechipiri - pamusoro ruzivo uye kudyidzana pamwe chinhu kuferefetwa. Pasinei siyana hunhu nzira izvi zvakafanana kukosha kuti kukura nesayenzi.

empirical zvidzidzo

Hwaro empirical zivo zvakananga inoshanda pamwe pakati mutsvakurudzi uye vakadzidza chinhu kwavari. Inoitwa kuedza uye zvaakacherechedza. Empirical uye yokungotaura ruzivo wechirume - panyaya yokungotaura zveBhaibheri kwevanhu mari chete pfungwa dzavo panyaya iyi. Kazhinji, nzira iyi vazhinji nevanhu.

Zvidzidzo Empirical uyewo kuita pasina huchashandiswa uye chiridzwa Kurongwa. Izvi zvinoreva, chokuita sangano zvakawanika uye kuedza, asi kunze kwavari kunewo Conceptual nzira. Vari kushandiswa sezvo mutauro nesayenzi inokosha. It ane sangano yakaoma. Empirical uye yokungotaura ruzivo rinotarisa pakudzidza mananara uye dependencies yomuka pakati pavo. Kuburikidza kuedza, munhu anogona kuziva mutemo chinangwa. Izvi zvinobatsira kuti kudzidza mananara vavo kuwirirana.

Empirical nzira cognition

Maererano kunzwisisa esayenzi yokungotaura uye empirical ruzivo inoitwa nzira dzakawanda. Wakaisa iyi matanho anodiwa kuti chairo (iyi pava kuziva mitemo asingazivikanwi pamberi). nzira yokutanga empirical - ichi rucherechedzo. Chinhu zvakanangwa zvokutsvakurudza vanotongwa, iyo anonyanya inobva dzakasiyana pfungwa (maonero, nezvekufadza, pfungwa).

Nechepakati kutanga kwekupwanyiwa pakuongorora zvinopa pfungwa yokuti kwokunze zvechadenga kuzivikanwa. Zvisinei, pakupedzisira chinangwa ichi tsvakurudzo nzira ine kuziva zvakadzika uye dzomunyika zvivako zviri chinhu. A vakawanda vanofunga zvisizvo idzidziso yokuti pakuongorora sayenzi chinhu pusa kufungisisa. Izvi hazvisi izvo.

akataririra

Empirical Kuongorora akasiyana hwakadzama. Zvinogona kuva zvakananga uye zvisina kunanga zvakasiyana michina mano uye namano (semuenzaniso, kamera, teresikopu, maikorosikopu, etc. D.). Sayenzi akataura iri kuramba yakaoma uye zvakaoma. Nzira iyi ine zvimwe aakatipa unhu: zvinhu sezvazviri, chokwadi uye yokusiyana nepurani. Kana tichishandisa huchashandiswa rine nopindirana basa inopangidza reuchapupu hwavo.

Mumagakava uye sayenzi dzevanhu empirical uye yokungotaura ruzivo chinopukunyuka yunifomu. Zvokuongorora mu anoranga kusiyaniswa rinokosha kunzwisisa izvi. It anova novimba nevatsvakurudzi unhu, nheyo dzake uye zvivako zvinokosha, uyewo ukuru kufarira nyaya.

Observation haagoni chinozoiswa pasina imwe pfungwa kana pfungwa. Zvinofanira kuva inobva imwe pfungwa, uye kunyora zvimwe zvinhu (iyi yokufananidzira chete kwakabatana nevamwe uye mumiririri chokwadi).

Yokungotaura uye empirical ongororo akasiyana mumwe zvizere. Somuenzaniso, mashoko akataurwa ine yayo dzakananga zvinhu hazvisi kwese dzimwe nzira cognition. Rokutanga inonzi munhu, pasina iro hazvibviri kumwe kutsvakurudza uye hypotheses. Observation - ndiye mafuta unomhanya mafungiro. Pasina itsva zvinhu uye pfungwa hakuzovi ruzivo itsva. Uyezve, zviri kuburikidza pakuongorora ungafananidzwa kuongorora kururama kwemashoko migumisiro rokutanga yokungotaura zvidzidzo.

ekisiperimendi

The zvakasiyana pakati yokungotaura uye empirical nzira cognition kunyange uye ukuru ayo Kupindira pakuitika pasi kudzidza. Munhu anogona kutarisa iye mukanyatsochengeta kubva kunze, uye anogona kuongorora ehupfumi ravo ruzivo. basa iri rinoitwa nevanhu rimwe empirical nzira ruzivo - kumwe kuedza. Maererano kukosha uye mupiro kwokupedzisira zvokutsvakurudza hazvina muduku pakuongorora.

Experiment - hazvina chinangwa uye tichishingaira kwete chete munhu kupindira muupenyu Muedzo kwacho, asi kuchinja wayo, uyewo achitamba mune zvikuru kugadzirira ezvinhu. nzira iyi ruzivo kunoda zvakawanda nesimba pane kuona. Munguva kudzidza chinhu ari kuedza iri kure chero kunze simba. It unoitisa Wednesday yakachena uye nyore. The experimental ezvinhu anotsanangurwa zvachose uye kudzorwa. Naizvozvo, nzira iri, kune rumwe rutivi, unoenderana zvakasikwa mitemo yezvinhu zvakasikwa, uye Ukuwo, yakasiyana chakagadzirwa rinorondedzerwa musimboti murume.

The nemamiriro kuedza

yokungotaura uye empirical nzira All vane imwe pfungwa mutoro. Hakuna Kusara uye kuedza, iro rinoitwa mumatanho dzakawanda. Zvikurukuru kuitika incremental kuronga uye kuvakwa (yakajeka chinangwa, zvinoreva, mhando uye zvichingodaro. D.). Kwozouya padanho yetsvakurudzo. Zvisinei, iye anouya aidzorwa munhu akakwana. Panopera yezviri chokutambudzika dzoro kududzirwa zvabuda.

Uye ruzivo empirical uye yokungotaura dzakasiyana zvakananga mamiriro. Kuti isa kuedza kunoda experimenters pachavo, kuedza Zvivako, midziyo nezvimwe zvakafanira midziyo, unyanzvi uye pfungwa iyo kunosimbiswazve kana akaramba.

Fixtures uye Fittings

Gore negore tsvakurudzo kuri kwakamuomera. Vanofanira kuva nzira yakawanda ano unokubvumira kudzidza chimwe chinhu dzisingambosvikiki kune munhuwo kupengenuka. Kana masayendisiti vamba vaiva achingopiwa warwo chiratidzo uye kunzwa, ikozvino vava kupfuura kare experimental zvivako.

Panguva kushandiswa mudziyo izvozvo kunogona kukanganisa chinhu pasi kudzidza. Nokuda kwechikonzero ichi, kuedza mugumisiro dzimwe nguva diverges kubva yaro yepakutanga kushungurudza. Vamwe vatsvakurudzi kuedza nemaune kuzadzisa zvabuda akadaro. In sainzi, yakafanana muinonzi randomization. Kana kuedza akawana anongoitika hunhu, nemigumisiro yayo muri mberi chinangwa ongororo. Mukana randomization - ndechimwe chinhu chinosiyanisa empirical uye yokungotaura ruzivo.

Kuenzanisa kurondedzerwa uye chipimo

Tikaenzanisa - chechitatu empirical nzira cognition. oparesheni Izvi zvinobvumira kuti kuziva kusiyana uye kufanana pakati zvinhu. Empirical, yokungotaura pachisara haigoni kuitwa pasina zvakadzama ruzivo nezvenyaya yacho. Uyewo, vazhinji chokwadi vanotanga kutamba mavara matsva mushure mutsvakurudzi anoenzanisa navo rimwe vanozivikanwa inivhoyisi ake. Achienzanisa zvinhu zviri kuitwa kuumbwa zviri zvinokosha kuti imwe chiedzwa. Panyaya iyi, zvinhu zviri vakanyora mamiriro ayo pamusoro rwonzi, ungava ungaenzaniswa mamwe maitiro. Izvi empirical kugamuchira yakavakirwa Ringanidzo. It irimo kukosha nevesayenzi okufananidza nhoroondo nzira.

Nzira ruzivo empirical uye yokungotaura vangava pamwe nemumwe. Asi anenge asina kudzidza hakusi pasina tsananguro. danho iri unocherekedza kuti zvishande migumisiro yapfuura ruzivo. Kutsanangura maitiro akashandiswa yesayenzi notation machati, diagrams, mifananidzo, machati, matafura, etc ...

Last empirical nzira ruzivo - divi. Voitakura nenzira chaiyo zvishandiso. Nokuyerwa inodiwa Pakusarudza kusanganiswa tsika zvinodiwa kuyerwa uwandu. kuvhiyiwa kwakadaro hazvo kuitwa maererano zvachose algorithms uye mitemo kugamuchirwa sayenzi.

yokungotaura ruzivo

In sayenzi yokungotaura uye empirical zivo ine tsigiro zvakasiyana zvikuru. Muchiitiko chokutanga riri roga pfungwa kushandisa musoro nzira uye maitirwo ezvinhu, uye yechipiri - zvakananga kusakarongeka pamwe chinhu. Yokungotaura ruzivo vachishandisa rezvedzidzo abstraction. Mumwe kukosha nzira kwayo formalization - Mapping ruzivo nenzira yokufananidzira uye iconic chimiro.

In padariro wokutanga kutaura pfungwa akashandisa mutauro akajairwa kwevanhu. It kunoratidzwa kunzwisisa uye kugara nokuchinja, nokuti chii hazvigoni kuva nokudenga yesayenzi chiridzwa. Inotevera pavaipfuura formalization chokuita kusikwa formalized (chakagadzirwa) mitauro. Vane chinangwa chaicho - vaitofanira uye chaiyoiyo kuratidzana ruzivo, risingagoni kukwanisika kushandisa rwokuzvarwa kutaura. Hurongwa kwakadaro zviratidzo anogona kutora pamusoro Masvomhu format. Zviri mukurumbira kwazvo masvomhu uye mamwe sayenzi chaiwo, apo munhu haagoni kuita pasina nhamba.

Achibatsirwa okufananidzira munhu hakubvisi zvakawanda kunzwisisa kurekodha, zvichiita mapfupi uye zvakajeka kushandiswa ramangwana. Pasina kumhanya uye nyore zvavo zviridzwa haagoni kuita mumwe kana kuti kudzidza, izvo zvinoreva kuti ruzivo zvose yesayenzi. Empirical uye yokungotaura kudzidza vanoitirwawo vachida formalization, asi chete yokungotaura sandara, zvinotora dzinonetsa uye zvinokosha.

mutauro chakagadzirwa, akasikwa yakamanikana yechinangwa pakutsvakurudza zviri inzira inoshanda zvokutsinhanisa pfungwa uye kutaurirana nyanzvi. Ichi chinhu chinokosha dambudziko nzira uye pfungwa. sayenzi izvi zvinodiwa nokupfuuridzirwa mashoko zvakajeka, hurongwa nzira, vakasununguka kubva zvinokanganiswa rwokuzvarwa mutauro.

zvichireva formalization

Formalization unokubvumira tsanangurai, ongorora, tsanangura uye kutsanangura pfungwa. Empirical uye yokungotaura kwevari ruzivo haagoni kuita pasina kwavari, saka chakagadzirwa maitiro zviratidzo agara kuridzwa uye achaita basa guru basa sayenzi. Munhuwo uye runoratidzwa hwezuva nezuva mutauro pfungwa sokuti pachena uye yakajeka. Zvisinei, nokuda unoreva zvakawanda uye nechokwadi, havasi yakakodzera pakutsvakurudza.

Kukosha ndiye formalization pamusoro Kuongorora yekuita uchapupu. The kutevedzana kwezviitiko Masvomhu kwakavakirwa mitemo zvakakodzera zvesayenzi siyana nemazvo uye nehasha. Mukuwedzera, kudiwa formalization mapurogiramu, algorithms uye zivo computerization.

axiomatic nzira

Chimwe nzira yokungotaura tsvakurudzo - the axiomatic nzira. Zviri nyore nzira yokuratidza deductive hypotheses yesayenzi. Yokungotaura uye empirical nesayenzi hazvigoni kumbofungidzira pasina mazwi. Kakawanda zvinokonzerwa pakuvaka axioms. Somuenzaniso, uri Euclidean geometry kamwe ivo akagadzira dzinokosha Pakuurayiwa yorusvingo, mutsetse, pfungwa, ndege, uye zvichingodaro. D.

Mugadziriro yechinangwa yokungotaura ruzivo, masayendisiti kuzoumba axioms - postulates kuti murege zvinoda uchapupu uye vari kutanga mashoko mberi kuvakwa dzidziso. Muenzaniso urongwa hwakadaro dzingava pfungwa yokuti zvose nguva dzose kupfuura nhengo. Tichibatsirwa pakati axioms wegadziriro hunobva goho yematemu matsva. Zvichitevera nemitemo yokungotaura ruzivo, musayendisiti anogona kubva vashoma postulates kuwana nemamwe theorem no. Panguva iyoyowo, iyo axiomatic nzira iri zvikuru kushandiswa aibudirira zvikuru pakudzidzisa uye kupatsanura kupfuura kuwanikwa mitemo mitsva.

Tsvagai-deductive nzira

Kunyange yokungotaura, empirical zvesayenzi vakasiyana mumwe, ivo anowanzoshandiswa pamwe chete. Muenzaniso kushanda yakadaro nzira hypothetic-deductive. With payo, kuvakwa itsva gadziriro chaizvo zvakanyatsobatana hypotheses. Kana goho ravo inobva mhosva itsva pamusoro empirical, experimentally rikaratidzwa mashoko. deducing mhedziso kubva zvekare nzira hypotheses anonzi yaanobhadhara. Ichi izwi rakajairika kune vazhinji kuonga enganonyorwa pamusoro Sherlock Holmes. Zvechokwadi, vakawanda mabhuku mutambi ari kuferefeta avo kazhinji anoshandisa nzira deductive nayo muzvizhinji pakati zvakasiyana zvinhu inoronga coherent mufananidzo pamusoro mhosva.

Zvesayenzi anoshanda chete hurongwa. In yakafanana nzira yokungotaura ruzivo ane chimiro yakajeka. Chokutanga pane kuti vazive pamwe unaku. Zvino kutaura pamusoro mifananidzo uye zvinokonzera kuti chinonakidza pasi kudzidza. Kuti aite izvi, kushandisa zvose zvemarudzi musoro nzira. Kufembera dzinoongororwa maererano fungidziro dzavo (ichi vakasarudzwa zvikuru fungidzira murwi). hypotheses All HIV kusachinja-chinja pfungwa uye kugarisana nenheyo nesayenzi makuru (semuenzaniso, mitemo wefizikisi). Rinobva kubvuma kuferefeta ayo zvino kupupurirwa chiedzwa. Tsvagai-deductive nzira - haisi kwazvo nzira zvakawanwa itsva, sezvo nzira kwokururamisa zivo yesayenzi. Izvi yokungotaura chishandiso dzinoshandiswa pfungwa huru zvakadaro Newton uye Galileo.